O ponto de partida do presente artigo consiste na afirmação de que as religiões originárias do Próximo Oriente - Judaísmo, Cristianismo, e Islamismo - contêm em si mesmas inconsistências práticas e teóricas. Mais ainda, o autor afirma que estas religiões estão em contradição umas com as outras no que diz respeito a aspectos teológicos essenciais, para além de que entre elas existe um passado de guerra e de conflito. Ora estas são precisamente as razões pelas quais o autor considera que (...) a credibilidade epistemológica e moral destas religiões foi dramaticamente afectada. Daí o principal objectivo do artigo: contribuir para o esclarecimento do modo como Filosofia e Teologia podem cooperar entre si em ordem a uma mitigação destas deficiências. Nesse sentido, segundo o autor, uma e outra devem abraçar a possibilidade de demonstrar epistemologicamente que os conteúdos da revelação do ponto de vista da razão não são nem demonstráveis nem refutáveis, pois esses conteúdos não são proposições científicas acerca de eventos e processos interiores ao mundo, mas apenas a expressão de uma atitude religiosa em relação ao mundo no seu todo (e em relação a Deus). Nessa medida, diz o autor, nada justifica que atitudes religiosas de fé e de amor sejam caracterizadas como 'irracionais', antes a elas se devendo aplicar a designação de 'a-racional' ou simplesmente de 'transracional. Mais ainda, a Filosofia e a Teologia estão em posição de mostrar de que modo atitudes religiosas fundamentais estão construídas umas sobre as outras. Com efeito, básica em todas as formas de religião é uma atitude em relação ao mundo considerado como um todo, tal como se pode encontrar, por exemplo, no Taoismo ou no Zen-Budismo, de modo que aqui não se encontra qualquer forma de crença numa divindade transcendente; ora é precisamente esta atitude que o autor do artigo designa por 'Religiosidade A'. Como 'Religiosidade B', por outro lado, designa o autor toda a atitude religiosa de fundo que transcende o mundo presente e nos remete para a existência de um Deus único e da sua Revelação, tal como é o caso com o Judaísmo, o Cristianismo, e o Islamismo. Aqui, a tarefa consiste sobretudo em clarificar de forma lógica e conceptual a possibilidade de uma auto-revelação divina bem como da sua aceitabilidade nos termos de uma crença humanamente constituída. Finalmente, o artigo refere também aquela que o autor considera ser a 'Religiosidade C', expressão esta que simplesmente denota aquela atitude em que, com base nas premissas presentes nas formas A e B de religiosidade, somos especificamente remetidos para á Revelação cristã, ou seja, para a experiência nos termos da qual se professa a encarnação de Deus em Jesus de Nazaré e se afirma a sua condição de ser expressão do amor incondicional de Deus para com todos os seres humanos. Na verdade, a natureza incondicional deste amor apresenta-se como um escândalo moral diante da auto-compreensão ética da humanidade. Consequentemente, a incompreensibiliâade deste amor não pode ser senão objecto da revelação divina e da pura fé, únicos modos possíveis de ele se transformar numa possível justificação 'moral' dos seres humanos. /// Starting-point of this article is the fact that the religions originated from the Near East - Judaism, Christianity, and Islam - do contain in themselves theoretical and practical inconsistencies. Moreover, they contradict each other in essential theological regards, and they made war upon each other in the past. For these reasons, their epistemological and moral credibility has been dramatically diminished. In this context, the article aims at showing how philosophy and theology might be able to work together in alleviating these deficits. First, they may demonstrate epistemologically that the contents of revelation are neither rationally demonstrable nor refutable because they are not scientific statements upon events and processes within the world but the expression of a religious attitude towards the world as a whole (and towards God). Therefore, such attitudes as religious faith and love shouldn't be designated 'irrational', but rather as arational' or, 'transrational'. Furthermore, philosophy and theology are able to show in what manner fundamental religious attitudes are built upon another: Basic for all higher forms of religion is an attitude towards the world as a whole – as one can find for instance in Daoism or Zen-Buddhism – where there is not yet any belief in a transcendent deity; that attitude is called 'Religiosity A'. So called 'Religiosity B' is a fundamental attitude which transcends this world and refers to a sole God and his revelation as can be found among Jews, Christians, and Muslims. Here, the possibility of divine self-revelation and of its acceptability by human faith has to be clarified logically and conceptually. Finally, 'Religiosity C denotes that attitude which, on the premises of those Religiosities A and B, refers to the specifically Christian revelation which confesses the incarnation of God in Jesus and presents him as the expression of God's unconditional love to all human beings. The unconditionality of this love seems to be a moral scandal to human moral understanding. Therefore, this unconceivable love has to be object of divine revelation and of pure faith so that it might be the basis of all possible 'moral' justification of humankind. (shrink)

This paper explores auto-photography as a form of research practice in the area of identity and self-esteem research. It allows researchers to capture and articulate the ways identity guides human action and thought. It involves the generation and examination of the static images that participants themselves believe best represent them. Auto-photography is an important tool for building bridges with marginalized groups in the research process, since it offers researchers a way to let participants speak for themselves. Furthermore, by (...) using this method researchers can avoid exclusive reliance on survey questionnaires and other such research instruments that may be culturally biased. I present two research projects using auto-photography: one involving adolescent Latina girls and one involving Indian women. Based on the experience of these projects, I discuss auto-photography's importance in identity and self-esteem research. Finally, I discuss some of the benefits and challenges of working with this method. (shrink)

On the celebrations of the 50th anniversary of the opening of the Second Vatican Council and the 20th anniversary since the publication of The Catechism of the Catholic Church, Benedict XVI published a Letter entitled Porta Fidei, in which it was promulgated the Year of Faith. It began on November 11th 2012 and expired onl November 24th 2013. The year of 2012 was also when the XIII Ordinary General Assembly of the Synod of Bishops about The New Evangelization for the (...) Transmission of the Christian Faith took place. On the Apostolic Letter Porta Fidei, Benedict XVI remembered that in the current days faith cannot be assumed in society and also pointed out the importance of rediscovering it, to "show the joy of meeting Christ”, welcoming the grace and the teachings of the Second Vatican Council and the contribution of the Church's Catechism to The New Evangelization for the preaching of the Christian faith. We understand that pointing out the strength and beauty of faith means to present it in a new way to man, keeping its essential integrity. Such exercise isn’t just a challenge for the Church, but also an urgent task and an important contribution to the complete formation of the human being. To say the same thing in a new way we must always come from a source which is capable of preserving and renewing our faith. The primary source of faith is the Divine Revelation and therefore this is also the source of the proclamation of the Gospel. This idea, for us, is decisive for the matter of faith and its announcement, which is found in the Dogmatic Constitution Dei Verbum on Divine Revelation. Therefore our article will develop this idea based on Dei Verbum and it intends to be a contribution to catechesis, understood as a process of initiation into the Christian life or life in faith. (shrink)

Partant de l'idée énoncée par le philosophe Charles Taylor, selon laquelle les êtres humains sont « des animaux capables d'auto-interprétation », cet article vise à comprendre le rôle constitutif de l'auto-interprétation dans la connaissance de soi. Une conception satisfaisante de l'auto-interprétation devrait à la fois rendre compte de l'autorité de la connaissance de soi en première personne et satisfaire les exigences du réalisme ordinaire. Si la version constitutiviste de l'auto-interprétation semble incompatible avec de telles exigences, c'est (...) parce qu'elle considère ce pouvoir constituant comme le privilège du sujet de modeler ses états mentaux au gré de sa volonté. Pour autant, il est possible de conserver un rôle constitutif à l'auto-interprétation en évitant toute implication volontariste et en maintenant une certaine indépendance des contenus mentaux du sujet envers lui-même. C'est ce que proposent les philosophes américains Richard Moran et David Finkelstein, le premier, en redéfinissant l'activité d'auto-interprétation en termes de croyance impliquant l'adhésion du sujet à ses attitudes mentales. Considérant le sujet en tant qu'agent responsable de ses attitudes, Moran défend une conception cognitive et engagée de l'interprétation, un point de vue pratique du sujet sur lui-même. La délibération fournit ainsi les raisons d'adopter une croyance, un désir, une émotion,... raisons qui justifient en même temps l'auto-interprétation. Moins attaché à la valeur cognitive de l'auto-interprétation, Finkelstein développe également une conception pratique de la connaissance de soi, fondée sur la fonction expressive des auto-attributions et où l'auto-interprétation a valeur de contexte de cela même qu'elle interprète. (shrink)

Auto-operação manifesta uma co-presença de feminismos, a partir do eixo de pensamento que contrapõe a noção de sexo como biológico a ideia de gênero como construção sociocultural. Os trabalhos apresentados refletem tanto um tempo existencial, subjetivado, íntimo e interiorizado, quanto o âmbito comunicacional, maquínico e exteriorizado da produção sensível.

En este trabajo se muestra una estrategia para mejorar los resultados de aprendizaje en las prácticas de laboratorio en una asignatura de Química del Grado en Ingeniería Agroalimentaria y del Medio Rural realizando cuestionarios previos temporizados usando la plataforma e-learning PoliformaT. De este modo, se ha permitido la auto-evaluación de los alumnos antes de realizar una sesión de prácticas, fomentando la preparación y el interés del alumno en su realización y consiguiendo un mayor aprovechamiento de los recursos. La eficacia (...) de esta estrategia se ha establecido a partir del análisis de datos recogidos durante la aplicación y realizando un sondeo de opinión. La aplicación de estos cuestionarios ha permitido un cambio de actitud en los alumnos, fomentando una actitud activa (y positiva) hacia las prácticas y consiguiendo un mayor aprovechamiento de las mismas. (shrink)

Take full advantage of your dSLR camera, and do it with confidence Many people buy dSLR cameras for their flexibility, but find themselves so intimidated by all the options and controls that they rarely venture beyond the automatic mode. With a friendly tone and clear, understandable instruction, photographer and educator Jen Bebb introduces you to every mode and setting on your sophisticated dSLR. After thoroughly explaining shutter speed, aperture, depth of field, ISO, and basic composition, she offers direction on what (...) each camera mode does and when it should be used. You'll gain the confidence to use the entire feature set you paid for. Beginning dSLR users are often intimidated by the scene, semi-automatic, and fully manual modes on their cameras; this guide gently explains each mode and setting Uses a conversational tone and liberal examples to define and explain basic concepts including shutter speed, aperture, ISO, depth of field, and composition Covers how each camera mode works and when to consider using it Helps those new to dSLR photography to gain confidence and begin taking advantage of all the flexibility a dSLR offers Written by a professional photographer who is also known for her skill as an instructor, Beyond Auto Mode encourages new and less experienced dSLR users to take the next step toward creative control. (shrink)

Trust has been widely investigated both theoretically and empirically. Whether thought of as the result of a calculation of costs/benefits, a shared identity, or a leap of faith, there always seems to be an ‘as if’ rhetorical gesture which is ultimately needed to explain how actors move from the base of trust to expectations of trust via suspending judgment on uncertainty and fear of vulnerability to betrayal and exploitation — the actors ultimately act ‘as if’ they do not fear uncertainty (...) and vulnerability to betrayal. Yet this ‘as if’ element has remained seriously under-theorised. Drawing on Derrida's deconstruction, I propose a way of thinking this ‘as if’ element of trust. I thus argue that the decision to trust occurs in a terrain of structural undecidability. The latter is thought of as the possibility condition of trust as well as the subject of trust and a sense of responsibility for this trust. The aporiatic nature of undecidability makes this trust an auto-immune trust which obeys the tripartite logic of ‘without’ which both negates and affirms trust. (shrink)

Exposición de algunas teorías de la auto-organización en el paradigma de la orden a través del desorden. Se analizan las crisis y las catastrofes por su valor auto-organizador en la formación de comportamientos colectivos.

L'ipséité du moi, qui pense soi-même, constitue l'épreuve de la pensée. Chaque fois que Kant fonde ses théories sur des conceptions de l'ipséité, il remet lui-même en question ses fondements. Il destitue le sujet en tant que « je pense » en examinant son pouvoir de se déterminer, au moment même où il va fonder son éthique de la loi sur la liberté du sujet. Par la suite c'est son concept de liberté éthique que Kant remet en question, repérant le (...) fondement de la transgression de la loi dans la liberté par laquelle le sujet se détermine par la loi. Pourquoi Kant pense-t-il l'ipséité du sujet libre comme étant mise en épreuve? Comment le sujet libre se constitue-t-il lui-même dans l'épreuve de son ipséité? C'est sous le thème de l'auto-détermination par la loi que nous abordons l'auto-constitution dans l'épreuve de soi. (shrink)

This article is a response to Ole Martin Skilleås's "Knowledge and Imagination in Fiction and Biography." The first section of the article summarizes the line of the argument in four theses: (1) What is real is more influential than what is made up; (2) there is no metaphysical chasm between autobiographers and us; (3) (auto)biographies are not just empirical; and (4) the moral lesson of a fiction need not be accepted. In the second section each of these theses is (...) criticized. This criticism leads to the conclusion that we should welcome (auto)biographical texts in our moral investigations, but not at the cost of fictional texts. This conclusion is coupled with a proposal to formulate criteria to distinguish texts that matter from those that do not. (shrink)

El presente estudio tiene por objetivo demostrar lo siguiente: que no es posible comprender suficientemente, al menos en un aspecto, el método de ejecución(Methode der Ausführung) de la Fenomenología del espíritu como “la exposición del saber que aparece” (die Darstellung des erscheinenden Wissens), si es que no se comprende la relación que tiene dicho método de ejecución con la temática del auto-engaño. Este objetivo se lleva a cabo de la siguiente manera: 1) se propone el tipo de relación que (...) se busca establecer entre el concepto de “auto-engaño” y el método de ejecución, 2) se presentan las notas que les corresponden a ambos y 3) se argumenta en orden a demostrar que el método de ejecución no se puede comprender rectamente sino en relación con la temática del auto-engaño. (shrink)

Idipsum est une locution qu'Augustin utilise pour désigner Dieu. Elle signifie littéralement "cela même". Ce minimalisme sémantique ne laisse pas de la rendre mystérieuse. Faut-il y voir un emprunt à certains textes bibliques qui déjà en font usage? Dans ce cas, idipsum, tel un nom propre vide de toute signification, se bornerait à indiquer Dieu en tant qu'il échappe à toute définition rationnelle. Ou bien faut-il rattacher idipsum à la tradition platonicienne qui recourt à des locutions grecques similaires pour désigner (...) la réalité intelligible qui est " elle-même en elle-même "? Idipsum serait alors la trace d'un héritage philosophique conduisant Augustin à une définition métaphysique de Dieu comme Etre absolu. Cependant, cette alternative entre origine biblique et tradition platonicienne néglige la diversité des usages philosophiques des locutions formées sur auto puis ipsum: elles expriment d'abord l'identité et le fait d'être soi, puis la réflexivité, au croisement des champs dialectique, pratique et ontologique. Cet ouvrage explore la façon dont ces aspects de l'identité se sont construits, du autos grec à l'idipsum latin, à travers des études portant sur Homère, Platon, Aristote, le stoïcisme, le néoplatonisme grec puis latin, Augustin. (shrink)

Si l ’ on peut bien affirmer que certains Sceptiques s ’ auto-réfutent, ce n ’ est pas le cas de Sextus Empiricus. En distinguant entre les modèles auto-référentiel et performatif de l ’ auto-réfutation auxquels on confronte les problèmes anciens du Menteur et du renversement ( peritropè ), on peut montrer que Sextus recourt à ce qu ’ il désigne par le mot sumperigraphè, qu ’ il convient de considérer comme un schème topologique verbal (une boucle (...) récursive). Il ressort que Sextus circonscrit la logique dont relève l ’ auto-réfutation, dans un effet réfléchissant et abyssal, rejoignant la grande tradition sceptique du théâtre grec. (shrink)

This paper provides an introduction and overview of Michel Henry's work, with particular emphasis on his understanding of auto-affectivity. It concludes by pointing to some objections or questions sympathetic phenomenologists may have for his work.

Scholars are increasingly concerned about social biases in facial analysis systems, particularly with regard to the tangible consequences of misidentification of marginalized groups. However, few have examined how automated facial analysis technologies intersect with the historical genealogy of racialized gender—the gender binary and its classification as a highly racialized tool of colonial power and control. In this paper, we introduce the concept of auto-essentialization: the use of automated technologies to re-inscribe the essential notions of difference that were established under (...) colonial rule. We consider how the face has emerged as a legitimate site of gender classification, despite being historically tied to projects of racial domination. We examine the history of gendering the face and body, from colonial projects aimed at disciplining bodies which do not fit within the European gender binary, to sexology's role in normalizing that binary, to physiognomic practices that ascribed notions of inferiority to non-European groups and women. We argue that the contemporary auto-essentialization of gender via the face is both racialized and trans-exclusive: it asserts a fixed gender binary and it elevates the white face as the ultimate model of gender difference. We demonstrate that imperialist ideologies are reflected in modern automated facial analysis tools in computer vision through two case studies: commercial gender classification and the security of both small-scale and large-scale spaces. Thus, we posit a rethinking of ethical attention to these systems: not as immature and novel, but as mature instantiations of much older technologies. (shrink)

The purpose of the following text is to analyze the development of the understanding of God in the theological-biblical imaginery, as well as the formulations that allow us to understand the development of Transcendent identity in history and in the construction of the talk and about God. Starting from a brief synopsis of the biblical Old Testament design of elements present in the theological imagination of the identity of the God of Israel, from liberating perception present in the image of (...) God Revelation from Jesus Christ phenomenon, passing briefly to the understanding of God as Trinity and culminating with the perception of identity of God within the current context of liberation, it points out the development of the identity of a God who – far from remain static, immobile, inert – assumes an itinerant identity alongside your people. Thus, the present paper analyses aspects of revelation and maps an identity of God from these elements, pointing to the construction of the identity design of a God who, by walking along the humanity, is not free to be assimilated and perceived in different forms in the course of this Revelation route. (shrink)

Systems evolve in order to adjust and survive. The paper’s contribution is that this evolvement is inadequate without an evolutionary telos. It is argued that without the presence of self-destruction in multiple levels of our existence and surroundings, our survival would have been impossible. This paper recognises an appreciation of auto-catastrophe at the cell level, in human attitudes (both as an individual and in societies), and extended to Earth and out to galaxies. Auto-Catastrophic Theory combines evolution with (...) class='Hi'>auto-catastrophic behaviours and innovative machinery by offering new themes of understanding their merging such as (a) protogenic and deuterogenic auto-catastrophic processes, (b) protogenic and deuterogenic survival processes, and (c) ‘alive’, partially ‘alive’, and non-‘alive’ systems. The value of self-destruction relies on a numerical stability within a system and correlational relationships between systems. Auto-Catastrophic Theory provides novel justifications why artificial intelligence: (a) is crucial to overcome the extinction of humanity (via H+), (b) is crucial to offer indirect survival of humanity (by saving its history), and (c) is at the same time a threat for humanity. These novel justifications and themes, developed by combining evolution with catastrophe as well as innovative machinery, expand our knowledge of how best to handle fresh challenges ahead. (shrink)

Cette contribution témoigne de l’importance de la réception de la phénoménologie de langue française en Amérique Latine. En revisitant la thèse de la duplicité de l’apparaître – apparaître de la vie comme affect et comme force, apparaître du monde comme sens et distance –, Roberto J. Walton s’attache au concept fondamental de la phénoménologie de la vie, en mettant en avant des modalités dans lesquelles l’auto-affection opère sans hétéro-affection d’une manière avérée. Il précise d’emblée que cette auto-affection sans (...) hétéro-affection est définie par deux aspects : un premier « aspect de base » – ou rapport de fondation – en vertu duquel l’auto-affection est la condition de possibilité de toute intentionnalité ou ek-stase ; et un deuxième aspect « d’intensification ou d’excédence » qui renvoie à la phénoménologie de l’événement, en ceci que l’auto-affection y apparaît dans une sorte de plus-value, c’est-à-dire dans la condition de l’acte comme accroissement créateur. (shrink)

Basado en argumentos previos, propongo una [auto] etnografía civil, públicamente responsable, que aborde las temáticas centrales de self, raza, género, clase, sociedad y democracia. Comienzo con la pedagogía de la esperanza y la imaginación sociológica y etnográfica. Paso entonces al etnógrafo y los estudios culturales, revisando varios modelos de etnografía crítica. A continuación, examino la pedagogía performativa crítica, la política y la teoría racial crítica, concluyendo con una breve discusión sobre la práctica de una política cultural performativa.

In the face of escalating Medicaid costs and anticipated reductions in federal Medicaid spending, states are increasingly converting from fee-for-service to managed health care systems. The interrelated issues of enrollment and auto-assignment are fundamental to the overall success or failure of Medicaid managed care programs. The purpose of this article is to suggest how policy makers, consumer advocates, and providers should address these issues. My major premise is that implementation of managed care will proceed more smoothly if states adopt (...) enrollment strategies that promote voluntary selection of health plans by Medicaid consumers, minimize the likelihood of auto-assignment, and mitigate the negative consequences of mandatory assignment of consumers to managed care organizations.States seeking to implement Medicaid managed care must apply for a waiver from the secretary of the Department of Health and Human Services. Two different types of waivers are available to implement Medicaid managed care. (shrink)

Este trabajo de investigación se ocupa de un análisis sociocrítico de la puesta en forma de la novela Auto de fe del escritor austriaco Elías Canetti. El análisis se centra en el tratamiento crítico de la realidad y la visión desesperanzada que Canetti objetiva en la obra sobre los procesos de modernidad. Elías Canetti, desde una posición realista crítica, evalúa descarnadamente la confianza ciega en el ideal ilustrado, a partir de una modernidad exacerbada que se materializa en la axiología (...) del héroe problemático. (shrink)

This essay starts with the possibility of situating Derrida’s aporetic ethics in the domain of normative ethics and argues that Derrida’s reflection on ethics is enrooted in the specific way he conceives the phenomenological notion of auto-affection. In the second section, I analyze, in the early work, auto-affection with signs and show its centrality in Derrida’s first encounter with Levinas’s philosophy. Derrida refuses to substitute the hetero-affective relation to the Other for auto-affection as the source of universal (...) law and normativity. He does not sacrifice universality and tackles the problem of autonomous ethical decision-making even though he welcomes through affectivity the signification of the singular other, which is irreducible to conceptual, emotive, and normative self-relation. This background helps us understand the rootedness of ethical aporias in a reflection on auto-affection. (shrink)

In the last years, a series of automated self-representational social media sites have emerged that shed light on the information ethics associated with participation in Web 2.0. Sites like Zoominfo.com, Pipl.com, 123People.com and Yasni.com not only continually mine and aggregate personal information and biographic data from the web and beyond to automatically represent the lives of people, but they also engage algorithmic networking logics to represent connections between them; capturing not only who people are, but whom they are connected to. (...) Indeed, these processes of 'auto-biography' are 'secret' ones that for the most part escape the user's attention. This article explores how these sites of auto-biography reveal the complexities of the political economy of Web 2.0, as well as implicate an ethics of exposure concerning how these processes at once participate in the erosion of privacy, and at the same time, in the reinforcement of commodification and surveillance regimes. (shrink)

Greening Auto Jobs: A Critical Analysis of the Green Job Solution provides a major contribution to the growing and important field of environmental sociology and labor studies by providing a theoretical and practical understanding of how the broader political-economic relations of society affect the relationship between labor and the environment.

A brain model based on glial-neuronal interactions is proposed. Glial-neuronal synaptic units are interpreted as elementary reflection mechanisms, called proemial synapses. In glial networks (syncytia), cyclic intentional programs are generated, interpreted as auto-reflective intentional programming. Both types of reflection mechanisms are formally described and may be implementable in a robot brain. Based on the logic of acceptance and rejection, the robot is capable of rejecting irrelevant environmental information, showing at least a "touch" of subjective behavior. Since reflective intentional programming (...) generates both relevant and irrelevant structures already within the brain, ontological gaps arise which must be integrated. In the human brain, the act of self-reference may exert a holistic function enabling self-consciousness. However, since the act of self-reference is a mysterious function not experimentally testable in brain research, it cannot be implemented in a robot brain. Therefore, the creation of self-conscious robots may never be possible. Finally, some philosophical implications are discussed. (shrink)

‘비디오게임 하는 것’은 어떤 윤리적 모델을 통해 새로운 방식으로 게임행위를 평가할 수 있는지에 대한 질문을 제기하도록 만들었다. 이러한 맥락 속에서 고전적인 윤리학적 모델 (덕 윤리, 의무론, 공리주의)은 궁극적으로 오직 ‘현실적 행위’에만 적용되고, 비디오 게임의 ‘가상적 행위’에 적용되지 않는다는 논증은 “놀이 무도덕주의” (Ostritsch 2018) 테제로 귀결된다. 이는 특히 노골적인 ‘폭력의 행위’의 경우의 게임 행위가 도덕적으로 판단될 수 있고 그래야만 한다는 공적 토론의 크게 우세한 직감(直感)에 의해 반박되어 왔다. 이러한 양자의 논의 속에 프리드리히 실러 (Friedrich Schiller)의 고전적 놀이 이론에 따른 중간적 입장이 (...) 있다. 이 입장은 실러의 ‘놀이의 전-도덕성’ (pre-morality) 개념과 ‘놀이와 놀이가 아닌것’, ‘현실적인 것과 도덕적으로 평가될 수 있는 행위’를 잇는 개념적-전체적 연관짓기에서 기인한다. 이에 따라, 비록 맥락을 떠나서 도덕적 판단의 주제가 될 순 없을지라도, 다른 행위와의 연관성으로 인해, 게임 행위는 반드시 최소한의 규범적 요구사항을 충족해야만 한다는 주장이 개진될 것이다. 주요하게 논의되고 스캔들화 되는 예시인 ‘Grand Theft Auto’는 이러한 접근 방식의 범위 및 한계를 보여줄 것이다. 결론적으로, 비디오 게임 윤리학의 적절한 이론적 모델과 관련한 질문에 있어, 상황윤리에 대한 지지와 도덕률에 도입에 대한 반대가 강조될 것이다. (shrink)

O debate consigo mesmo é um fenômeno corriqueiro. Diaria-mente tomamos decisões – sejam elas importantes ou triviais, teóricas ou práticas – em questões nas quais temos que escolher entre pelo menos duas opções. Para fazê-lo confrontamos uma com a outra seja deliberan-do pausadamente a respeito dos méritos de cada uma, seja impulsiva-mente adotando uma delas e descartando as demais. Os auto-debates que mais têm chamado a atenção dos filósofos são aqueles em que pareceria que a racionalidade é violada: do (...) wishful thinking ao auto-engano, passan-do pela akrasia e outras formas aparentemente paradoxais do pensar e do agir. Servindo-se de concepções da racionali-dade e do debate desenvolvidas pelo autor, este artigo procura analisar a natureza do auto-debate e seus tipos, e mostrar que a irracionalidade que se costuma atribuir a alguns de seus exemplos típicos só se justifica devi-do a uma concepção que limita a racionalidade a seu modelo lógico-dedutivo. (shrink)

El Auto de los Reyes Magos es nuestra más antigua pieza dramática conservada, compuesta hacia fines del s. XII o comienzos del XIII. El texto, de tradición y procedencia toledana, es producto de una sociedad en la que se cruzan y conviven diversas culturas y lenguas. Lo más probable es que su autor fuera un clérigo de origen francés afincado en Toledo, donde hubo de componer la pieza que conocemos, destinada a una señalada fiesta de la catedral y dentro (...) de una cierta tradición dramática vernácula que. En ella recoge el tema de la adoración de los Magos, común a la tradición del drama litúrgico del Ordo Stellae, pero sin adaptarse ni mucho menos traducir ninguna de sus versiones.…. (shrink)

El prefijo “auto” en autoorganización y autopoiesis se refiere a la existencia de una identidad o agencialidad implicada en el orden, organización o producción de un sistema que se corresponde con el sistema mismo, en contraste con el diseño o la influencia de carácter externo. La autoorganización (AO) estudia la manera en la que los procesos de un sistema alcanzan de forma espontánea un orden u organización complejo, bien como una estructura o patrón emergente, bien como algún tipo de (...) finalidad o identidad autoconstruida. En este trabajo nos ocupamos del concepto de AO en el contexto de la problemática sobre la naturaleza la vida y de los organismos vivientes. Este concepto se elabora en diferentes tradiciones científicas y filosóficas, a partir de su origen en la filosofía kantiana. La cibernética trata de emular la organización de los seres vivos y su teleología mediante la construcción de máquinas; desarrolla una perspectiva centrada en la regulación y en la causalidad mutua entre componentes del sistema. Estos trabajos, a veces complementados con la teoría de sistemas y la teoría de la información, son fundamentales para el desarrollo de la ciencia del siglo XX, especialmente las ciencias computacionales y la biología. Una segunda corriente surge desde la termodinámica de los procesos irreversibles alejados del equilibrio a partir, entre otros, de los trabajos de la escuela de Bruselas, en la que la AO se explora como la formación espontánea de estructuras de orden disipativo. Una tercera tradición, tal vez la más profundamente kantiana, se desarrolla en el contexto de la biología del desarrollo e integra a las dos mencionadas previamente, pues combina aspectos de las dos previas en el desarrollo ontogenético. Podemos decir que cada una de estas concepciones de la AO se relaciona con modelos paradigmáticos diferentes. La noción de autopoiesis (AP), por su parte, fue propuesta en los años 70 por los biólogos chilenos Humberto Maturana y Francisco Varela para explicar la organización individual de los seres vivos como un proceso dinámico que genera una identidad desde las operaciones del sistema (Maturana y Varela 1973). Puede decirse que hereda y reorganiza ideas de la tradición de la AO, especialmente la kantiana y la cibernética, para proponer una teoría biológica alternativa. El enfoque autopoiético concibe el fenómeno de la vida y a los seres vivos de forma muy diferente a la teoría de la evolución o la biología molecular que constituían las líneas de investigación predominantes en la biología de su tiempo. La teoría subraya como propiedad básica de un sistema viviente su autoconstitución dinámica como unidad dotada de identidad a partir de interacciones entre sus componentes. Sin embargo, aquellas propiedades de la vida consideradas primordiales en el enfoque darwiniano, como la reproducción o la evolución, se ven como secundarias, pues requieren de la existencia previa de sistemas autopoiéticos. El objetivo de esta voz es examinar diferentes aspectos que configuran las tradiciones autoorganizativa y autopoiética, en especial las tensiones conceptuales internas que permiten comprender los desafíos a los que se enfrentan ambas en el marco de la filosofía y la teoría de la biología, así como la forma en que sus posiciones e intuiciones contrastan con otras perspectivas en biología. (shrink)

Abstraction principles and grounding can be combined in a natural way Modality: metaphysics, logic, and epistemology, Oxford University Press, Oxford, pp 109–136, 2010; Schwartzkopff in Grazer philosophische studien 82:353–373, 2011). However, some ground-theoretic abstraction principles entail that there are circles of partial ground :775–801, 2017). I call this problem auto-abstraction. In this paper I sketch a solution. Sections 1 and 2 are introductory. In Sect. 3 I start comparing different solutions to the problem. In Sect. 4 I contend that (...) the thesis that the right-hand side of an abstraction principle is prior to its left-hand side motivates an independence constraint, and that this constraint leads to predicative restrictions on the acceptable instances of ground-theoretic abstraction principles. In Sect. 5 I argue that auto-abstraction is acceptable unless the left-hand side is essentially grounded by the right-hand side. In Sect. 6 I highlight several parallelisms between auto-abstraction and the puzzles of ground. I finally compare my solution with the strategies listed in Sect. 3. (shrink)

THE PROBLEM: MOTORCAR MORALITY AND AUTOMOBILE AGEINGAdvances in modern technology mean that cars are living longer than ever before. This raises important end-of-road-life issues, as it becomes increasingly difficult to provide leaded fuel and shelter for our hydraulically challenged, ageing automobile population. The garage is full, and off-street parking is beyond the financial scope of most low and middle income families. It is a case of rust or bust.NATURAL LAW THEORY, TRAFFIC, AND THE TRUTHSociety has long been reluctant to countenance (...) the concept of actively ending the road-life of motor vehicles, preferring to allow Nature to take its course. Simpler to let the natural phenomena of corrosion and inbuilt obsolescence take their inevitable toll, until the head gasket blows and the piston rods seize up for the last time.But can we afford to allow elderly cars to simply choke and splutter as our roads become increasingly over populated and our atmosphere ever more polluted? Old bangers demand our attention, as their paint peels, their balding tyres leave their tread at every T-junction, their suspension sags, and their chrome corrodes. Is there an alternative to the ailing alternator and the carbonised carburettor?EQUAL ROAD RIGHTSPrinciples of distributive …. (shrink)

The automobile has figured as an important issue of concern and a profound source of fascination for a wide range of intellectuals in France since the 1950s. The car has been understood variously as a covert vehicle of creeping Americanization and consumerization, a threatening object that obliterates nature, a harbinger of hyper-modern futures, and as a constitutive element of everyday practices. This article traces out the diverse ways in which the car has been ‘good to think with’ for a range (...) of French intellectuals in the period spanning roughly from 1950 through to the 1970s. It seeks to demonstrate the richness of those currents of thought in post-war France which were concerned to comprehend the nature of car cultures. It is argued that these ways of thinking can be drawn upon in the present day by those wishing to analyse contemporary features of automobility. (shrink)

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Cet article cherche à montrer qu’une métaphysique s’engendre au sein même de l’orphisme, par l’auto-exégèse du mythe, métaphysique qui irriguera le platonisme et le néo-platonisme. Elle se place sous la figure d’un personnage conceptuel, Dionysos, depuis lequel se pensent les rapports de l’Un et du multiplie et par conséquent aussi, la façon dont les âmes s’engendrent à partir de l’Un.

Feminist Auto/biography as a Means of Empowering Women: A Case Study of Sylvia Plath's The Bell Jar and Janet Frame's Faces in the Water Feminism, as a political, social and cultural movement, pays much attention to the importance of text. Text is the carrier of important thoughts, truths, ideas. It becomes a means of empowering women, a support in their fight for free expression, equality, intellectual emancipation. By "text" one should understand not only official documents, manifestos or articles. The (...) term also refers to a wide range of literary products—poetry, novels, diaries. The language of literature enables female authors to omit obstacles and constraints imposed by the phallogocentric world, a world dominated by masculine propaganda. Through writing, female authors have an opportunity to liberate their creative potential and regain the territory for unlimited expression. In order to produce a truly powerful text, they resort to a variety of writing styles and techniques. Here the notions of a situated knowledge and context sensitivity prove useful. There are three methodologies working within situated knowledge, namely, the politics of location, self-reflexivity and feminist auto/biography. All of them regard text as a fundamental tool to signify one's authority, yet feminist auto/biography, a concept widely discussed by the British theorist Liz Stanley, appears to be the most empowering mode of writing. It challenges the overused genre of auto/biography and reconstructs its role within feminist epistemologies, thus creating a favourable environment for text production. The works by Sylvia Plath and Janet Frame can be analyzed from the point of view of auto/biographical empowerment, even though their auto/biographical potential is mainly instinctive. Nevertheless, they help to comprehend the strength of the auto/biographical.The aim of this article is to "investigate" two novels by these authors, The Bell Jar by Sylvia Plath and Faces in the Water by Janet Frame, and their compatibility with Stanley's concept. The paper attempts to answer several questions. Are these novels actual feminist auto/biographies or rather fictional auto/biographies with feminist undertones? What kind of narrative strategy is used to achieve the effect of authority over the text? Last but not least, what is the function of auto/biographical narration in the case of these two novels? The article also explores the idea of writing as a means of regaining control over one's life. (shrink)

Despite its imperative to include all gendered positions under one umbrella, ‘trans’ is continually riven by intramural confrontation over the differences between its masculine and feminine iterations. Whether in political organizing, on social media or in the pages of academic trans theory, it sometimes seems like ‘trans’ is subject to an interminable and gendered custody battle. Dissatisfied with the terms of masc–femme antagonism, this essay uses the gendered interfaces of critique and autotheory to enmesh the work of Jules Gill-Peterson and (...) Paul B. Preciado. Reading into the interdependence of Gill-Peterson’s and Preciado’s texts yields a different theory: trans as an auto-antonym, a word that produces opposite meanings depending on context. Treating trans as auto-antonymic conjures a relational and even erotic escape from the naturalization of gendered antagonism in trans theory, affirming the unexpected bridges, reversals or ‘sex changes’ of specifically trans writing. (shrink)

Jean-Luc Nancy considers art to be of a great importance in his project of a deconstruction of Christianity. This article focuses on his analysis of the monotheist provenance of the notions of image and representation. According to Nancy, art and monotheism can be thought of as cooriginary. Art, or the image, gives monotheism invisibility as a negative and yet paradoxically sensible modality of the withdrawal of God. In turn, monotheism gives art the internal opening towards indefinite sense that results from (...) such withdrawal. Nancy suggests that the notion of representation can be understood as an effect of the radical absence of God, and that the notion of image can be understood as conditioned by the Christian idea of incarnation. The article traces the way Nancy interprets this idea and shows its effects on a Western comprehension of art. (shrink)