Results for ' fixed variable'

973 found
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  1. Fixed- versus Variable-domain Interpretations of Tarski’s Account of Logical Consequence.Paolo Mancosu - 2010 - Philosophy Compass 5 (9):745-759.
    In this article I describe and evaluate the debate that surrounds the proper interpretation of Tarski’s account of logical consequence given in his classic 1936 article ‘On the concept of logical consequence’. In the late 1980s Etchemendy argued that the familiar model theoretic account of logical consequence is not to be found in Tarski’s original article. Whereas the contemporary account of logical consequence is a variable‐domain conception – in that it calls for a reinterpretation of the domain of variation (...)
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  2. Variable versus fixed-rate rule-utilitarianism.Brad Hooker & Guy Fletcher - 2008 - Philosophical Quarterly 58 (231):344–352.
    Fixed-rate versions of rule-consequentialism and rule-utilitarianism evaluate rules in terms of the expected net value of one particular level of social acceptance, but one far enough below 100% social acceptance to make salient the complexities created by partial compliance. Variable-rate versions of rule-consequentialism and rule-utilitarianism instead evaluate rules in terms of their expected net value at all different levels of social acceptance. Brad Hooker has advocated a fixed-rate version. Michael Ridge has argued that the variable-rate version (...)
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  3.  21
    Some effects of partial advance information on choice reaction with fixed or variable S-R mapping.L. H. Shaffer - 1966 - Journal of Experimental Psychology 72 (4):541.
  4.  22
    Variable-interval and fixed-interval schedule preferences in pigeons as a function of signaled reinforcement and schedule length.Sandra M. Schrader & Howard Rachlin - 1976 - Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society 8 (6):445-448.
  5.  12
    Political ideology is contextually variable and flexible rather than fixed.G. Scott Morgan, Linda J. Skitka & Daniel C. Wisneski - 2014 - Behavioral and Brain Sciences 37 (3):321-322.
    Hibbing et al. argue that the liberal–conservative continuum is (a) universal and (b) grounded in psychological differences in sensitivity to negative stimuli. Our commentary argues that both claims overlook the importance of context. We review evidence that the liberal–conservative continuum is far from universal and that ideological differences are contextually flexible rather than fixed.
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  6.  20
    Alcohol and behavioral variability with fixed-interval reinforcement.Lowell T. Crow & Patrick J. Hart - 1983 - Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society 21 (6):483-484.
  7.  20
    Synthesis of variable-interval performance from those for component fixed-interval schedules of reinforcement.David A. Eckerman & Robert D. Hienz - 1974 - Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society 3 (3):193-195.
  8. Effects of ethanol injections on fixed versus variable response patterns in rats.E. Mcelroy & A. Neuringer - 1987 - Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society 25 (5):345-345.
     
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  9.  48
    Variable Population Poverty Comparisons.Nicole Hassoun & S. Subramanian - 2012 - Journal of Development Economics 98 (2):238-241.
    This paper demonstrates that the property of Replication Invariance, generally considered to be an innocuous requirement for the extension of fixed-population poverty comparisons to variable-population contexts, is incompatible with other plausible variable- and fixed-population axioms. This fact raises questions about what constitutes an appropriate headcount assessment of poverty, in terms of whether one should focus on the proportion, or the absolute numbers, of the population in poverty. This observation, in turn, has important implications for tracking poverty (...)
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  10.  39
    On Some Problems of Variable Population Poverty Comparisons.Nicole Hassoun & S. Subramanian - manuscript
    This note demonstrates that the property of Replication Invariance, generally considered to be an innocuous requirement for the extension of fixed-population poverty comparisons to variable- population contexts, is incompatible with other plausible variable-population axioms in the presence of specific canonical fixed-population axioms.
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  11. A fixed-population problem for the person-affecting restriction.Jacob M. Nebel - 2020 - Philosophical Studies 177 (9):2779-2787.
    According to the person-affecting restriction, one distribution of welfare can be better than another only if there is someone for whom it is better. Extant problems for the person-affecting restriction involve variable-population cases, such as the nonidentity problem, which are notoriously controversial and difficult to resolve. This paper develops a fixed-population problem for the person-affecting restriction. The problem reveals that, in the presence of incommensurable welfare levels, the person-affecting restriction is incompatible with minimal requirements of impartial beneficence even (...)
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  12.  11
    The effect of a longer fixed- and variable-duration CS on operant responding.Patrick Ghezzi & Laurence Miller - 1981 - Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society 17 (3):163-165.
  13.  13
    Dimension Versus Number of Variables, and Connectivity, too.Gregory L. McColm - 1995 - Mathematical Logic Quarterly 41 (1):111-134.
    We present game-theoretic characterizations of the complexity/expressibility measures “dimension” and “the number of variables” as Least Fixed Point queries. As an example, we use these characterizations to compute the dimension and number of variables of Connectivity and Connectivity.
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  14.  67
    Finite variable logics in descriptive complexity theory.Martin Grohe - 1998 - Bulletin of Symbolic Logic 4 (4):345-398.
    Throughout the development of finite model theory, the fragments of first-order logic with only finitely many variables have played a central role. This survey gives an introduction to the theory of finite variable logics and reports on recent progress in the area.For each k ≥ 1 we let Lk be the fragment of first-order logic consisting of all formulas with at most k variables. The logics Lk are the simplest finite-variable logics. Later, we are going to consider infinitary (...)
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  15.  45
    Fixing functionalism.Bruce Katz - 2008 - Journal of Consciousness Studies 15 (3):87-118.
    Functionalism, which views consciousness as the product of the processing of stimuli by the brain, is perhaps the dominant view among researchers in the cognitive sciences and associated fields. However, as a workable scientific model of consciousness, it has been marred by a singular lack of tangible success, except at the broadest levels of explanation. This paper argues that this is not an accident, and that in its standard construal it is simply too unwieldy to assume the burden of full-fledged (...)
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  16.  38
    The variable hierarchy for the games μ-calculus.Walid Belkhir & Luigi Santocanale - 2010 - Annals of Pure and Applied Logic 161 (5):690-707.
    Parity games are combinatorial representations of closed Boolean μ-terms. By adding to them draw positions, they have been organized by Arnold and Santocanale [3] and [27] into a μ-calculus whose standard interpretation is over the class of all complete lattices. As done by Berwanger et al. [8] and [9] for the propositional modal μ-calculus, it is possible to classify parity games into levels of a hierarchy according to the number of fixed-point variables. We ask whether this hierarchy collapses w.r.t. (...)
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  17.  87
    Bounded variable logics: two, three, and more. [REVIEW]Martin Otto - 1999 - Archive for Mathematical Logic 38 (4-5):235-256.
    Consider the bounded variable logics $L^k_{\infty\omega}$ (with k variable symbols), and $C^k_{\infty\omega}$ (with k variables in the presence of counting quantifiers $\exists^{\geq m}$ ). These fragments of infinitary logic $L_{\infty\omega}$ are well known to provide an adequate logical framework for some important issues in finite model theory. This paper deals with a translation that associates equivalence of structures in the k-variable fragments with bisimulation equivalence between derived structures. Apart from a uniform and intuitively appealing treatment of these (...)
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  18.  15
    Habituation of cardiac components of the orienting reflex to stimuli repeated at fixed and variable intervals.Edward S. Katkin & Judith S. Nelson - 1973 - Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society 2 (5):263-265.
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  19. Comments on Shimony’s “An Analysis of Stapp’s ‘A Bell-Type Theorem without Hidden Variables’ ”.Henry P. Stapp - 2006 - Foundations of Physics 36 (1):73-82.
    The hidden-variable theorems of Bell and followers depend upon an assumption, namely the hidden-variable assumption, that conflicts with the precepts of quantum philosophy. Hence from an orthodox quantum perspective those theorems entail no faster-than-light transfer of information. They merely reinforce the ban on hidden variables. The need for some sort of faster-than-light information transfer can be shown by using counterfactuals instead of hidden variables. Shimony’s criticism of that argument fails to take into account the distinction between no-faster-than-light connection (...)
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  20. Prioritarianism for Variable Populations.Campbell Brown - 2007 - Philosophical Studies 134 (3):325-361.
    Philosophical discussions of prioritarianism, the view that we ought to give priority to those who are worse off, have hitherto been almost exclusively focused on cases involving a fixed population. The aim of this paper is to extend the discussion of prioritarianism to encompass also variable populations. I argue that prioritarianism, in its simplest formulation, is not tenable in this area. However, I also propose several revised formulations that, so I argue, show more promise.
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  21.  46
    Martin Otto. The expressive power of fixed-point logic with counting. The journal of symbolic logic, vol. 61 , pp. 147–176. - Martin Otto. Bounded variable logics and counting. A study infinite models. Lecture notes in logic, no. 9. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, etc., 1997, ix + 183 pp. [REVIEW]Anuj Dawar - 1998 - Journal of Symbolic Logic 63 (1):329-331.
  22.  75
    An effective fixed-point theorem in intuitionistic diagonalizable algebras.Giovanni Sambin - 1976 - Studia Logica 35 (4):345 - 361.
    Within the technical frame supplied by the algebraic variety of diagonalizable algebras, defined by R. Magari in [2], we prove the following: Let T be any first-order theory with a predicate Pr satisfying the canonical derivability conditions, including Löb's property. Then any formula in T built up from the propositional variables $q,p_{1},...,p_{n}$ , using logical connectives and the predicate Pr, has the same "fixed-points" relative to q (that is, formulas $\psi (p_{1},...,p_{n})$ for which for all $p_{1},...,p_{n}\vdash _{T}\phi (\psi (p_{1},...,p_{n}),p_{1},...,p_{n})\leftrightarrow (...)
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  23.  41
    A comparison of two sleep spindle detection methods based on all night averages: individually adjusted vs. fixed frequencies.Péter Przemyslaw Ujma, Ferenc Gombos, Lisa Genzel, Boris Nikolai Konrad, Péter Simor, Axel Steiger, Martin Dresler & Róbert Bódizs - 2015 - Frontiers in Human Neuroscience 9:125229.
    Sleep spindles are frequently studied for their relationship with state and trait cognitive variables, and they are thought to play an important role in sleep-related memory consolidation. Due to their frequent occurrence in NREM sleep, the detection of sleep spindles is only feasible using automatic algorithms, of which a large number is available. We compared subject averages of the spindle parameters computed by a fixed frequency (11-13 Hz for slow spindles, 13-15 Hz for fast spindles) automatic detection algorithm and (...)
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  24. Person-Affecting Paretian Egalitarianism with Variable Population Size.Bertil Tungodden & Peter Vallentyne - 2007 - In John Roemer & Kotaro Suzumura (eds.), Intergenerational Equity and Sustainability. Palgrave Publishers.
    Where there is a fixed population (i.e., who exists does not depend on what choice an agent makes), the deontic version of anonymous Paretian egalitarianism holds that an option is just if and only if (1) it is anonymously Pareto optimal (i.e., no feasible alternative has a permutation that is Pareto superior), and (2) it is no less equal than any other anonymously Pareto optimal option. We shall develop and discuss a version of this approach for the variable (...)
     
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  25.  36
    Exposing and overcoming the fixed-effect fallacy through crowd science.Wilson Cyrus-Lai, Warren Tierney, Martin Schweinsberg & Eric Luis Uhlmann - 2022 - Behavioral and Brain Sciences 45.
    By organizing crowds of scientists to independently tackle the same research questions, we can collectively overcome the generalizability crisis. Strategies to draw inferences from a heterogeneous set of research approaches include aggregation, for instance, meta-analyzing the effect sizes obtained by different investigators, and parsing, attempting to identify theoretically meaningful moderators that explain the variability in results.
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  26.  36
    Undecidability results on two-variable logics.Erich Grädel, Martin Otto & Eric Rosen - 1999 - Archive for Mathematical Logic 38 (4-5):313-354.
    It is a classical result of Mortimer that $L^2$ , first-order logic with two variables, is decidable for satisfiability. We show that going beyond $L^2$ by adding any one of the following leads to an undecidable logic:– very weak forms of recursion, viz.¶(i) transitive closure operations¶(ii) (restricted) monadic fixed-point operations¶– weak access to cardinalities, through the Härtig (or equicardinality) quantifier¶– a choice construct known as Hilbert's $\epsilon$ -operator.In fact all these extensions of $L^2$ prove to be undecidable both for (...)
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  27.  42
    Fixed past and uncertain future: A single-time covariant quantum particle mechanics. [REVIEW]H. Pierre Noyes - 1975 - Foundations of Physics 5 (1):37-43.
    A covariant quantum mechanics for systems of finite-mass particles at finite energy follows from interpreting as Wick-Yukawa fluctuations in particle number the quantum fluctuations which are needed by Phipps to understand measurement theory and by Gyftopoulos to understand the second law of thermodynamics. The dynamical one-variable equations require as input the (N − 1)-particle transition matrices and an N-N vertex or coupling constants at three-particle vertices.
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  28. Relative Positionalism and Variable Arity Relations.T. Scott Dixon - 2019 - Metaphysics 2 (1):55-72.
    Maureen Donnelly’s (2016) relative positionalism correctly handles any fixed arity relation with any symmetry such a relation can have, yielding the intuitively correct way(s) in which that relation can apply. And it supplies an explanation of what is going on in the world that makes this the case. But it has at least one potential shortcoming — one that its opponents are likely to seize upon: it can only handle relations with fixed arities. It is unable to handle (...)
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  29.  85
    The evolution of conformist social learning can cause population collapse in realistically variable environments.Hal Whitehead - unknown
    Why do societies collapse? We use an individual-based evolutionary model to show that, in environmental conditions dominated by low-frequency variation (“red noise”), extirpation may be an outcome of the evolution of cultural capacity. Previous analytical models predicted an equilibrium between individual learners and social learners, or a contingent strategy in which individuals learn socially or individually depending on the circumstances. However, in red noise environments, whose main signature is that variation is concentrated in relatively large, relatively rare excursions, individual learning (...)
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  30.  23
    A Local psipsi -Epistemic Retrocausal Hidden-Variable Model of Bell Correlations with Wavefunctions in Physical Space.Indrajit Sen - 2019 - Foundations of Physics 49 (2):83-95.
    We construct a local \-epistemic hidden-variable model of Bell correlations by a retrocausal adaptation of the originally superdeterministic model given by Brans. In our model, for a pair of particles the joint quantum state \\rangle \) as determined by preparation is epistemic. The model also assigns to the pair of particles a factorisable joint quantum state \\rangle \) which is different from the prepared quantum state \\rangle \) and has an ontic status. The ontic state of a single particle (...)
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  31.  15
    Deep Echo State Network with Variable Memory Pattern for Solar Irradiance Prediction.Qian Li, Tao Li, Jiangang Ouyang, Dayong Yang & Zhijun Guo - 2022 - Complexity 2022:1-11.
    Accurate solar irradiance prediction plays an important role in ensuring the security and stability of renewable energy systems. Solar irradiance modeling is usually a time-dependent dynamic model. As a new kind of recurrent neural network, echo state network shows excellent performance in the field of time series prediction. However, the memory length of classical ESN is fixed and finite, which makes it hard to map sufficient features of solar irradiance with long-range dependency. Therefore, a novel deep echo state network (...)
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  32.  43
    Axiom systems for first order logic with finitely many variables.James S. Johnson - 1973 - Journal of Symbolic Logic 38 (4):576-578.
    J. D. Monk has shown that for first order languages with finitely many variables there is no finite set of schema which axiomatizes the universally valid formulas. There are such finite sets of schema which axiomatize the formulas valid in all structures of some fixed finite size.
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  33.  17
    Reinforcement Learning-Based Collision Avoidance Guidance Algorithm for Fixed-Wing UAVs.Yu Zhao, Jifeng Guo, Chengchao Bai & Hongxing Zheng - 2021 - Complexity 2021:1-12.
    A deep reinforcement learning-based computational guidance method is presented, which is used to identify and resolve the problem of collision avoidance for a variable number of fixed-wing UAVs in limited airspace. The cooperative guidance process is first analyzed for multiple aircraft by formulating flight scenarios using multiagent Markov game theory and solving it by machine learning algorithm. Furthermore, a self-learning framework is established by using the actor-critic model, which is proposed to train collision avoidance decision-making neural networks. To (...)
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  34.  53
    Small substructures and decidability issues for first-order logic with two variables.Emanuel Kieroński & Martin Otto - 2012 - Journal of Symbolic Logic 77 (3):729-765.
    We study first-order logic with two variables FO² and establish a small substructure property. Similar to the small model property for FO² we obtain an exponential size bound on embedded substructures, relative to a fixed surrounding structure that may be infinite. We apply this technique to analyse the satisfiability problem for FO² under constraints that require several binary relations to be interpreted as equivalence relations. With a single equivalence relation, FO² has the finite model property and is complete for (...)
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  35. Legal Proof: Fixed or Flexible?Lewis Ross - 2024 - In The Philosophy of Legal Proof. Cambridge University Press.
    Discusses the idea that legal proof should use variable standards rather than a single fixed threshold.
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  36. (1 other version)The Absence of Multiple Universes of Discourse in the 1936 Tarski Consequence-Definition Paper.John Corcoran & José Miguel Sagüillo - 2011 - History and Philosophy of Logic 32 (4):359-374.
    This paper discusses the history of the confusion and controversies over whether the definition of consequence presented in the 11-page 1936 Tarski consequence-definition paper is based on a monistic fixed-universe framework?like Begriffsschrift and Principia Mathematica. Monistic fixed-universe frameworks, common in pre-WWII logic, keep the range of the individual variables fixed as the class of all individuals. The contrary alternative is that the definition is predicated on a pluralistic multiple-universe framework?like the 1931 Gödel incompleteness paper. A pluralistic multiple-universe (...)
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  37. Rule Consequentialism and the Problem of Partial Acceptance.Kevin Tobia - 2013 - Ethical Theory and Moral Practice 16 (3):643-652.
    Most plausible moral theories must address problems of partial acceptance or partial compliance. The aim of this paper is to examine some proposed ways of dealing with partial acceptance problems as well as to introduce a new Rule Utilitarian suggestion. Here I survey three forms of Rule Utilitarianism, each of which represents a distinct approach to solving partial acceptance issues. I examine Fixed Rate, Variable Rate, and Optimum Rate Rule Utilitarianism, and argue that a new approach, Maximizing Expectation (...)
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  38. Relação custo-lucro e produtividade nas práticas culturais da cana-de-açúcar.Fernando Rodrigues de Amorim, Federico Del Giorgio Solfa & Timoteo Ramos Queiroz - 2024 - Journal of Management and Technology 24 (1):215-237.
    Objective of the study: To analyze the costs and profits of sugarcane production regarding the cultural practices of sugarcane suppliers. Methodology/approach: This study positions itself in this gap by comparatively analyzing 6 types of cultural practices: unraveling, windrowing, application of correctives, herbicides, insecticides and fertilizers, with the option of two systems Fixed rate (TF) and Variable rate (TV). Originality/Relevance: Brazil is a world reference in sugarcane production, with the State of São Paulo being the largest Brazilian producer. However, (...)
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  39. No-Forcing and No-Matching Theorems for Classical Probability Applied to Quantum Mechanics.Ehtibar N. Dzhafarov & Janne V. Kujala - 2014 - Foundations of Physics 44 (3):248-265.
    Correlations of spins in a system of entangled particles are inconsistent with Kolmogorov’s probability theory (KPT), provided the system is assumed to be non-contextual. In the Alice–Bob EPR paradigm, non-contextuality means that the identity of Alice’s spin (i.e., the probability space on which it is defined as a random variable) is determined only by the axis $\alpha _{i}$ chosen by Alice, irrespective of Bob’s axis $\beta _{j}$ (and vice versa). Here, we study contextual KPT models, with two properties: (1) (...)
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  40.  21
    Optimizing Firm Inventory Costs as a Fuzzy Problem.Dariusz Kacprzak & Witold Kosiński - 2014 - Studies in Logic, Grammar and Rhetoric 37 (1):89-105.
    The fixed order quantity model of inventory management system is used in the deterministic part. Several elements of inventory cost, such as ordering cost, transportation and storing costs, frozen capital cost, as well as extra rebates, are taken into account in the model. Then the fuzzy optimization problem for the total cost function is formulated within the space of Ordered Fuzzy Numbers when all variables of the model are fuzzy. After the choice of a particular defuzzification functional an appropriate (...)
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  41.  49
    A Non-local Reality: Is There a Phase Uncertainty in Quantum Mechanics?Elizabeth S. Gould & Niayesh Afshordi - 2015 - Foundations of Physics 45 (12):1620-1644.
    A century after the advent of quantum mechanics and general relativity, both theories enjoy incredible empirical success, constituting the cornerstones of modern physics. Yet, paradoxically, they suffer from deep-rooted, so-far intractable, conflicts. Motivations for violations of the notion of relativistic locality include the Bell’s inequalities for hidden variable theories, the cosmological horizon problem, and Lorentz-violating approaches to quantum geometrodynamics, such as Horava–Lifshitz gravity. Here, we explore a recent proposal for a “real ensemble” non-local description of quantum mechanics, in which (...)
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  42.  36
    Reducing thermodynamics to Boltzmannian statistical mechanics: the case of macro values.Alexander Ehmann - 2022 - Synthese 200 (6):1-35.
    Thermodynamic macro variables, such as the temperature or volume macro variable, can take on a continuum of allowable values, called thermodynamic macro values. Although referring to the same macro phenomena, the macro variables of Boltzmannian Statistical Mechanics (BSM) differ from thermodynamic macro variables in an important respect: within the framework of BSM the evolution of macro values of systems with finite available phase space is invariably modelled as discontinuous, due to the method of partitioning phase space into macro regions (...)
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  43.  22
    Existence of Certain Finite Relation Algebras Implies Failure of Omitting Types for L n.Tarek Sayed Ahmed - 2020 - Notre Dame Journal of Formal Logic 61 (4):503-519.
    Fix 2 < n < ω. Let CA n denote the class of cylindric algebras of dimension n, and let RCA n denote the variety of representable CA n ’s. Let L n denote first-order logic restricted to the first n variables. Roughly, CA n, an instance of Boolean algebras with operators, is the algebraic counterpart of the syntax of L n, namely, its proof theory, while RCA n algebraically and geometrically represents the Tarskian semantics of L n. Unlike Boolean (...)
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  44.  14
    Omitting Types in Fragments and Extensions of First Order Logic.Tarek Sayed Ahmed - 2021 - Bulletin of the Section of Logic 50 (3):249-287.
    Fix \. Let \ denote first order logic restricted to the first n variables. Using the machinery of algebraic logic, positive and negative results on omitting types are obtained for \ and for infinitary variants and extensions of \.
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  45. Truthmaker Semantics, Ground, and Generality.Kit Fine & Louis de Rosset - forthcoming - Topoi:1-7.
    Our aim in this paper is to extend the semantics for the kind of logic of ground developed in (deRosset and Fine, 2023). In that paper, we very briefly suggested a way of treating universal and existential quantification over a fixed domain of objects. Here we explore some options for extending the treatment to allow for a variable domain of objects.
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  46.  23
    Sports integrities: a conceptual and methodological framework for analysis and policymaking.Mike McNamee & Marcelo Moriconi - forthcoming - Sport, Ethics and Philosophy:1-23.
    Since the manipulation of sport competitions became one of the main threats to sport integrity, both the academy and international organizations have sought to establish a coherent conceptual framework that defines what criteria determine a manipulation and what are the factors that might cause it. Although the literature has shown that the manipulation of sport competition is a multifaceted phenomenon that includes individual, relational, organizational and institutional variables, most of the authors have focused their explanations on individual factors, and institutional (...)
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  47. Costs of Agronomic Practices: Profitability at Different Scales of Sugarcane Production in Brazil.Marco Túlio Ospina-Patino, Fernando Rodrigues Amorim, Alequexandre Galvez de Andrade, Mohammad Jahangir Alam & Federico Del Giorgio Solfa - 2022 - International Journal of Business Administration 13 (5):32-43.
    The diversity in agronomic practices being used by sugarcane producers in Brazil determines differences in economic performance and cost structure. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the cost of six systems of agronomic practices using fixed or variable rates for soil amendment, fertilizer, and defensive applications and assess the profitability of these systems at three scales of sugarcane production. We then describe the data sample related to the 2019–2020 harvest season and collected from fifty-five sugarcane producers (...)
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  48.  8
    On the Linguistic Status of Context Sensitivity.John Collins - 1997 - In Bob Hale, Crispin Wright & Alexander Miller (eds.), A Companion to the Philosophy of Language. Chichester, West Sussex, UK: Wiley-Blackwell. pp. 151–173.
    This chapter provides some tentative conclusions about the likely linguistic status of context‐sensitive semantic properties. It argues that pragmatism is fully aligned with a standard approach to syntax, and should be the default view of the notion of a linguistic 'context', viz., context is not a well‐behaved linguistic notion. But rather a potentially open‐ended way of marking the role extra‐linguistic factors can play in fixing what is said on an occasion of the use of a linguistic type. Context sensitivity is (...)
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  49.  62
    The dimension of the negation of transitive closure.Gregory L. McColm - 1995 - Journal of Symbolic Logic 60 (2):392-414.
    We prove that any positive elementary (least fixed point) induction expressing the negation of transitive closure on finite nondirected graphs requires at least two recursion variables.
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  50. Experimental practices in economics: A methodological challenge for psychologists?Ralph Hertwig & Andreas Ortmann - 2001 - Behavioral and Brain Sciences 24 (3):383-403.
    This target article is concerned with the implications of the surprisingly different experimental practices in economics and in areas of psychology relevant to both economists and psychologists, such as behavioral decision making. We consider four features of experimentation in economics, namely, script enactment, repeated trials, performance-based monetary payments, and the proscription against deception, and compare them to experimental practices in psychology, primarily in the area of behavioral decision making. Whereas economists bring a precisely defined “script” to experiments for participants to (...)
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