Background: Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing [EMDR] is an innovative, evidence-based and effective psychotherapy for post-traumatic stress disorder [PTSD]. As with other psychotherapies, the effectiveness of EMDR contrasts with a limited knowledge of its underlying mechanism of action. In its relatively short life as a therapeutic option, EMDR has not been without controversy, in particular regarding the role of the bilateral stimulation as an active component of the therapy. The high prevalence of EMDR in clinical practice and the dramatic increase (...) in EMDR research in recent years, with more than 26 randomized controlled trials published to date, highlight the need for a better understanding of its mechanism of action. Methods: We conducted a thorough systematic search of studies published until October 2017, using PubMed, ScienceDirect, Web of Knowledge and Scopus databases that examined the mechanism of action of EMDR or provided conclusions within the framework of current theoretical models of EMDR functioning. Results: Seventy-five studies were selected for review and classified into three overarching models; (i) psychological models (ii) psychophysiological models and (iii) neurobiological models. The evidence available from each study was analysed and discussed. Results demonstrated a reasonable empirical support for the working memory hypothesis and for the physiological changes associated with successful EMDR therapy. Recently, more sophisticated structural and functional neuroimaging studies using high resolution structural and temporal techniques are starting to provide preliminary evidence into the neuronal correlates before, during and after EMDR therapy. Discussion: Despite the increasing number of studies that published in recent years, the research into the mechanisms underlying EDMR therapy are still in its infancy. Studies in well-defined clinical and non-clinical populations, larger sample sizes and tighter methodological control are further needed in order to establish firm conclusions. (shrink)

A partir de dos poemas de Borges se emprende un análisis de la experiencia del instante, inicialmente al trasluz de la crítica hegeliana de la inmediatez sensible como decir inconsciente, para, después, trasponerla al vacío constitutivo de la identidad que destapa el deseo, empresa que conduce hasta un fenómeno del presente como diástasis que depara la presencia de la ausencia.

(2002). Missing twins. Philosophy & Geography: Vol. 5, No. 1, pp. 13-17.

Replicability is widely taken to ground the epistemic authority of science. However, in recent years, important published findings in the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences have failed to replicate, suggesting that these fields are facing a “replicability crisis.” For philosophers, the crisis should not be taken as bad news but as an opportunity to do work on several fronts, including conceptual analysis, history and philosophy of science, research ethics, and social epistemology. This article introduces philosophers to these discussions. First, I (...) discuss precedents and evidence for the crisis. Second, I discuss methodological, statistical, and social-structural factors that have contributed to the crisis. Third, I focus on the philosophical issues raised by the crisis. Finally, I discuss proposed solutions and highlight the gaps that philosophers could focus on. (shrink)

Aurora P. Jackson and Richard Scheines. Single Mother's Efficacy, Parenting in the Home Environment, and Children's Development in a Two-Wave Study.

A pesar de la voluntad de ruptura y el deseo por ocultar sus fuentes, Descartes forja su reflexión sobre las pasiones en base al trabajo previo de una serie de pensadores que durante los siglos XVI y XVII fueron los responsables de iniciar ...

The question on guilt that Jaspers poses to the Germans was not only valid after the Holocaust, it can be raised to other peoples who must answer for the crimes committed by the state which act on behalf of the people that gave support to them. In this paper, I elaborate a notion of citizens’ political responsibility in order to argue to what extent—and under what circumstances—the citizens of a political community must respond for the deeds of the political institutions (...) that govern them. For that purpose, I try to explain Spinoza’s notion of political authority in relation to Jaspers’ notion of political guilt. This Spinozistic approach has the advantage of freeing us from moral guilt—a misleading notion in political arena as I will argue—but it demands from us a genuine self-reflective and therapeutic procedure that if applied to politics would reveal a different path from Jaspers’ guilt. The aim of this therapeutic is to bring about a profound change in the personal and political identity of both citizen and political community. (shrink)

There are very few (published) accounts of editorial misconduct, and those that do exist are almost exclusively focused on medicine-related areas. In the present article we detail a case of editorial misconduct in a rather underexplored domain, the social sciences. This case demonstrates that although legal systems provide different instruments of protection to avoid, compensate for, and punish misconduct on the part of journal editors, the social and economic power unbalance between authors and publishers suggests the importance of alternative solutions (...) before or instead of bringing a lawsuit to court. It puts forward strong arguments in favour of the need for effective regulatory bodies so as to achieve and maintain a culture of research integrity by all involved in the process. (shrink)

Este libro reúne cinco ensayos originales sobre distintas facetas de la empresa intelectual de Francisco Giner de los Ríos (1839-1915). Se trata de hacer justicia a la variedad y enjundia de sus intereses, como ponen de relieve sus títulos: El concepto de estado individual y su relevancia biopolítica, La idea de arte en F. Giner de los Ríos y sus implicaciones en la vida social, El pensamiento pedagógico-musical de Francisco Giner de los Ríos, El krausismo gineriano y la cuestión de (...) América. Encabezado por un jugoso prólogo acerca de ciertos avatares de la investigación krausológica, este libro quiere contribuir a dilatar y ahondar nuestra imagen del pensador krausista español. El trasfondo de su concepción ética del derecho, el encaje del institucionismo en su teoría de la sociedad, su estimación de la función social del arte, su dedicación a la estética y a la pedagogía musicales, o la repercusión americanista de su cosmopolitismo, constituyen algunas de su claves principales. (shrink)

Preposed negation yes/no (yn)-questions like Doesn''t Johndrink? necessarily carry the implicature that the speaker thinks Johndrinks, whereas non-preposed negation yn-questions like DoesJohn not drink? do not necessarily trigger this implicature. Furthermore,preposed negation yn-questions have a reading ``double-checking'''' pand a reading ``double-checking'''' p, as in Isn''t Jane comingtoo? and in Isn''t Jane coming either? respectively. We present otheryn-questions that raise parallel implicatures and argue that, in allthe cases, the presence of an epistemic conversational operator VERUMderives the existence and content of the (...) implicature as well as thep/ p-ambiguity. (shrink)

Scientists are becoming increasingly aware of a “replicability crisis” in the behavioral, social, and biomedical sciences. Researchers have made progress identifying statistical and methodological...

I present a formal ontological theory where the basic building blocks of the world can be either things or events. In any case, the result is a Parmenidean worldview where change is not a global property. What we understand by change manifests as asymmetries in the pattern of the world-lines that constitute 4-dimensional existents. I maintain that such a view is in accord with current scientific knowledge.

_Abstract_: In this paper we carve out a _reformist_ agenda within the debate on the foundations of cognitive science, incorporating some important ideas from the 4E cognition literature into the computational-representational framework. We are deeply sympathetic to this reformist program since we think that, despite strong criticism of the concept of computation and the related notion of representation, computational models should still be at the core of the study of mind. At the same time, we recognize the need for a (...) liberalization of the computational and representational framework that can address deep dissatisfaction with the anti-biologism and radical internalism of classical cognitive science. However, reform is a difficult task, so in this article we focus on two open questions within the reformist agenda. The first concerns the possibility of combining mechanistic-computational and dynamical explanations. The second concerns related changes in the notion of representation and its use (with special attention to Andy Clark’s radical predictive processing). _Keywords_: Continuum of Representational Genera;_ _Enactivism; Predictive Processing; Radical Embodied Cognition Thesis; Representationalism _ Due problemi aperti nell’agenda riformista della filosofia della scienza cognitiva _ _Riassunto_: In questo lavoro identifichiamo un’agenda _riformista_ nel dibattito sui fondamenti della scienza cognitiva che incorpora alcune idee centrali provenienti dalla letteratura sulla cognizione 4E all’interno di una cornice computazionalista e rappresentazionalista. Tale agenda considera il quadro computazionalista e rappresentazionalista ancora imprescindibile ai fini dello studio integrato della mente e del cervello, ma ne persegue una liberalizzazione nell’intento di renderlo idoneo ad accogliere alcuni importanti spunti emersi dalla letteratura sulla cognizione delle 4E. Tuttavia, riformare è un compito difficile. In questo articolo ci concentriamo su due problemi aperti nell’agenda riformista. Il primo riguarda la possibilità di mettere assieme le spiegazioni meccaniciste e computazionaliste con quelle dinamiche. Il secondo riguarda i cambiamenti relativi alla nozione di rappresentazione e al suo impiego (con particolare attenzione all’elaborazione predittiva radicale di Andy Clark). _Parole chiave_: Continuum dei generi rappresentazionali;_ _Elaborazione predittiva; Enattivismo; Tesi della cognizione incarnata radicale; Rappresentazionalismo. (shrink)

This paper is concerned with Noun Phrases (NPs, henceforth) occurring in two constructions: concealed question NPs and NP subjects of specificational sentences. The first type of NP is illustrated in (1). The underlined NPs in (1) have been called ‘concealed questions’ because sentences that embed them typically have the same truth-conditional meaning as the corresponding versions with a full-fledged embedded interrogative clause, as illustrated in (2) (Heim 1979).

En los Estados Unidos, típicamente desde la década de los 70’s, los instructores que se enfrentan al dilema sobre qué método es más conveniente para la enseñanza de una segunda lenguas. La aparente causa puede ser la confusión pedagógica sobre el término de competencia y la enseñanza de las reglas gramaticales. Los instructores han recurrido al método cognitivo por figurar éste como la alternativa viable e inmediata para tal propósito. Sin embargo, la literatura especializada muestra que el tema sobre los (...) métodos de instrucción de lenguas extranjeras resulta ser un problema más complejo que el de una simple elección, particularmente cuando se percibe que el propósito del estudiante no es sino sólo lograr el manejo de un idioma extranjero para la comunicación en todos los ámbitos y para cuestiones académicas y profesional, lo que involucra distinguir entre adquirir una lengua y aprenderla. (shrink)

The aim of this article is to highlight the epistemic dimension present in the testimony of victims of sexual violence, which takes place through various mechanisms of epistemic injustice, whether testimonial or hermeneutic. In order to show the effects of the relation between epistemic wrongs and sexual violence, I focus on some cases of sexual injustice in Mexican society which support the contention that the systematic recurrence of sexual violence and epistemic injustices lead to a particular form of epistemic dehumanization.

A supertask consists in the performance of an infinite number of actions in a finite time. I show that any attempt to carry out a supertask will produce a divergence of the curvature of spacetime, resulting in the formation of a black hole. I maintain that supertaks, contrarily to a popular view among philosophers, are physically impossible. Supertasks, literally, collapse under their own weight.

I argue that there are no physical singularities in space–time. Singular space–time models do not belong to the ontology of the world, because of a simple reason: they are concepts, defective solutions of Einstein’s field equations. I discuss the actual implication of the so-called singularity theorems. In remarking the confusion and fog that emerge from the reification of singularities I hope to contribute to a better understanding of the possibilities and limits of the theory of general relativity.

The phenomenon of cheating in higher education is of overwhelming importance in that the students engaging in these acts are unlikely to have the skills necessary for their future professional life. Despite its relevance, the empirical evaluation of cheating in universities has been almost exclusively focused on the US context. Little is known about cheating at the European level, let alone in Portugal. Even less is explored at the regional level. In this paper we present evidence on the perception of (...) cheating by Portuguese undergraduate students of economics/business degrees. We undertake a large-scale survey, involving 2675 students from all Portuguese mainland public universities. We found that copying-favourable environments are associated with a higher propensity to cheat. Moreover, in universities where ‘codes of honour’ exist, this propensity tends to be lower. Finally, the propensity to copy seems to be highly influenced by the cultural systems and socially-related factors of different regions. (shrink)

La presente investigación se efectuó con el objetivo de evaluar el impacto de la introducción y generalización del resultado científico: La educación en valores mediante la aplicación de medios de enseñanza - aprendizaje en la disciplina de Morfofisiología en la Licenciatura en Enfermería, a través de indicadores diseñados de acuerdo a las particularidades de la investigación. Se aplicaron encuestas, se realizó una revisión documental de bibliografía relacionada con la temática y de documentos de los departamentos e instituciones en que ha (...) incidido este resultado, lo cual permitió constatar la amplia y efectiva aplicación práctica de los resultados obtenidos de forma sistemática, a través de publicaciones, posgrados, presentación en eventos científicos y su generalización en diversas instituciones educacionales. This research was conducted with the objective of assessing the impact of the introduction and generalization of the scientific result: Values education through the application of teaching aids- learning in Morphophysiology subject in the Nursing Degree through indicators designed according to the research characteristics. Surveys were carried, furthermore, a documentary bibliographic review related to the subject matter and a review of documents from departments and institutions affected by this result were made. They enabled to verify the wide and effective practice of the results got in a systematic way, through publications, postgraduate courses and presentations in scientific events as well as its generalization in different educational institutions. (shrink)

El presente artículo trata sobre cómo la fenomenología del dolor físico puede entablar un dialogo con las ciencias médicas, brindando, por un lado, un marco teórico sobre la relación mente-cuerpo que no sea reduccionista y, por otro lado, algunos aspectos que mejoren la posibilidad de la cuantificación del dolor mediante test de evaluación del dolor, a partir del refinamiento de los reportes subjetivos. El artículo que divide en tres secciones: la consideración fenomenológica del dolor; la consideración médica del dolor y (...) la relación con la fenomenología; y por último, el para qué de dicha relación. (shrink)

Resumen: Margaret Archer elabora una propuesta para el análisis de la cultura, conocida como enfoque morfogenético, cuyo eje corre paralelo al debate clásico dentro de la teoría social sobre la relación estructura-agencia. La perspectiva de Archer se configura a partir de lo que llama dualismo analítico, el cual se presenta como una alternativa a las posturas reduccionistas que enfatizan una sola dimensión, pero también se diferencia de la postura integracionista subyacente en la teoría de la estructuración. Para elucidar el enfoque (...) morfogenético se explicitan los postulados del realismo crítico, con cuyos fundamentos ontológicos y epistemológicos se vincula. La contribución realizada por Archer resulta ser un referente obligado para el abordaje y explicación de la dinámica cultural en tanto que, permite identificar elementos a partir de los cuales explicar por qué algunas contradicciones producen cambios y otras no lo hacen.: Margaret Archer has elaborated a proposal for the analysis of culture, known as morphogenetic approach, whose axis runs parallel to the classical debate within the social theory on the structure-agency relation. Archer's perspective is shaped by what she calls analytic dualism, which is presented as an alternative to the reductionist stances that emphasize a single dimension, but her perspective also differs from the underlying integrationist stance in the theory of structuring. To elucidate the morphogenetic approach, the postulates of critical realism are explained, with the ontological and epistemological foundations of which it is linked. The contribution made by Archer proves to be a necessary reference for the approach and explanation of the cultural dynamics because it allows to identify elements to explain why some contradictions produce changes and others do not. (shrink)

In the first author's thesis [10], a sequential language, LRT, for real number computation is investigated. That thesis includes a proof that all polynomials are programmable, but that work comes short of giving a complete characterization of the expressive power of the language even for first-order functions. The technical problem is that LRT is non-deterministic. So a natural characterization of its expressive power should be in terms of relations rather than in terms of functions. In [2], Brattka examines a formalization (...) of recursive relations in the style of Kleene's recursive functions on the natural numbers. This paper is an expanded version of [13] which establishes the expressive power of LRTp, a variant of LRT, in terms of Brattka's recursive relations. Because Brattka already did the work of establishing the precise connection between his recursive relations and Type 2 Theory of Effectivity, we thus obtain a complete characterization of first-order definability in LRTp. (shrink)