Dr. Heimo Hofmeister is the Chair of Philosophy in the Protestant Theology Faculty at the University of Heidgelberg, and has twice served as the Dean of that faculty. One of the most significant figures in contemporary German philosophy and ethics, he has recently published landmark works in medical ethics and the nature of warfare. A Russian translation of this book has already been published in 2000 and a second edition in German came out at the same time, and is (...) almost sold out. This is the much awaited, first English translation of Dr. Heimo Hofmeister's groundbreaking work. (shrink)

Zur patientenorientierten Behandlung bei nichteinwilligungsfähigen Patienten werden aktuell der Einbezug oder auch die Entscheidung durch ein Ethikkonsil oder klinisches Ethikkomitee (KEK) gefordert. Damit die Entscheidung des Entscheidungsträgers durch das KEK unterstützt werden kann, müssen Zuständigkeiten, Besetzung und Arbeitsweise des Gremiums klar umschrieben sein.

Excerpt from Das Ethische System des Helvetius Beobachtung gegründeten Principien irgend einer Kunst oder Wissenschaft. Gehe der Philosoph nicht bei der Erfahrung in. About the Publisher Forgotten Books publishes hundreds of thousands of rare and classic books. Find more at www.forgottenbooks.com This book is a reproduction of an important historical work. Forgotten Books uses state-of-the-art technology to digitally reconstruct the work, preserving the original format whilst repairing imperfections present in the aged copy. In rare cases, an imperfection in the original, (...) such as a blemish or missing page, may be replicated in our edition. We do, however, repair the vast majority of imperfections successfully; any imperfections that remain are intentionally left to preserve the state of such historical works. (shrink)

Physical fatigue negatively affects postural control, resulting in impaired balance performance in young and older adults. Similar effects on postural control can be observed for mental fatigue mainly in older adults. Controversial results exist for young adults. There is a void in the literature on the effects of fatigue on balance and cortical activity. Therefore, this study aimed to examine the acute effects of PF and MF on postural sway and cortical activity. Fifteen healthy young adults aged 28 ± 3 (...) years participated in this study. MF and PF protocols comprising of an all-out repeated sit-to-stand task and a computer-based attention network test, respectively, were applied in random order. Pre and post fatigue, cortical activity and postural sway were tested during a challenging bipedal balance board task. Absolute spectral power was calculated for theta, alpha-2, beta-1, and beta-2 in frontal, central, and parietal regions of interest and baseline-normalized. Inference statistics revealed a significant time-by-fatigue interaction for CoPd and CoPv, and a significant main effect of time for CoP variability. Post hoc analyses showed a significant increase in CoPd and CoPv following PF but not MF. For cortical activity, a significant time-by-fatigue interaction was found for relative alpha-2 power in parietal areas. Post hoc tests indicated larger alpha-2 power increases after PF compared to MF. In addition, changes in parietal alpha-2 power and measures of postural sway did not correlate significantly, irrespective of the applied fatigue protocol. No significant changes were found for the other frequency bands, irrespective of the fatigue protocol and ROI under investigation. Thus, the applied PF protocol resulted in increased postural sway and CoP variability accompanied by enhanced alpha-2 power in the parietal ROI while MF led to increased CoP variability and alpha-2 power in our sample of young adults. Potential underlying cortical mechanisms responsible for the greater increase in parietal alpha-2 power after PF were discussed but could not be clearly identified as cause. Therefore, further future research is needed to decipher alternative interpretations. (shrink)

(1993). On the origin of the notion that sport serves as a means of national representation. History of European Ideas: Vol. 16, No. 4-6, pp. 863-869.

The desire for work, income, and better living conditions is the main cause for international migration. Such labor migration is also called economic migration, although it has many non-economic aspects and side effects as well. This article seeks to examine the reasons for and the consequences of international labor migration in its different dimensions. This will take into consideration the interests of all three groups involved: the migrants and their families, the countries of origin and their peoples, the host countries, (...) and the local populations. The core of the article is a social ethical evaluation of the conflicts of interest revealed in the analysis, considering the values of human dignity and justice. The aim is to explore how to balance different interests through a humane and fair immigration policy and international migration partnership. (shrink)

Angesichts von Menschenwürdeverletzungen stellt sich die philosophisch bislang kaum behandelte Frage nach der Würde der Täterinnen und Täter: Kann man der jeweils eigenen Würde schaden, indem man die Würde anderer verletzt? Im Anschluss an Pufendorf und Kant wird folgende These vertreten: Die Menschenwürde basiert auf der Überzeugung menschlicher Gleichwertigkeit. Wer die Würde anderer missachtet, deren Gleichwertigkeit als Mensch bestreitet und sich damit über diesen Menschen erhebt, kann entsprechend auch kein Gespür für die eigene Gleichwertigkeit und damit die eigene Würde haben. (...) Entweder haben alle Menschen den gleichen Wert, bloß weil sie Menschen sind – oder sie haben alle gleichermaßen keinen. (shrink)

Discussions in Germany regarding appropriate end-of-life decision-making have been heavily influenced by the liberalization of access to physician-assisted suicide and voluntary active euthanasia in the Netherlands and Belgium. These discussions disclose conflicting moral views regarding the propriety of physician-assisted suicide and euthanasia, threatening conflicts within not only the medical profession, but also the mainline churches in Germany, whose membership now entertains views regarding end-of-life decision-making at odds with traditional Christian doctrine. On the surface, there appears to be a broad consensus (...) supporting the hospice movement and condemning physician-assisted suicide and euthanasia. The German Supreme Court has held that treatment decisions should, in absence of known patients’ wishes, be made in light of commonly shared values, unless these violate the principle of “in dubio pro vita”. The Roman Catholic church and the Evangelical Lutheran church in Germany have developed an advance directive for treatment choices at the end of life, while condemning physician-assisted suicide and euthanasia. This stance is in tension with the strong emerging support for physician-assisted suicide and euthanasia, a development that promises to open up foundational disagreements within mainline German Christianity regarding the appropriate approach to intentionally terminating human life. (shrink)

In explicit memory recall and recognition tasks, elaboration and contextual isolation both facilitate memory performance. Here, we investigate these effects in the context of sentence processing: targets for retrieval during online sentence processing of English object relative clause constructions differ in the amount of elaboration associated with the target noun phrase, or the homogeneity of superficial features (text color). Experiment 1 shows that greater elaboration for targets during the encoding phase reduces reading times at retrieval sites, but elaboration of non-targets (...) has considerably weaker effects. Experiment 2 illustrates that processing isolated superficial features of target noun phrases --- here, a green word in a sentence with words colored white --- does not lead to enhanced memory performance, despite triggering longer encoding times. These results are interpreted in the light of the memory models of Nairne 1990, 2001, 2006, which state that encoding remnants contribute to the set of retrieval cues that provide the basis for similarity-based interference effects. (shrink)

Economic principles and instruments have been introduced into the German welfare system. The European Union wants to realize an open market economy with free competition for the social services. In this situation Christian welfare organisations get in conflict with their churches and the ethics of Christianity. The concepts of »entrepreneurship diakonia« and »advocatory diakonia« are completed and criticized by the new concept of a »public diakonia of citizenship and community« on the basis of the ethical principles of charity, justice and (...) man’s dignity. According to that new concept »diaconics« and economics may learn from each other in a dialogue of reciprocity. (shrink)

Zufall und Kontingenz sind von der Geschichtswissenschaft bis in die Gegenwart nur sporadisch thematisiert worden. Deshalb hat sich der Autor der vorliegenden Arbeit eine doppelte Aufgabe gestellt: Diskutiert er zunachst Bedeutung und Funktion von Zufall / Kontingenz fur geschichtstheoretische Dimensionen, so interpretiert er daran anschliessend zwei Klassiker der Sozialgeschichte auf ihren methodisch-theoretischen und historiographischen Umgang mit den zu verhandelnden Phanomenen. Die zentrale These, die hinter dieser Untersuchung steht, lautet dabei: Zufall und Kontingenz sind nicht ausserliche, unbedeutende und methodisch auflosbare Scheinkategorien, (...) sondern vielmehr produktive und mitbegrundende Faktoren / Begriffe bei der Konstitution von Geschichten und historischer Erfahrung, durch deren Vernachlassigung oder Auflosung die Geschichtswissenschaft auf ihre methodischen Kosten zuruckgeworfen wird. Am theoretischen und historiographischen Umgang mit Zufall und Kontingenz lasst sich zeigen, wer was wie im Rahmen der Geschichtswissenschaft verstehen bzw. erklaren will. Die Haltung gegenuber dem Zufall ist der 'Offenbarungseid' der Theorie. (shrink)

Modern medicine, based on enormous progress in science and its applications, has lost dimensions of individualized treatment and compassion which traditionally were an essential part of physician’s service over the millennia in Eastern and Western cultures. Today diseases and symptoms, rather than persons, are treated, based on objective quality norms and inflexible payment schemes rather than the rather than persons. We present a checklist model for personalized health care, which has been successful in teaching and practice to reclaim lost territory (...) in treating patients as persons. (shrink)