Clinical ethics support services are developing in Europe. They will be most useful if they are designed to match the ethical concerns of clinicians. We conducted a cross-sectional mailed survey on random samples of general physicians in Norway, Switzerland, Italy, and the UK, to assess their access to different types of ethics support services, and to describe what makes them more likely to have used available ethics support. Respondents reported access to formal ethics support services such as clinical ethics committees (...) (23%), consultation in individual cases (17.6%), and individual ethicists (8.8%), but also to other kinds of less formal ethics support (23.6%). Access to formal ethics support services was associated with work in urban hospitals. Informal ethics resources were more evenly distributed. Although most respondents (81%) reported that they would find help useful in facing ethical difficulties, they reported having used the available services infrequently (14%). Physicians with greater confidence in their knowledge of ethics (P = 0.001), or who had had ethics courses in medical school (P = 0.006), were more likely to have used available services. Access to help in facing ethical difficulties among general physicians in the surveyed countries is provided by a mix of official ethics support services and other resources. Developing ethics support services may benefit from integration of informal services. Development of ethics education in medical school curricula could lead to improved physicians sensititity to ethical difficulties and greater use of ethics support services. Such support services may also need to be more proactive in making their help available. (shrink)

Background Decisions regarding Cardio-Pulmonary Resuscitation (CPR) and Do Not Attempt Resuscitation (DNAR) orders remain demanding, as does including patients in the process. Objectives To explore physicians’ justification for CPR/DNAR orders and decisions regarding patient inclusion, as well as their reports of how they initiated discussions with patients. Methods We administered a face-to-face survey to residents in charge of 206 patients including DNAR and CPR orders, with or without patient inclusion. Results Justifications were provided for 59% of DNAR orders and included (...) severe comorbidity, patients and families’ resuscitation preferences, patients’ age, or poor prognosis or quality of life. Reasons to include patients in CPR/DNAR decisions were provided in 96% and 84% of cases, and were based on respect for autonomy, clinical assessment of the situation as not too severe, and the view that such inclusion was required. Reasons for not including patients were offered in 84% of cases for CPR and in 70% for DNAR. They included absent decision-making capacity, a clinical situation viewed as good (CPR) or offering little hope of recovery (DNAR), barriers to communication, or concern that discussions could be emotionally difficult or superfluous. Decisions made earlier in the patient's management were infrequently viewed as requiring revision. Residents reported a variety of introductions to discussions with patients. Conclusions These results provide better understanding of reasons for CPR/DNAR decisions, reasons for patient inclusion or lack thereof, and ways in which such inclusion is initiated. They also point to potential side-effects of implementing CPR/DNAR recommendations without in-depth and practical training. This should be part of a regular audit and follow-up process for such recommendations. (shrink)

Rendre hommage à un auteur, ce n'est pas seulement célébrer ce qu'il fut mais c'est aussi alerter sur ce que son oeuvre apporte au présent et à l'avenir de la connaissance. C'est bien le sens donné à cet hommage à André-Jean Arnaud. Repenser le droit, c'était pou r cet auteur érudit : repenser les lieux, les conditions et les façons de l'étudier en dépassant les frontières géographiques en même temps que les frontières disciplinaires. En montrant en quoi André-Jean (...) class='Hi'>Arnaud fut, hors des sentiers battus et des orthodoxies de la production et de la transmission des savoirs en la matière, un exceptionnel précurseur et l'infatigable artisan d'un nouveau régime de connaissance sur le droit, le présent ouvrage s'adresse à toutes celles et à tous ceux, enseignants, chercheurs, étudiants ou simples citoyens, pou r qui l'étude du droit permet de mieux comprendre ce que sont et ce que sont susceptibles de devenir nos sociétés. (shrink)

Cet article documente la pratique du plan dans les relations entre hommes, à savoir ces rencontres rapides, à but sexuel principalement et en général non répétées. Le matériel mobilisé résulte de trente entretiens semi-directifs. Le plan correspond souvent à une dissociation marquée entre le courant sensuel et le courant tendre, au sens freudien, et présente donc un intérêt pour approfondir la compréhension de cette dualité. L’article observe les prises de contact virtuelles, les lieux des plans et la possibilité de penser, (...) ou de ne pas penser, le plan, d’en refouler le souvenir. Les affects éprouvés dans la rencontre de l’autre comme l’absence d’affect ( désaffectation ) sont alors analysés aux côtés de la question de la sociabilité et des impressions d’inquiétante étrangeté. (shrink)

In lieu of an abstract, here is a brief excerpt of the content:Eucharistic Adoration:Veils for VisionEmmanuel Perrier O.P.Translated by Amy Christine DevaudTo the Virgin of the AnnunciationEucharistic adoration is an eminently personal form of prayer.1 Not in the sense that each one of us could fill this time spent in the presence of the Lord with what he or she wants; if this were to be the case, there would be no adoration at all, since it would simply be (...) a matter of meeting oneself and one's ideas about God. Eucharistic adoration is a personal prayer in the sense that the adorer welcomes in his soul the divine person of the eternal Son, through the vision of the human body united to the Son in the womb of the Virgin Mary, just as this body is offered by faith in the sacrament of the Eucharist. Therefore, what is crucial to this meeting is that prayer be guided by the truth of the Eucharistic mystery and not by the feelings of the adorer, even less by the introspection of himself while adoring. In presenting the theological foundations of Eucharistic adoration, the following pages have a threefold goal: to enlighten beginners about the very things which shape this prayer; to help those who are progressing in their adoration to align it to the vision of the Word who became flesh; and [End Page 397] to accompany and support those who are more advanced in putting into words what they are already experiencing.After having specified the foundations of Eucharistic adoration, we will address the themes that sustain it in the same order in which the soul welcomes the mystery of the Word become flesh. This is an order that can be followed as steps to take during a time of adoration. One will then take care to allow enough time for each step. But it may be more relevant to focus on a limited number of themes, or even on a single one. We will be careful to ensure that we do not neglect any of the themes presented throughout the various meditations for adoration.The Hope of VisionEucharistic adoration begins and is consumed in vision, in the gaze toward the Body of Christ in his sacrament. God has accustomed us to listen to him, ever since he began to speak to Abraham, to Moses, to David, through the prophets. The Law begins with this commandment: "Hear now, O Israel!" To hear the Word is to welcome it, to put it into practice, and in doing so, to let it bear fruit within us. But seeing God is quite different.In the days of Christ, the central part of the Temple in Jerusalem, one of the wonders of the world, had two rooms, one called the Holy Place and the other called the Holy of Holies. The entrance to each room was obstructed by a huge curtain (see Exod 26:31–32). The priests usually celebrated their services behind the curtain of the Holy Place. However, they did not enter the Holy of Holies, the dwelling place of God among men (see Exod 29:43–46), which sheltered, before its destruction (probably in 587 BC), the Ark of the Covenant containing the tables of the Law given at Sinai, as well as a relic of the manna, the bread that came down from heaven to feed the people of Israel during the Exodus (see Heb 9:4). Only once a year the High Priest would cross the veil of the Holy of Holies to stand in the presence of God and pronounce the Name above all names, in remembrance of God's encounters with Moses:Whenever Moses went out to the tent, all the people rose up, and every man stood at his tent door, and looked after Moses, until he had gone into the tent. When Moses entered the tent, the pillar of cloud would descend and stand at the door of to the tent, and the Lord would speak with Moses. And when all the people saw the pillar of cloud standing at the door of the tent, all the people would rise up and worship. … The Lord used to speak with Moses... (shrink)

How to reach Paradise using only a few idealized and limited representational fragments gathered over a lifetime? After having specified the logical questions raised by the (re)presentation of a paradisiacal world, we show that such a world, in order to have the characteristics usually attributed to Paradise (such as unity or plenitude), must satisfy specific representational properties with respect to the Good. In order to clarify the impact of these properties on the access to Paradise, we introduce the Grounded Representation (...) Theory which allows the construction of represented universes. Building on this framework, we then propose directions for a logical analysis of the power of experiences that, from limited fragments of presence, enable one to initiate the ascent towards Paradis. (shrink)

The ability to detect and respond to chemosensory threat cues in the environment plays a vital role in survival across species. However, little is known about which chemical compounds can act as olfactory threat signals in humans. We hypothesized that brief exposure to putrescine, a chemical compound produced by the breakdown of fatty acids in the decaying tissue of dead bodies, can function as a chemosensory warning signal, activating threat management responses (e.g., heightened alertness, fight-or-flight responses). This hypothesis was tested (...) by gaging people’s responses to conscious and non-conscious exposure to putrescine. In Experiment 1, putrescine increased vigilance, as measured by a reaction time task. In Experiments 2 and 3, brief exposure to putrescine (vs. ammonia and a scentless control condition) prompted participants to walk away faster from the exposure site. Experiment 3 also showed that putrescine elicited implicit cognitions related to escape and threat. Experiment 4 found that exposure to putrescine, presented here below the threshold of conscious awareness, increased hostility toward an out-group member. Together, the results are the first to indicate that humans can process putrescine as a warning signal that mobilizes protective responses to deal with relevant threats. The implications of these results are briefly discussed. (shrink)

Background: Ethics support services are growing in Europe to help doctors in dealing with ethical difficulties. Currently, insufficient attention has been focused on the experiences of doctors who have faced ethical difficulties in these countries to provide an evidence base for the development of these services.Methods: A survey instrument was adapted to explore the types of ethical dilemma faced by European doctors, how they ranked the difficulty of these dilemmas, their satisfaction with the resolution of a recent ethically difficult case (...) and the types of help they would consider useful. The questionnaire was translated and given to general internists in Norway, Switzerland, Italy and the UK.Results: Survey respondents ranged in age from 28 to 82 years, and averaged 25 years in practice. Only a minority reported having access to ethics consultation in individual cases. The ethical difficulties most often reported as being encountered were uncertain or impaired decision-making capacity , disagreement among caregivers and limitation of treatment at the end of life . The frequency of most ethical difficulties varied among countries, as did the type of issue considered most difficult. The types of help most often identified as potentially useful were professional reassurance about the decision being correct , someone capable of providing specific advice , help in weighing outcomes and clarification of the issues . Few of the types of help expected to be useful varied among countries.Conclusion: Cultural differences may indeed influence how doctors perceive ethical difficulties. The type of help needed, however, did not vary markedly. The general structure of ethics support services would not have to be radically altered to suit cultural variations among the surveyed countries. (shrink)

Several authors have argued that causes differ in the degree to which they are ‘specific’ to their effects. Woodward has used this idea to enrich his influential interventionist theory of causal explanation. Here we propose a way to measure causal specificity using tools from information theory. We show that the specificity of a causal variable is not well-defined without a probability distribution over the states of that variable. We demonstrate the tractability and interest of our proposed measure by measuring the (...) specificity of coding DNA and other factors in a simple model of the production of mRNA. (shrink)

In 1952, Heinrich Scholz published a question in The Journal of Symbolic Logic asking for a characterization of spectra, i.e., sets of natural numbers that are the cardinalities of finite models of first order sentences. Günter Asser in turn asked whether the complement of a spectrum is always a spectrum. These innocent questions turned out to be seminal for the development of finite model theory and descriptive complexity. In this paper we survey developments over the last 50-odd years pertaining to (...) the spectrum problem. Our presentation follows conceptual developments rather than the chronological order. Originally a number theoretic problem, it has been approached by means of recursion theory, resource bounded complexity theory, classification by complexity of the defining sentences, and finally by means of structural graph theory. Although Scholz' question was answered in various ways, Asser's question remains open. (shrink)

The interventionist account of causation offers a criterion to distinguish causes from non-causes. It also aims at defining various desirable properties of causal relationships, such as specificity, proportionality and stability. Here we apply an information-theoretic approach to these properties. We show that the interventionist criterion of causation is formally equivalent to non-zero specificity, and that there are natural, information-theoretic ways to explicate the distinction between potential and actual causal influence. We explicate the idea that the description of causes should be (...) proportional to that of their effects. Then we draw a distinction between two ideas in the existing literature, the range of invariance of a causal relationship and its stability. The range of invariance is related to specificity and range of causal values. Stability concerns the effect of additional variables on the relationship between some focal pair of cause and effect variables. We show how to distinguish and measure the direct influence of background variables on the effect variable, and their influence on the relationship between the focal cause and the effect variable. Finally, we discuss the limitations of the information-theoretic approach, and offer prospects for complementary approaches. (shrink)

Fluorescence imaging has become an indispensable tool in cell and molecular biology. GFP‐like fluorescent proteins have revolutionized fluorescence microscopy, giving experimenters exquisite control over the localization and specificity of tagged constructs. However, these systems present certain drawbacks and as such, alternative systems based on a fluorogenic interaction between a chromophore and a protein have been developed. While these systems are initially designed as fluorescent labels, they also present new opportunities for the development of novel labeling and detection strategies. This review (...) focuses on new labeling protocols, actuation methods, and biosensors based on fluorogenic protein systems. (shrink)

En expliquant comment les forces de l’ordre se dotent d’uniformes spécifiques au cours du xixe siècle, il s’agit de comprendre la signification de cet objet. Au-delà de l’utilité pratique du costume, qui peut faire débat, policiers et gendarmes affichent une prestance militaire qui renforce leur prestige. Mais ils montrent aussi qu’ils travaillent en toute transparence, en assumant leurs actes et en se plaçant au service du public. Ils prouvent enfin leur valeur en engageant des dépenses vestimentaires qui deviennent un gage (...) de respectabilité. S’il constitue un enjeu symbolique fort, l’uniforme évolue dans le sens d’une plus grande simplicité fonctionnelle au cours du xixe siècle, s’adaptant dans une certaine mesure à la mode masculine. (shrink)

This collection of fourteen original essays addresses the seminal contribution of Franz Brentano and his heirs, to philosophy of language. Despite the great interest provoked by the Brentanian tradition and its multiple connections with early analytic philosophy, precious little is known about the Brentanian contribution to philosophy of language. The aim of this new collection is to fill this gap by providing the reader with a more thorough understanding of the legacy of Brentano and his school, in their pursuit of (...) a unique research programme according to which the analysis of meaning is inseparable from philosophical inquiries into what goes on in the mind and what there is in the world. In three parts, the volume first reconstructs Brentano’s pathbreaking thoughts on meaning and grammatical illusions, exploring their strong connections with the Austro-German tradition and analytic philosophy. It then addresses the multifaceted debates on the objectivity of meaning in the Brentano School and its aftermath. Finally, part three explores Brentano’s wider legacy, namely: Husserl’s theory of modification and typicality, Bühler’s theory of linguistic and non-linguistic expressions, and Wittgenstein’s thoughts on guidance and rule-following. The result is a unique collection of essays which shows the significance, originality and timely character of the Brentanian philosophy of language. (shrink)

In this article, the authors, as researchers, are part of a clinical approach to psychoanalytic orientation in education sciences, questioning their research approach during an investigation on the expulsion from classrooms in secondary school in France. Trying to compare themselves to different types of collaborative research, they analyse the modalities of relationship they tried to implement during this research ‘with’ subjects, including teenagers students they have interviewed.

Kant’s religious ethics is grounded in a practical philosophy where ‘God’ is subordinated to moral principles. To accomplish this goal, Kant dismantled the onto-theological groundwork of religion and the conventional method of attaching morality to God, as if morality was a consequence of religious belief. In this essay, I will show how Kant replaces the metaphysics of being with the metaphysics of morality. More importantly, I will show how Kant’s thesis of moral theism argues that the practical philosophy does not (...) end with the categorical imperative, but that Kant also thinks morality inevitably leads to religious belief. (shrink)

Running head: Implicit sequence learning ABSTRACT Can we learn without awareness? Although this issue has been extensively explored through studies of implicit learning, there is currently no agreement about the extent to which knowledge can be acquired and projected onto performance in an unconscious way. The controversy, like that surrounding implicit memory, seems to be at least in part attributable to unquestioned acceptance of the unrealistic assumption that tasks are process-pure, that is, that a given task exclusively involves either implicit (...) or explicit knowledge. (shrink)

Résumé À première vue, les idées morales de l’abbé de Condillac (1714-1780) – et contrairement à celles de son frère Mably – ne doivent pas être comptées au rang de ses succès. Sans postérité apparente, elles ont surtout souffert d’un étonnant manque de notoriété dès le siècle des Lumières et ce jusqu’à nos jours. Aucun des grands commentateurs, contemporains ou plus anciens, de la pensée du philosophe ne s’y est arrêté avant que deux thèses de doctorat récentes ne viennent remettre (...) en cause cet état de fait. Leurs interprétations des idées morales de Condillac sont cependant assez divergentes. La première s’appuie principalement sur l’ Essai sur l’origine des connaissances humaines (1746) et conclut à une forme particulière de morale déontologique. Celle-ci s’appuierait sur la connaissance du principe de conservation de soi, limitatif de la volonté et créateur de devoirs, au travers du langage articulé des êtres humains. La seconde, s’appuyant sur le rôle des besoins et le « calcul des plaisirs et des peines », tente d’inscrire la morale condillacienne dans une optique plutôt utilitariste. Cet article s’inscrit clairement dans cette seconde perspective. Il s’attachera d’abord à présenter en quoi les principes de l’association humaine (de « l’état de nature » au « contrat ») et de la morale sont chez Condillac le résultat de la nécessité de « se conserver », cette dernière notion devant être entendu au sens large de la satisfaction de tous les besoins de l’homme social. Nous verrons ensuite comment Condillac propose un véritable « calcul moral » qui conduit les individus à agir vertueusement tout en n’ayant pour objet que leur intérêt propre. Enfin, la conclusion inscrira cette théorie morale au carrefour des conceptions de Jean-Jacques Burlamaqui et celles des utilitaristes français de la seconde moitié du xviii e siècle, les idées de Condillac constituant finalement un pas supplémentaire, par rapport au droit naturel, vers une morale conséquentialiste. (shrink)

In recent years, scholars have shown the fruitfulness of linking Peirce’s speculative rhetoric with the rhetorical tradition—which can be broadly construed as the art, time and again rediscovered and refined, of rendering discourses eloquent and persuasive. They have suggested many ways in which the historical development of rhetoric sheds light on the third branch of Peirce’s semiotic and further pointed out many contributions Peirce makes in turn to the field of rhetoric. However, with the notable exception of Colapietro, these authors (...) have focused almost exclusively on questions of method and discovery. They have... (shrink)

La philosophie de Nietzsche se présente comme une entreprise d'autodépassement du sens historique que consacrent au XIXe siècle l'historicisme, les philosophies de l'histoire et les évolutionnismes. En retournant contre lui-même son propre dard, le sens historique procède à la réévaluation de l'histoire.

Resumo: em 1881-1882, o pensamento de Nietzsche o levou a elaborar seu conceito de vontade de potência e a ideia do perspectivismo, mesmo que o termo ainda não apareça sob sua pena. No presente artigo nós pretendemos mostrar que a ideia de pôr em perspectiva diversas idiossincrasias intelectuais está no coração mesmo da compreensão nietzschiana do perspectivismo, precisamente uma vez que ele reflete sobre a natureza da história no confronto com Emerson e sobre a natureza da evolução ao que descobre (...) Wilhelm Roux.: between 1881 and 1882, Nietzsche’s thought leads him to elaborate the concept of will to power and the idea of perspectivism, even his the word doesn’t appear, yet, in his writings. We show that the idea of a perspectival view of several idiosyncratic conceptions is the heart of Nietzsche’s conception of perspectivism, insofar as he is both interested in the nature of history, confronting himself to Emerson, and in the nature of evolution, when he discovers Wilhelm Roux. (shrink)

Social Catholic criticisms of Frédéric Bastiat’s thinking, notably Charles Périn’s, clarify the link between the labour theory of value and the demands for social justice. Claiming that Bastiat’s theory of value rests on a sophism, Périn rejects his view that competition is the solution to the social question. Contrary to Bastiat, indeed, he accepts the labor theory of value and apparently makes it a standard of justice: according to him, rents sanction an injustice. Social Catholics, particularly René de La Tour (...) du Pin, follow in his tracks, insisting that a specific course must be taken so as to set right the injustice of rents — the course of what will be called furtherly ‘social justice’.Les critiques portées par les catholiques sociaux à la doctrine de Frédéric Bastiat, notamment celles de Charles Périn, permettent de comprendre le lien qui unit la théorie de la valeur travail et l’exigence de justice sociale. Périn affirme que la théorie de la valeur de Bastiat repose sur un sophisme et repousse donc sa réponse à la question sociale, la concurrence. Il a adopté en effet, au contraire de Bastiat, la théorie de la valeur travail et l’a érigée, semble-t-il, en critère de justice : la rente consacre, à ses yeux, une injustice. A sa suite, les catholiques sociaux, exemplairement, René de La tour du Pin, affirmeront qu’il faut mener une action spécifique pour corriger l’injustice de la rente et l’appelleront justice sociale. (shrink)

According to the classical paradigm of the judicial act, the courthouse is a temple and the hearing is a ceremony. Even when secularized, justice rests upon a ritual and a ceremonial which confer on it both its sacredness and its authority. The origins of this staging are rooted in myth, religion and cosmogony which stem from the mediation of symbols. Through this ornamentation, the paternal figure is made present and guarantees, in a kind of irrational way, the authority of the (...) institution. Since the mid nineties, the judicial institution has been emancipated from its staging. The modern goals of functionality and transparency of public services have progressively led to the abandoning of the sacredness of the judicial act, thus threatening its symbolic function. The purpose of this contribution is to highlight, through a semiotic approach, the dialectic opposing modernity and the authority of the judicial institution. (shrink)

We study the extension of dependence logic \ by a majority quantifier \ over finite structures. We show that the resulting logic is equi-expressive with the extension of second-order logic by second-order majority quantifiers of all arities. Our results imply that, from the point of view of descriptive complexity theory, \\) captures the complexity class counting hierarchy. We also obtain characterizations of the individual levels of the counting hierarchy by fragments of \\).

This research examines how the fit between employees moral development and the ethical work climate of their organization affects employee attitudes. Person-organization fit was assessed by matching individuals' level of cognitive moral development with the ethical climate of their organization. The influence of P-O fit on employee attitudes was assessed using a sample of 304 individuals from 73 organizations. In general, the findings support our predictions that fit between personal and organizational ethics is related to higher levels of commitment and (...) job satisfaction and lower levels of turnover intent. Ethical P-O fit was related to higher levels of affective commitment across all three ethical climate types. Job satisfaction was only associated with ethical P-O fit for one of the three P-O fit variables and turnover intentions were significantly associated with two of the ethical P-O fit variables. The most consistent effect was found for the Conventional - Caring fit variable, which was significantly related to all three attitudes assessed. The weakest effect was found for the Preconventional - Instrumental fit variable, which was only predictive of affective commitment. The pattern of findings and implications for practice and future research are discussed. (shrink)

Cet article explore les méthodes et moyens à mettre en œuvre pour reconstruire la séparation entre espaces public et privé, mise à mal par la connexion continue sur les réseaux. Il est difficile et pourtant indispensable de proposer un nouveau paradigme garantissant l'exercice de la liberté individuelle car celle-ci n'est plus assurée selon le cadre fixé par la Déclaration des droits de l'homme. Dans une première partie, nous abordons les contradictions de la situation actuelle, avant de proposer ensuite des solutions (...) autour de la pseudonymisation et de terminer par une réflexion sur les conditions à réunir pour la nécessaire multiplicité des identités numériques gérée par la personne assurant ainsi l'exercice de sa liberté. (shrink)

Le premier chapitre de la Métaphysique allemande ne comprend que neuf paragraphes et semble ne représenter qu' une sorte de préambule. De ce fait, on peut avoir le sentiment que la métaphysique ne commence à proprement parler qu'avec le § 10, lequel ouvre, avec l'énoncé du principe de contradiction, la partie ontologique de l'ouvrage. Pourtant, Wolff fait figurer dans cette première partie des considérations qui concernent de très près le commencement de sa philosophie: il présente tout d'abord quelque chose comme (...) un cogito. De plus, les acquis de ce premier chapitre sont repris à l'ouverture des cinq autres chapitres qui suivent : y aurait-il là matière à affirmer que la métaphysique wolffienne est fondée dans une expérience psychologique? Cette hypothèse est donc ici testée par l'examen successif des statuts de l' Ontologie, de la Logique et de la Psychologie empirique au travers d'une lecture conjointe de la Métaphysique allemande et de la Logique allemande. The first chapter of the German Metaphysics gathers only nine paragraphs and seems to represent but some kind of a preamble. Hence one may feel that metaphysics begins only with paragraph 10 opening the ontological part of the text with the contradiction principle. Yet Wolff already mentions a few considerations in this first part that are extremely close to the beginning of his philosophy : he presents from the start something very similar to a cogito. Moreover the assets of this first chapter are recaptured whenever every one of the five following chapters opens. Would there be therein sufficient matter at stake to evidence that the Wolffian Metaphysics is grounded in a psychological experience? Hence the author tests here such a hypothesis through the successive analysis of the status of Ontology, of Logics and of empirical Psychology, through a joint reading of the German Metaphysics and of the German Logics. (shrink)

Les philosophes ne rient pas, ou pas souvent. Le sage ne rit qu'en tremblant, dit le proverbe. Non ridere, sed intelligere ; il ne faut pas rire, mais comprendre, écrivait Spinoza. Les rares moments où les philosophes «lâchent prise» et se laissent aller à la plaisanterie sont d'autant plus intéressants. En voici quelques-uns. Ce livre ne vise pas à l'exhaustivité. Il n'a qu'une ambition : celle d'instruire en amusant.

Ce texte entend montrer les enjeux en termes de protection des données personnelles de l'accès au service WHOIS. Avec la création massive de nouveaux noms de domaines rendue possible par la migration des serveurs racines vers IPv6, la question de l'accès au WHOIS devient critique. Une régulation tendant à mieux assurer la protection des données personnelles est à envisager dans un autre contexte, l'Icann ne souhaitant pas la mettre en place. Mieux vaut se replier sur les noms de domaines contrôlés (...) par les organismes respectant les directives européennes, à l'image de ce que pratique l'Afnic, assurant la protection des données personnelles des propriétaires des noms de domaine tout en permettant d'y avoir accès dans des conditions bien spécifiées.This paper aims to show what is at stake in terms of data protection with access to the WHOIS service. With the exponential growth ofTLDs offered by the migration of root servers to IPv6, access to WHOIS has become a critical issue. A regulation to ensure better protection of personal data needs to be envisaged in a different context, since ICANN does not wish to implement it. A better option would be to use TLDs under the control of organisations that abide by EU rules, as AFNIC is doing by protecting the personal data of domain name owners while allowing access to them under specified conditions. (shrink)

Cet article propose une caractérisation de la sensibilité et de la conscience émotionnelle des personnes autistes grâce à des précisions terminologiques des concepts d’émotions et de conscience. Il met en évidence le caractère contradictoire qui semble caractériser la sensibilité des personnes autistes : alors que leurs états internes du corps parviennent à la conscience beaucoup plus fréquemment que pour les personnes neurotypiques, leurs émotions sont appréhendées de manière descriptive et non par le biais de ces ressentis corporels, comme c’est pourtant (...) le cas pour les personnes neurotypiques. Chez les personnes autistes, la compréhension émotionnelle semble donc être détachée du ressenti émotionnel, pourtant très présent. La mise en commun des résultats d’études mettant en évidence ces particularités permet de proposer une hypothèse explicative de cette apparente contradiction ; hypothèse selon laquelle pour les personnes autistes, le caractère accablant des ressentis du corps est évité grâce à une stratégie compensatoire d’accès explicite aux émotions, détaché du ressenti émotionnel. (shrink)

Le " troisième homme " de la primaire socialiste compte bien peser dans le sprint final à l'élection présidentielle. Il n'a pas fini de faire parler de lui... Mais à quoi peut bien encore servir la politique? Jamais la démocratie n'a été aussi solidement installée et, en même temps, jamais elle n'a été autant menacée par le vide, l'impuissance ou l'abus de pouvoir. Le politique a-t-il encore la main? Le rouleau-compresseur des marchés a-t-il eu raison de sa superbe? L'archaïsme des (...) institutions n'a-t-il pas réduit la démocratie française à un théâtre d'ombres? Les multiples filtres qui s'intercalent entre la sphère politique et le peuple ont-ils vidé le fait politique de son sens, laissant derrière lui des résignés et une société en forme de cocotte-minute? Et pourtant, si notre démocratie ne cesse de se dévorer elle-même, elle se régénère toujours. En effet, le politique est là, comme une braise sous les cendres, prêt à renaître, prêt à écrire encore quelques belles pages de l'histoire de France. C'est comme une étincelle à côté d'un baril de poudre, car il suffit de peu. Quand le voisin de classe de votre enfant est arrêté sans ménagement à la sortie de l'école, avec ses parents parce qu'ils sont sans-papier, voilà que vous vous mobilisez dans des comités de soutien, que vous faites le tour des élus, que vous interpellez le préfet et que vous organisez des manifs! Vous, parent d'élève tranquille qui n'avez jamais eu le moindre intérêt pour la cause des sans-papier! Là est le paradoxe du politique, à la fois décevant, incontournable et enthousiasmant quand la cause s'y prête. Alors, dans ce contexte, comment faire pour changer la vie? Comment débusquer le prêt-à penser politique? A qui s'adresse aujourd'hui la politique? Comment réenchanter ceux qui ne le sont plus? Où mener le combat politique qui est aussi un combat culturel? Quelles vieilles certitudes faut-il déboulonner? Qu'est-ce que l'on a encore à se dire dans notre société et comment la faire tenir ensemble? Toutes ces questions sont au coeur de cet antimanuel politique qui entend prendre à contrepied les stratèges cyniques, les barons inamovibles, les communicants qui pensent le politique comme une publicité, les ambitieux qui veulent la place à tous prix, les résignés qui méprisent tout... Et pourtant, la stratégie, la communication ou l'ambition sont nécessaires à tout projet politique. Arnaud Montebourg ne décerne ni les bons ni les mauvais points comme le maître d'école, mais prend une distance critique sur la politique, sublime et misérable, et sur le politique, omniprésent et invisible. (shrink)