Joint attention has been extensively studied in the developmental literature because of overwhelming evidence that the ability to socially coordinate visual attention to an object is essential to healthy developmental outcomes, including language learning. The goal of this study was to understand the complex system of sensory-motor behaviors that may underlie the establishment of joint attention between parents and toddlers. In an experimental task, parents and toddlers played together with multiple toys. We objectively measured joint attention—and the sensory-motor behaviors that (...) underlie it—using a dual head-mounted eye-tracking system and frame-by-frame coding of manual actions. By tracking the momentary visual fixations and hand actions of each participant, we precisely determined just how often they fixated on the same object at the same time, the visual behaviors that preceded joint attention and manual behaviors that preceded and co-occurred with joint attention. We found that multiple sequential sensory-motor patterns lead to joint attention. In addition, there are developmental changes in this multi-pathway system evidenced as variations in strength among multiple routes. We propose that coordinated visual attention between parents and toddlers is primarily a sensory-motor behavior. Skill in achieving coordinated visual attention in social settings—like skills in other sensory-motor domains—emerges from multiple pathways to the same functional end. (shrink)

The social, educational and political writings of Jean-Jacques Rousseau have become enormously influential in the 200 years since his death. But the breadth as well as the depth of Rousseau's achievement - he was amongst other things a creative writer and musical composer as well as a philosopher - is not always appreciated. In around 100 articles, alphabetically arranged and fully cross-referenced, N. J. H. Dent explores all facets of Rousseau's work and thoughts, while his subject's remarkable life is summarized (...) in a biographical introduction. Details of works by and about Rousseau are listed in an extensive bibliography. For students or general readers seeking an introduction to Rousseau's work, and for those already familiar with the material who require a convenient reference source, this dictionary is essential reading. (shrink)

Extensive research has documented the harmful effects associated with working for a narcissistic supervisor. However, little effort has been made to investigate ways for victims to alleviate the burdens associated with exposure to such aversive persons. Building on the tenets of conservation of resources theory and the documented efficacy of functional assets to combat job-related stress, we hypothesized that subordinates’ resource management ability would buffer the detrimental impact of narcissistic supervisors on affective, cognitive, and behavioral work outcomes for subordinates. We (...) found support for our hypotheses across three independent samples of US workers. Specifically, higher levels of subordinate resource management ability attenuated the harmful effects of supervisor narcissism on employee-reported emotional exhaustion, job tension, depressed mood, task performance, and citizenship behavior. Conversely, these relationships further deteriorated for subordinates with lower levels of resource management ability. Overall, our research contributes to the literature that, although extensively documenting the harmful ramifications of narcissism in organizations, has neglected to investigate potentially mitigating factors. (shrink)

Keine ausführliche Beschreibung für "Der subjektive Faktor" verfügbar.

I share Kulagin's bewilderment over the term "work-situation theme." There is something unnatural in dividing literature - the study of human beings - into topics and headings. How many kinds of prose we have heard of in recent years: working class, rural, urban, youth, military, intellectual, personal, industrial. The eruptions and outbursts occurring in literary life tend largely to eliminate these lines of demarcation, and then the arguments rage not so much upon themes as about language, creative style, characters, and (...) the degree to which the writer was successful in depicting the full richness and variety of life. (shrink)

Why was Ivan Pavlevich Pavlov so widely celebrated in the decades after 1900? As his story of the 'freedom reflex' illustrates, Pavlov often overstated his observations. By calling all innate behaviour a reflex and all learned behaviour a conditional reflex, he meant to eliminate consciousness and volition from science. Pavlov's universal reflex explanation became the prototype for behaviourism.

Law (Philosophical concept); methodology.

There is a curious reluctance in many quarters to try to apply to the philosophical questions the ordinary person in the street is continually raising, the technique and results of recent logical and philosophical analysis. Ordinary persons like Uncle Tom and Aunt Mary persist in asking questions about the meaning of the Universe and the destiny of the individual. Yet, on the whole, the only answers that are offered come from those quarters that find themselves to-day increasingly out of tune (...) with the temper and idiom of the times and more and more out-manoeuvred by the “talkie” and the gossip columnist of the gutter press. This situation has certain unfortunate results, and consequently imposes on philosophical analysis a special function at the present time. (shrink)

تقومُ فكرةُ هذه الدِّراسة على الرَّبط بينَ القُدرة على اكتساب اللُّغة الثَّانية وطبيعة البيئة الَّتي تُستَخدَمُ فيها هذه اللُّغة. وينشُدُ الباحثُ تطبيقَ فكرتِهِ على نموذج تعليم العربيَّة للنَّاطقينَ بالتُّركيَّة، نظرًا لحاجة هؤلاء إلى استخدام العربيَّة في مُجتمعهم التُّركيّ. ولأنَّ تعليمَ اللُّغة العربيَّة يستدعي الوُقُوفَ على واقع استعمالِها، سواءٌ أكانَ هذا الاستعمالُ في بيئتها العربيَّة أم في بيئةٍ أخرى، فإنَّ هذه الدِّراسةَ تسعى إلى تقديم رؤيةٍ منهجيَّة لكيفيَّة بناء مُدوَّنةٍ لُغويَّةٍ مُتوازية [ثُنائيَّة اللُّغة] بينَ: التُّركيَّة والعربيَّة، ثُمَّ مُعالجة هذه الـمُدوَّنة لاستخلاص (...) المعارف الرَّئيسة من الـمُفرَدات والتَّراكيب [العربيَّة] الأكثر مُناسبَةً لبيئة الـمُتعلِّم [التُّركيَّة]، استرشادًا بمعايير الإطار الأوروبيّ المرجعيّ العامّ للُّغات (CEFR). وقد التزَمَت الدِّراسةُ المنهجَ الوصفيّ الَّذي يُعنى بدراسة الظَّواهر اللُّغويَّة والتَّعبير عنها كمًّا وكيفًا، على الصُّورة الَّتي تبدو عليها اللُّغةُ في الواقع، انطلاقًا من أدبيَّات لسانيَّات الـمُدوَّنة من ناحيةٍ واللِّسانيَّات التَّربويَّة من ناحيةٍ أخرى. وتهدفُ الدِّراسةُ إلى مُعالَجة الفجوة بينَ الـمُقرَّرات التَّعليميَّة للعربيَّة – بمُستوياتها الـمُختلفة – والبيئة [غَير العربيَّة] الَّتي يعيشُ فيها الـمُتعلِّم التُّركيّ؛ حيثُ يجدُ هذا الـمُتعلـمُ نفسَه مُضطرًّا إلى تعلُّم كثيرٍ من الـمُفرَدات والأساليب والتَّراكيب الَّتي قد تكونُ غريبةً أو نادرة الاستخدام في مُجتَمَعه، الأمر الَّذي ينعكسُ على قُدرته على مُمارسة اللُّغة والتَّمكُّن منها. وقد توصَّلَت الدِّراسةُ إلى جُملةٍ من النَّتائج، منها: تطوير مُدوَّنة لُغويَّة مُتوازية بينَ التُّركيَّة والعربيَّة ومُعالجة مادَّتها لغاية تعليم العربيَّة للنَّاطقينَ بالتُّركيَّة، وتقديم تصوُّر منهجيٍّ لكيفيَّة توظيف هذه الـمُدوَّنة في تعليم العربيَّة كلُغة ثانية، وطرح مُقاربة اقتصاديَّة تُساعدُ على الإفادة من الموارد التَّعليميَّة في توفير الوقت والجُهد الـمَبذُولَين في عمليَّتَي التَّعليم والتَّعلُّم. (shrink)