Il est fréquent de rencontrer, dans une grande partie des réflexions intellectuelles actuelles la formulation d’une nécessaire « modernisation » des institutions démocratiques. La démocratie irait « d'une crise à l'autre » (Gauchet, 2007), chacun s'accordant sur le constat et y allant de son petit remède. Quel lien entre ces propositions théoriques et les actuels bouleversements de la vie politique? Quelles conséquences sur l'organisation institutionnelle des « expériences politiques » classiques que sont la démocratie représentative et la lutte pour l'organisation (...) indépendante?Le contenu doctrinal de ces thèses sur un « renouvellement » de la démocratie emprunte parfois aux philosophies corporatistes qui lui sont étrangères, en premier lieu la doctrine sociale de l'Église. Plus que des vœux, ces thèses accompagnent idéologiquement des bouleversements politiques réels. Le concept de subsidiarité par exemple qui constitue le principe central de la doctrine sociale de l'Église est la colonne vertébrale des institutions de l'Union Européenne depuis 1992 et trouve sa place dans la Constitution française depuis 2008. Simple recours terminologique, filiation philosophique ou véritable objectif politique? L'article se propose de revenir sur l'histoire de la question démocratique ainsi que sur les conceptions politiques et sociales guidant ses artisans, et enfin d'interroger les arguments actuels de leur remise en cause. (shrink)

Le présent article revient sur la polémique qui anime les sphères politiques européenne et française depuis les années 1990 autour de la suppression du mot « race » des textes normatifs. Au-delà des enjeux idéologiques que ce débat cristallise, il propose d’élargir la perspective d’analyse à un phénomène plus englobant : la confrontation d’ordres juridiques hétérogènes engagés dans des processus intégratifs : « le droit français et le droit communautaire diffèrent dans leur démarche en matière de lutte contre les discriminations (...) ». Si le droit français « dit » la race, il lui nie une existence normative. A l’inverse, le droit de l’Union en fait un critère distinctif susceptible d’activer des dispositions juridiques liées au principe de non-discrimination. Ce changement de paradigme conduit le juge interne à modifier son approche traditionnelle des droits de l’Homme fondée sur le principe d’égalité. Les décisions du juge et du rapporteur public portent les traces d’aménagements dénominatifs lorsqu’il raisonne dans le cadre d’une approche plus relativiste, légitimant la différence de traitement. (shrink)

"The past two decades have seen renewed scholarly and popular interest in the law and morality of war. Positions that originated in the late Middle Ages through the 17th century have received more sophisticated philosophical elaboration. Although many contemporary writers draw on ideas that figure prominently in Kant's moral philosophy, his explicit discussions of war have not been brought into their proper place within these discussions and debates. Kant argues that a special morality governs the permissible use of force because (...) of wars distinctive immorality. He characterizes war as barbaric, because in war might makes right - which side prevails does not depend on who is in the right. The very thing that makes war wrongful also provides the appropriate standard for evaluating the conduct of war, and the only basis for law governing war"--. (shrink)

Ripstein's lectures, which constitute the central texts of this book, focus on the two bodies of rules governing war: the jus ad bellum, which regulates resort to armed force, and the jus in bello, which sets forth rules governing the conduct of armed force and applies equally to all parties. The lectures argue that both sets of rules constitute prohibitions rather than permissions, and that recognizing them as distinctive prohibitions can reconcile the seeming tension between them. By understanding that the (...) central wrong of war is that war is the condition which force decides, Ripstein contends that the law and morality of war are in fact aligned; the rules governing the conduct of hostilities must apply equally to parties in the right and parties in the wrong in an armed conflict, because the prohibitions outlined in the rules governing war are prohibitions that restrain war. Ripstein's method of analysis and the substantive argument he puts forward offer an opportunity for rigorous critical engagement in subsequent essays by commentators Hathaway, Kutz, and McMahan, followed by a response from Ripstein. (shrink)

Block’s, 5–43 1981) anti-behaviourist attack of the Turing Test not only illustrates that the test is a non-sufficient criterion for attributing thought; I suggest that it also exemplifies the limiting case of the more general concern that a machine which has access to enormous amounts of data can pass the Turing Test by simple symbol-manipulation techniques. If the answers to a human interrogator are entailed by the machines’ data, the Turing Test offers no clear criterion to distinguish between a thinking (...) machine and a machine that merely manipulates representations of words and sentences as it is found in contemporary Natural Language Processing models. This paper argues that properties about vagueness are accessible to any human-like thinker but do not normally display themselves in ordinary language use. Therefore, a machine that merely performs simple symbol manipulation from large amounts of previously acquired data – where this body of data does not contain facts about vagueness – will not be able to report on these properties. Conversely, a machine that has the capacity to think would be able to report on these properties. I argue that we can exploit this fact to establish a sufficient criterion of thought. The criterion is a specification of some of the questions that, as I explain, should be asked by the interrogator in a Turing Test situation. (shrink)

Last year marked the fiftieth anniversary of the inauguration of Brazil’s capital Brasilia. Designed by architects Lúcio Costa and Oscar Niemeyer, it has since become one of the most famous and widely studied urban planning projects. Niemeyer’s cathedral, Catedral Metropolitana Nossa Senhora Aparecida; his building for the national parliament, the Congresso Nacional; and the city’s 707-foot television tower have become icons of twentieth-century architecture. The entire city, marked by its cross-shaped layout and vast open spaces, was named a UNESO World (...) Heritage site in 1987. René Burri, an internationally celebrated Swiss-born photographer and member of the legendary Magnum agency, visited the city for the first time on a long journey around South America in 1958, when most of Brasilia was a vast building site. He returned many times over more than thirty years, documenting the growth and development of this urban utopia. Besides documenting the buildings in various stages of completion, Burri took portraits of Niemeyer and his workers and photographed Brasilia’s street scenes and people: workers with their tools, machinery and building materials, pedestrians on the newly finished streets and squares, and aerial views from the air of the city’s first slums abutting brand-new blocks of residential buildings. His images capture the strong sense of a new era and a vibrant atmosphere of hard work and strain; they reflect the huge dimensions of the landscape and the great scale of this project and its ambition to design and build a new capital—and fill it with life. Complete with an essay by eminent architect and scholar of architectural history Arthur Rüegg, René Burri. Brasilia marks the city’s fiftieth anniversary and allows readers to look at an extraordinary city through the eyes of an exceptional photographer. (shrink)

We prove two theorems which in a certain sense show that the number of normal measures a measurable cardinal κ can carry is independent of a given fixed behavior of the continuum function on any set having measure 1 with respect to every normal measure over κ . First, starting with a model V ⊨ “ZFC + GCH + o = δ*” for δ* ≤ κ+ any finite or infinite cardinal, we force and construct an inner model N ⊆ V (...) [G] so thatN ⊨ “ZF + [DCδ] + ¬ACκ + κ carries exactly δ* normal measures + 2δ = δ++ on a set having measure 1 with respect to every normal measure over κ”.There is nothing special about 2δ = δ here, and other stated values for the continuum function will be possible as well. Then, starting with a modelV ⊨ “ZFC + GCH + κis supercompact”,we force and construct models of AC in which, roughly speaking, regardless of the specified behavior of the continuum function below κ on any set having measure 1 with respect to every normal measure over κ, κ can in essence carry any number of normal measures δ* ≥ κ++. (shrink)

Procuro explorar uma possível base biológica que tenha relevância explicativa entre elementos da ética e o comportamento humano.

This book is about body outlaws, operating in the interzone between the cold seduction of the hysterical male and the beginning of that new horizon called "the last sex.".

Scientific monism.--Evolution as a psycho-physical process.--Purpose.--The conceptual limit.--Factors of moral responsibility.--Social welfare.--Justice.--Heredity.--Environment.--Perception.--Psychic determinism.--The associative principle in evolution.--The origin and development of morals.--The intuitional factor in morals.--Necessary truths.--Relativity in the moral world.

La campagne 2012 – qui a vu pratiquement l’achèvement des travaux de sélection et le catalogage des terres cuites figurées, des monnaies et des autres objets recueillis en 1970‑1971 dans le sanctuaire de la colline de Dautë – était la dernière réunissant toute l’équipe au musée de Durrës. Les 11e et 12e campagnes d’étude étaient donc d’importance bien réduite par rapport aux années précédentes : seuls les céramologues, lesquels n’ont commencé leurs travaux qu’en 2006 sur un mobilier surabonda...

This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in (...) the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant. (shrink)

The author outlines his thoughts on the force that animates body and mind, discussing how it can provide happiness when present and how its lack can cause illness.

Dieses Buch ist kein eigentliches Lehrbuch; es will dem Leset" weniger einen Begriff yom Inhalt als yom Geist der modcrnen Physik vermitteln und ihn von der Angemessenheit einer Denk­ weise iiberzeugen, die in ihrer auf das auBerste getriebenen Sach­ lichkeit ihn zunachst befremden muB. Es gibt sehr bekannte und ausgezeichnete Biichc'r (von E d din g ton, J e a n s, deB r 0 g lie und J 0 r dan), die in derselben Absicht geschrieben wurden, so daB cine (...) neue Darstellung sich nur rechtfertigen laBt, wenn sie nicht einfach wiederholt, was bereits eindringlich genug gesagt worden ist, sondern zum Thema etwas Neues vorzubringen hat. Dieses Neue liegt fur das vorliegende Buch nicht sosehr in seiner grundsatzlichen Einstellung, die sich von der J 0 r dan s kaum unterscheidet, als im Versuch, die fur die neue Physik entscheidcn­ den Ideen unter Verzicht auf jede Mathematik so Zu entwickeln, daB auch der Nichtfachmann sich uber sie ein klares Urteil zu bilden vermag und sie nicht einfach auf guten Glauben hinnehmen muB. Es war dazu notwendig, ihre Leistungsfahigkeit gerade an solchen Phanomencn aufzuzeigen, deren Deutung man bisher ihrer Schwierigkcit wegen vor Nichtphysikern nicht mit Nutzen be­ sprechen Zu konnen glaubte. (shrink)