Results for 'Affirmative Action'

968 found
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  1. Affirmative Action and the Choice of Amends.George Hull - 2015 - Philosophia 43 (1):113-134.
    Affirmative action is often implemented as a way of making redress to victims of past injustices. But critics of this practice have launched a three-pronged assault against it. Firstly, they point out that beneficiaries of preferential policies tend not to benefit to the same extent as they were harmed by past injustices. Secondly, when its defenders point to the wider benefits of affirmative action , critics maintain that such ends could never be sufficiently weighty to permit (...)
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  2.  57
    Strong Affirmative Action Programs at State Educational Institutions Cannot Be Justified via Compensatory Justice.Stephen Kershnar - 1997 - Public Affairs Quarterly 11 (4):345-363.
    In the context of state educational institutions, young white males are owed a duty to respect their interest or desert tokens. Not all white males have waived this duty since many white males have not performed the relevant types of culpable wrongdoing. Merely having benefitted from an unjust injury act or being a member of a community that owe a debt of compensation to racial minorities and women are not sufficient grounds to override the duty owed to the white male. (...)
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  3. Nonideal Justice, Fairness, and Affirmative Action.Matthew Adams - 2021 - Journal of Ethics and Social Philosophy 20 (3).
    I defend affirmative action on the ground that it increases certain people’s ability to exercise their basic liberties, rather than because it rectifies injustice in the narrow context of educational admission procedures. I present this justification using a Rawlsian contractualist framework to forge a “nonideal principle of justice.” Drawing on social science, I argue that this principle supports affirmative-action policies like those in the contemporary U.S., and blocks the objection that such policies are unfair. In closing, (...)
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  4. Affirmative action, meritocracy, and efficiency.Steven N. Durlauf - 2008 - Politics, Philosophy and Economics 7 (2):131-158.
    This article provides a framework for comparing meritocratic and affirmative action admissions policies. The context of the analysis is admissions to public universities; admission rules are evaluated as part of the public investment problem faced by a state government. Meritocratic and affirmative admissions policies are compared in terms of their effects on the level and distribution of human capital. I argue that (a) meritocratic admissions are not necessarily efficient and (b) affirmative action policies may be (...)
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  5.  64
    Affirmative Action in Medical School: A Comparative Exploration.Richard Sander - 2021 - Journal of Law, Medicine and Ethics 49 (2):190-205.
    A significant body of evidence shows that law schools and many elite colleges use large admissions preferences based on race, and other evidence strongly suggests that large preferences can undermine student achievement in law school and undergraduate science majors, thus producing highly counterproductive effects. This article draws on available evidence to examine the use of racial preferences in medical school admissions, and finds strong reasons for concern about the effects and effectiveness of current affirmative action efforts. The author (...)
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  6. Affirmative Action, Non-Consequentialism, and Responsibility for the Effects of Past Discrimination.Mark Van Roojen - 1997 - Public Affairs Quarterly 11 (3):281-301.
    One popular criticism of affirmative action is that it discriminates against those who would otherwise have been offered jobs without it. This objection must rely on the non- consequentialist distinction between what we do and what we merely allow to claim that doing nothing merely allows people to be harmed by the discrimination of others, while preferential programs actively harm those left out. It fails since the present effects of past discrimination result from social arrangements which result from (...)
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  7.  23
    Affirmative Action in Higher Education.Bernard Boxill - 2003 - In Randall Curren (ed.), A Companion to the Philosophy of Education. Oxford, UK: Wiley-Blackwell. pp. 593–604.
    This chapter contains sections titled: Affirmative Action and Prejudice The Talented Tenth Objections.
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  8. Rawlsian Affirmative Action.Robert S. Taylor - 2009 - Ethics 119 (3):476-506.
    My paper addresses a topic--the implications of Rawls's justice as fairness for affirmative action--that has received remarkably little attention from Rawls's major interpreters. The only extended treatments of it that are in print are over a quarter-century old, and they bear scarcely any relationship to Rawls's own nonideal theorizing. Following Christine Korsgaard's lead, I work through the implications of Rawls's nonideal theory and show what it entails for affirmative action: viz. that under nonideal conditions, aggressive forms (...)
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  9.  53
    Affirmative Action, Diversity, and Racial Justice: Reflections from a Diverse, Non-elite University.Lawrence Blum - 2016 - Philosophy of Education 70:233-242.
    The “diversity” framework the Supreme Court has imposed on affirmative action weakens its justice import in theory and practice. The increasing alignment of wealth with attendance at selective institutions betokens a diminishing quality of student at those institutions. So some of the perceived advantages of affirmative action rely on an increasingly false sense of the quality differences between more and less highly-ranked institutions. Aligning those rankings with the quality of student (and quality of instruction at the (...)
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  10.  80
    Affirmative action in healthcare resource allocation: Vaccines, ventilators and race.Hazem Zohny, Ben Davies & Dominic Wilkinson - 2022 - Bioethics 36 (9):970-977.
    This article is about the potential justification for deploying some form of affirmative action (AA) in the context of healthcare, and in particular in relation to the pandemic. We call this Affirmative Action in healthcare Resource Allocation (AARA). Specifically, we aim to investigate whether the rationale and justifications for using prioritization policies based on race in education and employment apply in a healthcare setting, and in particular to the COVID-19 pandemic. We concentrate in this article on (...)
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  11. Affirmative action and redistributive ethics.Richard F. America - 1986 - Journal of Business Ethics 5 (1):73 - 77.
    Management faces complex race related issues in which groups arguing entitlement appear to claim benefits historically enjoyed by others. Thus many affirmative action issues provoke animosity because they are framed as zero sum problems. To some extent they are zero sum. Therefore, rationales for corporate policy must address that forthrightly. Up to now the corporate justification has been weak. The article describes a social debt owed interracially resulting from the accumulation of current class benefits from past discrimination, and (...)
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  12. Procedural Justice and Affirmative Action.Kristina Meshelski - 2016 - Ethical Theory and Moral Practice 19 (2):425-443.
    There is widespread agreement among both supporters and opponents that affirmative action either must not violate any principle of equal opportunity or procedural justice, or if it does, it may do so only given current extenuating circumstances. Many believe that affirmative action is morally problematic, only justified to the extent that it brings us closer to the time when we will no longer need it. In other words, those that support affirmative action believe it (...)
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  13.  77
    Rawlsian Affirmative Action.D. C. Matthew - 2015 - Critical Philosophy of Race 3 (2):324-343.
    In this paper I respond to Robert Taylor's argument that a Rawlsian framework does not support strong affirmative action programs. The paper makes three main arguments. The first disputes Taylor's claim that strong AA would not be needed in ideal conditions. Private racial discrimination, I suggest, might still exist in such conditions, so strong AA might be needed there. The second challenges Taylor's claims that pure procedural justice constrains Rawlsian nonideal theory. I argue that this rests on a (...)
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  14. Affirmative Action without Competition.Andreas Bengtson - forthcoming - American Journal of Political Science.
    Affirmative action is standardly pursued in relation to admissions to prestigious universities, in hiring for prestigious jobs, and when it comes to being elected to parliament. Central to these forms of affirmative action is that they have to do with competitive goods. A good is competitive when, if we improve A’s chances of getting the good, we reduce B’s chances of obtaining the good. I call this Competitive Affirmative Action. I distinguish this from Non-competitive (...)
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  15. Is affirmative action racist? Reflections toward a theory of institutional racism.César Cabezas - 2023 - Journal of Social Philosophy 54 (2):218-235.
    I defend impact-based accounts of institutional racism against the criticism that they are over-inclusive. If having a negative impact on non-whites suffices to make an institution racist, too many institutions (including institutions whose affirmative action policies inadvertently harm its intended beneficiaries) would count as racist. To address this challenge, I consider a further necessary condition for these institutions to count as racist—they must stand in a particular relation to racist ideology. I argue that, on the impact-based model, institutions (...)
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  16.  53
    Rethinking Affirmative Action: Problematising the “Least Privileged”.Bhagat Oinam - 2024 - Journal of the Indian Council of Philosophical Research 41 (2):225-240.
    Affirmative action as a state policy is one of the powerful ways of empowering the underprivileged in the society. While such a policy is aimed at lifting the economic and social condition of the underprivileged, this comes with acts that are discriminatory and exclusionary. Yet these acts are termed as positive discrimination. Certain sections of the society are excluded from having access to economic resources and opportunities, while these privileges are earmarked for another section of the society considered (...)
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  17.  83
    Affirmative Action in Post-Apartheid South Africa.George Carwe - 2000 - Social Philosophy Today 16:77-94.
    In order to dismantle the racial and social hierarchy that is the legacy of apartheid, South Africa has followed the lead of Western liberal democracies andappropriated the discourse of affirmative action. This paper argues that current affirmative action policy fails in significant ways because it paradoxically ignores the concrete social and historical conditions of race and racism in South Africa and simply aims to normalize competition among abstract individuals by using a principle of racial neutrality The (...)
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  18. Strong affirmative action programs and disproportionate burdens.S. Kershnar - 1999 - Journal of Value Inquiry 33 (2):201-209.
    Affirmative action programs are not justified by compensatory justice. They place a disproportionate burden on white-male applicants. White-male applicants do not owe compensation because they committed a relevant wrongdoing or because they benefitted from another’s wrongdoing. They did not commit a relevant wrongdoing. Receipt of an unjust benefit, when unavoidable and mixed with hard work, does not justify a duty to compensate a victim of the injustice. Thus, the compensatory-justice argument for affirmative action fails.
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  19.  27
    (1 other version)The philosophy of affirmative action as a constraint to gender equality: an introduction to Ukém philosophy.Aribiah David Attoe - 2018 - Filosofia Theoretica: Journal of African Philosophy, Culture and Religions 7 (3):38-52.
    In this paper, I attempt to show in clear terms what I believe to be the inconsistencies inherent in adopting affirmative action as a proper philosophy for remedying the gender imbalance in contemporary African societies. I have also gestured towards the fact that apart from the issues involved in adopting affirmative action as a principle, the concept quite ironically further widens the gap it is meant to seal. In the spirit of the conversational tradition of African (...)
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  20. Affirmative Action and the Demands of Justice.N. Scott Arnold - 1998 - Social Philosophy and Policy 15 (2):133.
    This essay is about the moral and political justification of affirmative action programs in the United States. Both legally and politically, many of these programs are under attack, though they remain ubiquitous. The concern of this essay, however, is not with what the law says but with what it should say. The main argument advanced in this essay concludes that most of the controversial affirmative action programs are unjustified. It proceeds in a way that avoids dependence (...)
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  21.  59
    Affirmative Action and the Doctrine of Double Effect.William Cooney - 1989 - Journal of Applied Philosophy 6 (2):201-204.
    ABSTRACT This article attempts to show that affirmative action can be supported by the doctrine of double effect which recognises distinctions between desired and unintended effects such that the responsibility for acts falls on the side of the former rather than the latter. With this doctrine it may also be seen why affirmative action programmes cannot be simply equated with numerical quota systems, nor can they be called discriminatory, at least not under the definition of discrimination (...)
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  22. Affirmative Action for Disadvantaged Groups: A Cross-constitutional Study of India and the US.Ashok Acharya - 2009 - In Rajeev Bhargava (ed.), Politics and Ethics of the Indian Constitution. Oxford University Press India. pp. 267--97.
  23.  12
    Bakke Redux — Affirmative Action and Physician Diversity in Peril.Gregory Curfman - 2022 - Journal of Law, Medicine and Ethics 50 (3):619-624.
    This article examines the legal arguments that may lead the Supreme Court to overrule precedent and strike down affirmative action in university admissions. Given the critical importance of a diverse physician workforce for our Nation’s health care system, the potential reversal of affirmative action admission programs in medical schools may have severe negative consequences. This article discusses the implications for health care should the Court issue an opinion restricting or eliminating affirmative action in higher (...)
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  24. The Ethical Case for Affirmative Action.Prue Burns & Jan Schapper - 2008 - Journal of Business Ethics 83 (3):369-379.
    Affirmative action has been a particularly contentious policy issue that has polarised contributions to the debate. Over recent times in most western countries, support for affirmative action has, however, been largely snuffed out or beaten into retreat and replaced by the concept of ‹diversity management’. Thus, any contemporary study that examines the development of affirmative action would suggest that its opponents have won the battle. Nonetheless, this article argues that because the battle has been (...)
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  25.  40
    Making Sense of Affirmative Action.Kasper Lippert-Rasmussen - 2020 - Oup Usa.
    In this book Kasper Lippert-Rasmussen address the complexities of his question "Is affirmative action morally justifiable?" by analyzing the prevailing contemporary arguments both for and against affirmative action. The book applies current political philosophy to demonstrate that arguments on both sides justify different conclusions given different specific cases, though it ultimately does argue in favor of affirmative action based on the relative strength and significance of the anti-discrimination- and equality of opportunity-based positions.
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  26.  55
    Affirmative Action: Well‐Being, Justice, and Qualifications.Re’em Segev - 2019 - Ratio Juris 32 (2):138-156.
    A common concern regarding affirmative action is that it sanctions the selection of candidates whose qualifications are not the best overall and that this is inefficient or unjust or both. I argue that this concern is misguided, since there is no independent concern regarding qualifications with respect to the moral status of affirmative action. The only sense in which qualifications are not morally arbitrary—and the only sense in which there is a reason to select the most (...)
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  27. A Philosophical Defense of Affirmative Action.Engelbert Ssekasozi - 1999 - Edwin Mellen Press.
    CHAPTER INTRODUCTION This study is in the form of Policy Research in the area of Foundations in Higher Education. The issue of affirmative action is both ...
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  28. Affirmative Action, Paternalism, and Respect.Andreas Bengtson & Viki Møller Lyngby Pedersen - forthcoming - British Journal of Political Science.
    This article investigates the hitherto under-examined relations between affirmative action, paternalism and respect. We provide three main arguments. First, we argue that affirmative action initiatives are typically paternalistic and thus disrespectful towards those intended beneficiaries who oppose the initiatives in question. Second, we argue that not introducing affirmative action can also be disrespectful towards these potential beneficiaries because such inaction involves a failure to adequately recognize their moral worth. Third, we argue that the paternalistic (...)
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  29.  31
    Affirmative Action in the Political Domain.Bengtson Andreas - 2022 - Political Studies.
    This paper has two parts. First, I argue that three prominent arguments in favour of affirmative action—the mitigating discrimination argument, the equality of opportunity argument and the diversity argument—may be based on a relational egalitarian theory of justice, as opposed to a distributive understanding of justice. Second, I argue that basing these arguments in favour of affirmative action on relational egalitarianism has an interesting implication when it comes to the site(s) of affirmative action. Whereas (...)
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  30.  40
    (2 other versions)Rawlsian Affirmative Action.Robert Allen - 1998 - The Paideia Archive: Twentieth World Congress of Philosophy 42:1-8.
    In A Theory of Justice, John Rawls presents a method of determining how a just society would allocate its "primary goods"-that is, those things any rational person would desire, such as opportunities, liberties, rights, wealth, and the bases of self-respect. Rawls' method of adopting the "Original Position" is supposed to yield a "fair" way of distributing such goods. A just society would also have the need to figure out how the victims of injustice ought to be compensated, since history suggests (...)
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  31.  38
    Gay Rights and Affirmative Action.Joseph Sartorelli - 1994 - Journal of Homosexuality 3 (27):179-222.
    While affirmative action programs exist for a number of groups, little serious consideration has been given to the establishment of such programs for gay men and lesbians. This essay argues that many of the conditions that justify current affirmative action programs would also justify their extension to gay people, both in terms of compensation for injuries suffered and in terms of benefit to both individuals and society generally. It is argued that anti-discrimination policies are hard to (...)
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  32.  34
    Affirmative Action: Meaning and Justification.Jorge J. E. Gracia - 2008 - In Latinos in America: Philosophy and Social Identity. Wiley-Blackwell. pp. 95–111.
    This chapter contains section titled: Who Counts as Latino? What Are the Aims of Affirmative Action? Why Should There Be Affirmative Action for Latinos? Affirmative Action for Latinos.
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  33. Affirmative Action Goals in Hiring and Promotion.Tom L. Beauchamp - 2008 - In Tom L. Beauchamp, Norman E. Bowie & Denis Gordon Arnold (eds.), Ethical Theory and Business. New York: Pearson/Prentice Hall. pp. 194.
     
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  34.  74
    Affirmative Action and Racial Preference: A Debate.Carl Cohen & James P. Sterba - 2003 - Oxford University Press USA.
    Racial preferences are among the most contentious issues in our society, touching on fundamental questions of fairness and the proper role of racial categories in government action. Now two contemporary philosophers, in a lively debate, lay out the arguments on each side. Carl Cohen, a key figure in the University of Michigan Supreme Court cases, argues that racial preferences are morally wrong--forbidden by the 14th Amendment to the Constitution, and explicitly banned by the Civil Rights Act of 1964. He (...)
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  35. Affirmative Action, Historical Injustice, and the Concept of Beneficiaries.Kasper Lippert‐Rasmussen - 2016 - Journal of Political Philosophy 24 (4):72-90.
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  36.  38
    Affirmative Action and the University: A Philosophical Inquiry.Steven M. Cahn - 1993 - Temple University Press.
    While equal opportunity for all candidates is widely recognized as a goal within academia, the implementation of specific procedures to achieve equality has resulted in vehement disputes regarding both the means and ends. To encourage a reexamination of this issue, Cahn asked three prominent American social philosophers-Leslie Pickering Francis, Robert L. Simon, and Lawrence C. Becker-who hold divergent views about affirmative action, to write extended essays presenting their views. Twenty-two other philosophers then respond to these three principal essays. (...)
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  37. Discrimination, affirmative action, and diversity in business.Bernard Boxill - 2010 - In George G. Brenkert & Tom L. Beauchamp (eds.), The Oxford handbook of business ethics. New York: Oxford University Press.
  38.  95
    Sterba on Affirmative Action, or, it Never was the bus, it was Us!Bill E. Lawson - 2011 - The Journal of Ethics 15 (3):281-290.
    Professor Sterba argues for two interesting and provocative positions regarding affirmative action. First, affirmative action programs are still needed to ensure diversity in educational institutions of higher learning. Secondly, the proponents and opponents of affirmative action are not as far apart as they seem to think. To this end, he proposes a position that would give weight to race as a category for affirmative action that can withstand the challenges of affirmative (...)
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  39.  68
    Affirmative Action and the Police.Timothy Stroup - 1982 - International Journal of Applied Philosophy 1 (2):1-19.
  40. Affirmative action, John Rawls, and a partial compliance theory of justice.Edwin L. Goff - 1976 - Philosophy and Social Criticism 4 (1):43-59.
  41.  18
    Affirmative Action Plans: A Policy Analysis.Elizabeth Steiner Maccia - 1977 - Education and Culture 2 (1):2.
  42.  32
    Affirmative Action, the 'May the Best Person Win' Intuition, and Mill's The Subjection of Women.Reginald Williams - 2005 - Public Affairs Quarterly 19 (1):65-80.
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  43.  20
    Affirmative Action Revisited: Justice and Public Policy Considerations.Rudolph V. Vanterpool - 1989 - Public Affairs Quarterly 3 (4):47-59.
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  44. Positive and negative affirmative action.Andreas Bengtson - 2025 - Politics, Philosophy and Economics 24 (1):25-50.
    Affirmative action continues to divide. My aim in this article is to present participants in the debate with a new distinction, namely one between negative and positive affirmative action. Whereas positive affirmative action has to do with certain goods, such as a place at a prestigious university or a job at a prestigious company, negative affirmative action has to do with certain bads, such as a firing or a sentence. I then argue (...)
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  45. Does affirmative action reduce effort incentives? A contest game analysis.J. Franke - manuscript
     
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  46.  5
    Affirmative Action for Migrants – Three Radicalizations and One Pitfall.Radostin Kaloianov - 2014 - Constellations 21 (2):274-285.
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  47.  80
    Affirmative Action and its Discontents.Moishe Gonzales - 1996 - Telos: Critical Theory of the Contemporary 1996 (106):157-164.
    If there is life elsewhere in the universe and its level of development is as backward as its terrestrial counterpart, they will probably have sociologists and political scientists constructing and deconstructing social reality. If and when they finally make contact with earth, these pundits will have great difficulty making sense of American race relations, no matter how many studies the Federation will commission to make sense out of the subject. The earth's most developed country, whose success is largely due to (...)
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  48.  18
    Affirmative action reaffirmed.S. E. - 1988 - Minerva 26 (4):598-599.
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  49. In defense of affirmative action.Tom L. Beauchamp - 1998 - The Journal of Ethics 2 (2):143-158.
    Affirmative action refers to positive steps taken to hire persons from groups previously and presently discriminated against. Considerable evidence indicates that this discrimination is intractable and cannot be eliminated by the enforcement of laws. Numerical goals and quotas are justified if and only if they are necessary to overcome the discriminatory effects that could not otherwise be eliminated with reasonable efficiency. Many past as well as present policies are justified in this way.
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  50. Affirmative Action Programs, Race Relations and the CCRI.Ward Connerly - 1996 - Nexus 1:10.
     
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