Este artículo analiza en dos escritos en primera persona, de Ángel Cuervo y Tomás Cuenca, la idea de paz en la Guerra por las Soberanías, que enfrentó a las fuerzas oficialistas del gobierno conservador presidido por Mariano Ospina con las de los liberales lideradas por Tomás Cipriano de Mosquera. A partir del análisis de ambos textos vistos en correlación con el contexto y con documentación de época de diversa índole, se estudian algunos avenimientos y de qué modo se incorpora (...) el derecho de gentes y los mecanismos de contención de la guerra que desembocó en la promulgación del artículo 91 de la Constitución de 1863. (shrink)

En el presente artículo se reflexiona sobre dos propuestas de Arturo Andrés Roig: la conciencia de la alteridad y el a priori antropológico para reconocer sus posibilidades de cara al progreso de la ideas y programas filosóficos. Para ello, se muestran las insuficiencias y posibilidades. Las primeras emergen al adoptar uno de los principios más importantes que sostienen el programa filosófico de la modernidad: el mantenimiento del ser humano como fundamento del mundo. Las posibilidades de sus aportes cobran fuerza a (...) la luz de las nuevas propuestas filosóficas que pretenden superar los postulados de la modernidad. (shrink)

In this paper I survey some recent developments in experimental philosophy and discuss their bearing on two leading theories in epistemology: Contextualism and Interest Relative Invariantism. In the first part of the paper, I survey some general issues of how experimental philosophy may be relevant to assessing contextualism and IRI. In the second part, I discuss and critique some of the recent experimental work.

Experimental philosophers have gathered impressive evidence for the surprising conclusion that philosophers' intuitions are out of step with those of the folk. As a result, many argue that philosophers' intuitions are unreliable. Focusing on the Knobe Effect, a leading finding of experimental philosophy, we defend traditional philosophy against this conclusion. Our key premise relies on experiments we conducted which indicate that judgments of the folk elicited under higher quality cognitive or epistemic conditions are more likely to resemble those of the (...) philosopher. We end by showing how our experimental findings can help us better understand the Knobe Effect. (shrink)

People generally accept that there is causation by omission—that the omission of some events cause some related events. But this acceptance elicits the selection problem, or the difficulty of explaining the selection of a particular omissive cause or class of causes from the causal conditions. Some theorists contend that dependence theories of causation cannot resolve this problem. In this paper, we argue that the appeal to norms adequately resolves the selection problem for dependence theories, and we provide novel experimental evidence (...) for it. (shrink)

In having an experience one is aware of having it. Having an experience requires some form of access to one's own state, which distinguishes phenomenally conscious mental states from other kinds of mental states. Until very recently, Higher-Order (HO) theories were the only game in town aiming at offering a full-fledged account of this form of awareness within the analytical tradition. Independently of any objections that HO theories face, First/Same-Order (F/SO) theorists need to offer an account of such access to (...) become a plausible alternative. My aim in this paper is twofold. In the first place, I wish to widen the logical space of the discussion among theories of consciousness by offering a distinction, orthogonal to that between F/SO and HO theories, between what I will call 'Self-Involving' (SI) and 'Mental-State-Involving' (MSI) theories and argue in favor of the former one. In the second place, I will present the basics of a characterization of such a Self-Involving theory in Same-Order terms. (shrink)

One of the central debates in the philosophy of language is that between defenders of the causal-historical and descriptivist theories of reference. Most philosophers involved in the debate support one or the other of the theories. Building on recent experimental work in semantics, we argue that there is a sense in which both theories are correct. In particular, we defend the view that natural kind terms can sometimes take on a causal-historical reading and at other times take on a descriptivist (...) reading. The meaning will shift depending on the conversational setting. The theoretical view has roots in work by Kitcher. We present some original experiments that support the thesis. (shrink)

According to Ramsey (Representation reconsidered, Cambridge University Press, New York, 2007 ), only classical cognitive science, with the related notions of input–output and structural representations, meets the job description challenge (the challenge to show that a certain structure or process serves a representational role at the subpersonal level). By contrast, connectionism and other nonclassical models, insofar as they exploit receptor and tacit notions of representation, are not genuinely representational. As a result, Ramsey submits, cognitive science is taking a U-turn from (...) representationalism back to behaviourism, thus presupposing that (1) the emergence of cognitivism capitalized on the concept of representation, and that (2) the materialization of nonclassical cognitive science involves a return to some form of pre-cognitivist behaviourism. We argue against both (1) and (2), by questioning Ramsey’s divide between classical and representational, versus nonclassical and nonrepresentational, cognitive models. For, firstly, connectionist and other nonclassical accounts have the resources to exploit the notion of a structural isomorphism, like classical accounts (the beefing-up strategy); and, secondly, insofar as input–output and structural representations refer to a cognitive agent, classical explanations fail to meet the job description challenge (the deflationary strategy). Both strategies work independently of each other: if the deflationary strategy succeeds, contra (1), cognitivism has failed to capitalize on the relevant concept of representation; if the beefing-up strategy is sound, contra (2), the return to a pre-cognitivist era cancels out. (shrink)

Representations are not only used in our folk-psychological explanations of behaviour, but are also fruitfully postulated, for example, in cognitive science. The mainstream view in cognitive science maintains that our mind is a representational system. This popular view requires an understanding of the nature of the entities they are postulating. Teleosemantic theories face this challenge, unpacking the normativity in the relation of representation by appealing to the teleological function of the representing state. It has been argued that, if intentionality is (...) to be explained in teleological terms, then the function of a state cannot depend on its phylogenetical history, given the metaphysical possibility of a duplicate of an intentional being that lacks an evolutionary history. In this paper, I present a method to produce, according to our current knowledge in genetic engineering, human-like individuals who are not the product of natural selection in the required sense. This variation will be used to shed light on the main replies that have been offered in the literature to the Swampman thought experiment. I argue that these replies are not satisfactory: representations should better not depend on natural selection. I conclude that a non-etiological notion of function is to be preferred for characterizing the relation of representation. (shrink)

Contemporary literature distinguishes two ways to defend the claim that cognition is a matter of representations: one, cognition involves representation-hungry tasks; two, cognition involves a complex form of informational covariation between subcomponents of a system with an adaptive function. Each of these conceptions involves a different notion of representation, and promotes a particular view of the architecture of cognition. But despite the differences, each of them aims to support the claim that cognition is a matter of representations on architectural constraints. (...) The objective of this article is twofold: one, it is argued that architectural constraints do not entail either of those two ways to defend the claim that cognition is a matter of representations; two, it is claimed that both notions of representation share an objectionable common element – namely, the idea of a model that grounds the representational reading– that must be abandoned, in favor of a more economical explanation in terms of causal relations, in order to get a clear view of cognition. (shrink)

I consider here the issue of whether and to what extent moral truths are absolute. My aim is to raise some new considerations in favor of moral relativism: the thesis that some moral statements can vary in truth-value depending on the moral standards at issue.1 2 This paper has three major components. First, I describe a new puzzle concerning the possibility of moral knowledge in light of expert disagreement. I argue that the best solution to this puzzle requires moral relativism. (...) Second, I develop a notion of a moral standard that incorporates recent developments in moral psychology, including work by.. (shrink)

This paper presents an experience in developing professional ethics by an approach that integrates knowledge, teaching methodologies and assessment coherently. It has been implemented for students in both the Software Engineering and Computer Engineering degree programs of the Technical University of Madrid, in which professional ethics is studied as a part of a required course. Our contribution of this paper is a model for formative assessment that clarifies the learning goals, enhances the results, simplifies the scoring and can be replicated (...) in other contexts. A quasi-experimental study that involves many of the students of the required course has been developed. To test the effectiveness of the teaching process, the analysis of ethical dilemmas and the use of deontological codes have been integrated, and a scoring rubric has been designed. Currently, this model is also being used to develop skills related to social responsibility and sustainability for undergraduate and postgraduate students of diverse academic context. (shrink)

We develop a general framework for forcing with coherent adequate sets on [Formula: see text] as side conditions, where [Formula: see text] is a cardinal of uncountable cofinality. We describe a class of forcing posets which we call coherent adequate type forcings. The main theorem of the paper is that any coherent adequate type forcing preserves CH. We show that there exists a forcing poset for adding a club subset of [Formula: see text] with finite conditions while preserving CH, solving (...) a problem of Friedman [Forcing with finite conditions, in Set Theory: Centre de Recerca Matemática, Barcelona, 2003–2004, Trends in Mathematics, pp. 285–295.]. (shrink)

En este artículo el profesor Manuel Ángel Martínez expone los temas más importantes de la reflexión teológica de Antonio Royo Marín. Se centra especialmente en una de sus obras más importantes La Teología de la Perfección. Royo Marín ha sido un predicador infatigable. Muestra de ello son los numerosos escritos que dejó y su amplia divulgación entre muchos fieles cristianos. Varios grupos, repartidos en diversos lugares del mundo, siguen nutriéndose de su teología. La profundidad con la que están escritos y (...) la claridad de su exposición permiten a muchos lectores un acercamiento a la espiritualidad cristiana y a sus fuentes. Los Santos Padres de los primeros siglos del cristianismo, Santo Tomás, Santa Teresa de Jesús, San Juan de la Cruz, Santa Teresa de Lisieux, Santa Catalina de Siena, Juan González Arintero, entre otros, inspiraron la reflexión teológica de Royo Marín.El 17 de abril se cumplirán cinco años de su fallecimiento. Con este motivo y respondiendo a las numerosas demandas que nos han llegado, ofrecemos a todos los lectores la magnífica descripción que de su teología ha escrito en Ciencia Tomista el profesor Manuel Ángel Martínez Juan. (shrink)

Is a virtue approach in argumentation possible without committing the ad hominem fallacy? My answer is affirmative, provided that the object study of our theory is well delimited. My proposal is that a theory of argumentative virtue should not focus on argument appraisal, as has been assumed, but on those traits that make an individual achieve excellence in argumentative practices. An agent-based approach in argumentation should be developed, not in order to find better grounds for argument appraisal, but to gain (...) insight into argumentative habits and excellence. This way we can benefit from what a virtue argumentation theory really has to offer. (shrink)

The goal of this article is to contribute to the development of an interdisciplinary political theory across a conceptual link between Aristotle’s political philosophy and complex systems theory. Aristotelian doctrine of the wisdom of the multitude is connected with the concept of emergence belong..

_Confines of Democracy_ is a collection of critical assessments and interpretations of Richard J. Bernstein’s extensive and illuminating work on pragmatism, epistemology, hermeneutics, and social and political theory, including Bernstein’s replies to the contributors.

This paper looks into the contents of the Tractatus suppositionum terminorum by Master Franquera, in the context of the teaching of logic in Salamanca in the fifteenth century. Franquera’s work is characterised by its explicit realist bias and its rejection of Ockhamist theses, i.e., by its recognition of the existence of a natura communis or a universale in re, which is evident in all discussions related to suppositio simplex and the theory of significatio. But, apart from this, Franquera’s discussion of (...) the theory of suppositio stands out as a strange mixture of different doctrines: some of them are derived from thirteenth-century analyses, others from fourteenth-century developments; realist goals are reached by means of instruments that, while not being nominalist, are definitely inspired by terminism. While upholding the theses of realist schools, Franquera adopts the definitions and rules of nominalist authors. (shrink)

Aunque algunos autores clásicos de las Ciencias Sociales vaticinaban que el inevitable proceso de secularización conllevaría la pérdida de las prácticas religiosas y de la importancia del ritual en las sociedades contemporáneas a lo largo del siglo XX, dicho proceso no ha llegado finalmente a producirse en los términos en los que se pensaba que sucedería. Nos encontramos, por lo tanto, ante una etapa de postsecularización. Si el catolicismo ha marcado durante siglos la vida y la moral en la sociedad (...) española y el siglo XX fue testigo de una promoción muy marcada del mismo durante el régimen franquista, una vez que a finales de los años sesenta la legislación comenzó a permitir la expresión pública de la diversidad religiosa, las múltiples confesiones se fueron haciendo más visibles hasta llegar a la situación actual, en la que su presencia puede verse tanto en el espacio público como en los medios de comunicación. En nuestro artículo pretendemos mostrar cómo esta visibilización, que atañe tanto al propio catolicismo como al resto de religiones presentes en la sociedad española, se lleva también a cabo a través de la difusión del patrimonio cultural vinculado a las mismas y a su promoción turística, que permite que el visitante entre en contacto con las diversas religiones a través de un mayor conocimiento de su legado y de sus lugares de culto. (shrink)

El escepticismo de Pirrón une a su condición fundadora un problema de recepción recurrente en los clásicos de la antigüedad, y presente aquí en extremo: la ausencia de textos escritos del autor. La interpretación del escepticismo como modo de vida, y no como discurso, en Michel de Montaigne y Friedrich Nietzsche, es el resultado de asumir radicalmente, aunque de formas divergentes, la tensión originaria entre escepticismo y (ausencia intencionada o no de) discurso verbal: como restitución de la paridad de palabras (...) y cosas o como privilegio de la lectura sobre la designación del texto. (shrink)

La pregunta por el sentido de la Filosofía en los niveles de enseñanza anteriores a la Universidad, demanda una honda reflexión sobre las virtualidades educativas propias del pensamiento filosófico. El artículo subraya esta importante cuestión, como condición indispensable para lograr una mínima congruencia entre lo que se hace en la clase de filosofía y lo que se dice que es la materia: no una asignatura más a aprender, sino unos problemas y cuestiones que deben ser pensados desde planteamientos rigurosos y (...) coherentes. Tal reflexión, además, permitirá desmontar ciertas propuestas técnico-educativas -de inquietante influencia entre nosotros-, para las que el discurso filosófico es irrelevante en educación. (shrink)

La dogmática de los principios penales adolece de una reconstrucción normativa a partir de categorías estructurales. La propuesta de Atienza y Ruiz Manero sobre los enunciados jurídicos contiene un arsenal conceptual que resulta especialmente adecuado a la hora de realizar una taxonomía de los principios y límites penales. Esta reconstrucción resulta particularmente provechosa en el ámbito del control de constitucionalidad de las leyes penales, ya que, a partir del test de proporcionalidad, los derechos y bienes constitucionales son clasificados por parte (...) de la doctrina y de la jurisprudencia constitucional comparada como principios o reglas. Por tanto, este estudio pretende sentar las bases teóricas y metodológicas de una reconstrucción estructural de los principios penales. (shrink)