In this paper, I use Jonathan Haidt’s theory to explore an affective disposition that I call “indolent sympathy”. I argue that this disposition prevents a considerable group of human beings from showing solidarity with the millions of people who find themselves in conditions of poverty or extreme poverty. To demonstrate this, I will first present two dissimilar cases that show the type of affective disposition that I wish to submit to the reader’s consideration. Secondly, I will discuss the main characteristics (...) of this affective disposition. Thirdly, I will discuss the social intuitionist model, highlighting the aspects that will help me to account for indolent sympathy. Finally, I will read indolent sympathy in the light of Haidt’s theory and explain one of its most important features: brutality. (shrink)

Chauncey Wright (1830–1874) was one of the first American philosophers to explore the implications of Charles Darwin's work in evolutionary biology. Wright became a strong supporter of the idea of natural selection and a strong critic of the anti-selectionist and teleological arguments of St. George Jackson Mivart and Herbert Spencer, and he laid the groundwork for the field that is today called evolutionary epistemology. As the mentor of the original Cambridge "Metaphysical Club" (William James, Charles Sanders Peirce, and Oliver Wendell (...) Holmes, Jr.), Wright was also instrumental in the development of the American school of Pragmatism. Although his analytical brilliance was widely acknowledged, he never became professionally successful, and he died in 1874 in his 45th year. (shrink)

In this article, I argue that the Kauśīdyavīryotsāhanāvadāna of the Ratnamālāvadāna presents six key aspects of the development of Buddhist thought from the Pāli canon to the Sarvāstivāda tradition: childlessness, the arrival of a fetus through the propitiation of gods, presence of heretics, the impact of Buddha’s intervention and a child bodhisattva, soteriological elements of the story’s didactics, and the Buddha’s peculiar smile. These six key aspects were chosen to reflect and explore the content of Sarvāstivādin society and teachings concerning (...) its source narratives of the Kusīdāvadāna of Avadānaśataka and the Pāli canon. This helps us to understand the composition of Sarvāstivāda doctrine as recounted in the Kauśīdyavīryotsāhanāvadāna, which varies from its source the Kusīdāvadāna of Avadānaśataka. It also aids in the identification of the avadāna and avadānamālā forms of Sarvāstivāda, as well as the impact of the Pāli canon and Brahmanical thought on them. The Kusīdāvadāna of Avadānaśataka, which is the source of the Kauśīdyavīryotsāhanāvadāna and the Pāli canon, will be utilized to examine the six aspects of the societal and doctrinal development of the Buddhist thought of Kauśīdyavīryotsāhanāvadāna. The final portion is the very first annotated translation of Kauśīdyavīryotsāhanāvadāna based on Takahata’s 1954 original version. (shrink)

Are the small and indolent cancers found in abundance in cancer screening normal variations, risk factors, or disease? Naturalists in philosophy of medicine turn to pathophysiological findings to decide such questions objectively. To understand the role of pathophysiological findings in disease definition, we must understand how they mislead in diagnostic reasoning. Participants on all sides of the definition of disease debate attempt to secure objectivity via reductionism. These reductivist routes to objectivity are inconsistent with the Bayesian nature of clinical reasoning; (...) when they appeal to the sciences, they are inconsistent with what philosophy of biology tells us about its natural kinds. Proposals that we narrow the scope of our claims in the disease definition debates are useful, but paradigms can still distort our reasoning in particular cases, even when we are self-conscious about their status. (shrink)

William Sharp Macleay developed the quinarian system of classification in his Horæ Entomologicæ, published in two parts in 1819 and 1821. For two decades, the quinarian system was widely discussed in Britain and influenced such naturalists as Charles Darwin, Richard Owen, and Thomas Huxley. This paper offers the first detailed account of Macleay’s development of the quinarian system. Macleay developed his system under the shaping influence of two pressures: (1) the insistence by followers of Linnaeus on developing artificial systems at (...) the expense of the natural system and (2) the apparent tension between the continuity of organic nature and the failure of linear classification schemes (which continuity seemed to require). Against what he perceived as dogmatic indolence on the part of the Linnaeans, Macleay developed a philosophy of science in which hypotheses that exceeded the available evidence should be proposed and subjected to severe tests. He also developed a novel comparative anatomical methodology, the method of variation, to aid in his search for the natural system. Using this method, he developed an intricate system that showed how organic nature could be continuous without being linear. A failure to appreciate these facets of Macleay’s thought has led to several misunderstandings of him and his work, most notably that he was an idealist. These misunderstandings are here rebutted. (shrink)

Se presenta a continuación un estudio comparativo entre Theodor W. Adorno y Guy Debord a través del tratamiento de los puntos nucleares de su pensamiento, abarcando desde sus respectivas críticas al modo de producción capitalista hasta el problema de la organización y la praxis, pasando por otras cuestiones de índole más filosófica como la dialéctica sujeto-objeto o ciertas consideraciones estéticas. El eje articulador de la comparación será, por su parte, la influencia de la obra de Karl Marx en estos autores (...) a la hora de tratar las problemáticas mentadas. (shrink)

Excerpt from Poetarum Philosophorum Fragmenta Plagulis correctis indicibusque non sine taedio confectis dum respiro et laetiore animo quid praefandum sit meditor, ecce nuntius longe tris tissimus afi'ertur, georgium kaibelium nobis litterisque acerba morte ereptum esse, qui non solum studiorum societate inde a beatissimo oon tu'oernio - Bonnensi mihi erat coniunctissimus, sed in hoc quoque communi amicorum opere velut auspex et signifer, cuius auctoritatem me aequi et decebat et iuvabat. Nam singularis graecae artis cognitio, quae in illo fuit, in nullo genere (...) litterarum magis enituit quam in Comicis, unde splendidum ante biennium factum est huius Corporis initium. Iam adu lescentem prima tirocinia in Aristophane ponere memini eundemque audio supremam fuisse moribundi curam ac querelem. Inter bos vitae laboriosae et fructuosae terminos omnem graecitatem peragravit et undique messem uberrimam rettulit; at nusquam libentius et intentius versabatur quam in atticae comoediae reliquiis. Dorienses enim, quos edidit, propter illos cpinor tetigerat.' quodsi verum est cum primi illins voluminis perfectione vix unam alteramve aequalium editionem recte posse eom parari, quid prasstaturum eum fuisse credimus, si fatum concessisset, ut ipsam 'atticam comoediam nobis ex fragmentis instauraret, in qua totus habitabat et spirabat! Aut nemo mortalium aut, si quisquam, ille et natus erat et paratus ad Menandri et aequalium umbras ex inferis citandas et in vitae lucem revocandas. Adeo in intimam eorum consuetudinem inde fesso labore atque fortasse magis etiam sensus quadam cognatione se insinuaverat. Nam tota eius indoles ad atticum istum saporem facta erat. Ut scripture eius elegantia apicum prae ceteris nitebat, ut suavissima sermocinatio mirum quantum amicos tenebat, priusquam morbi ingra veseentie tormentis animi serenitas obscurari coepta est, ita tota eius ars versus graecos et exblicandi et pangendi Praxiteleo quodam perfusa erat nitore. About the Publisher Forgotten Books publishes hundreds of thousands of rare and classic books. Find more at www.forgottenbooks.com This book is a reproduction of an important historical work. Forgotten Books uses state-of-the-art technology to digitally reconstruct the work, preserving the original format whilst repairing imperfections present in the aged copy. In rare cases, an imperfection in the original, such as a blemish or missing page, may be replicated in our edition. We do, however, repair the vast majority of imperfections successfully; any imperfections that remain are intentionally left to preserve the state of such historical works. (shrink)

RESUMO O presente estudo analisa a narrativa de Milton Hatoum utilizando como corpus as crônicas “Um sonhador” e “Margens secas da cidade”. Objetiva problematizar as características discursivas e estéticas da criação literária de Hatoum, a partir da perspectiva dialógica proposta por Mikhail Bakhtin, explorando, no discurso artístico-literário do escritor amazonense, as posições axiológicas refratadas em sua narrativa. Relaciona ainda a perspectiva epistemológica de Boaventura Santos acerca do desperdício da experiência social na modernidade/pós-modernidade, discutindo a crítica ao paradigma da racionalidade atual (...) denominado pelo autor de razão indolente. As análises iniciais alicerçadas nestas abordagens teórico-metodológicas evidenciam indícios, na narrativa cronística de Hatoum, que a aproxima de uma perspectiva contra-hegemônica e responsiva de representação literária. Pretende, assim, com esta inter-relação entre literatura, dialogismo e teoria do conhecimento, evidenciar as imbricações existentes entre o discurso sócio-histórico-econômico produzido pela crítica à modernidade/pós-modernidade e o discurso literário de Milton Hatoum. ABSTRACT This study analyzes Milton Hatoum’s narrative using the crônicas Um sonhador [A Dreamer] and Margens secas da cidade [Dry Riverbanks of the City] as corpus. It aims to ascertain the discursive and aesthetic characteristics of Hatoum’s literary creation from the dialogical perspective proposed by Mikhail Bakhtin, exploring the artistic-literary discourse of the Amazonian writer, the axiological positions refracted in his narrative. It also relates Boaventura Santos’ epistemological perspective about the waste of social experience in modernity/post-modernity, discussing the criticism of the paradigm of current rationality called by the author as indolent reason. Initial analysis based on these theoretical-methodological approaches show evidence in Hatoum’s cronistic narrative that brings it closer to a counter-hegemonic and responsive perspective of literary representation. Thus, with this inter-relationship among literature, dialogism and theory of knowledge, we intend to highlight the existing overlaps between the socio-historical and economic discourse produced by the critique of modernity / postmodernity and literary discourse of Milton Hatoum. (shrink)

La asignación de valores veritativos que le asigna la lógica bivalente al condicional, en la definición tabular estándar, se basa en categorías de índole gnoseológica, incompatibles con el carácter formal y abstracto de las estructuras lógicas. La lógica pretende calificar con categorías gnoseológicas, estructuras formales no-gnoseológicas. Esta asignación evade el rigor de logicidad que demanda toda estructura formal y por lo tanto, carece de necesidad racional.

Excerpt from Considerazioni Sopra le Dottrine Religiose di Vittorio Cousin, per Servir di Appendice Alla Introduzione Allo Studio della Filosofia Le accuse ch 10 muovo contro le dottrine del sig. Cousin nella mia Introduzione allo studio della filosofia benchè bre vemente espresse essendo gravissime, ragion vuole che siano ben provate. Io mi reputo tanto più in obbligo di farlo che I' illustre Autore negli ultimi suoi scritti protesta altamente di non meritarle. Dichiarazione che ogni lettore assennato accet terebbe tanto più (...) volentieri quanto è più lodevole e degno di un animo generoso il ritrattar gli errori in cui la giovinezza, I' esempio el' indole dei tempi possono precipitare gl' ingegni più eminenti. Il panteismo e la miscredenza sono così fatali a chi segue un cattivo metodo nelle sue speculazioni, che una mente eziandio capacissima può esserne sedotta non ostante la loro falsità ed assurdità intrinseca. Quanti sono al dl d' oggi, a cui sia toccata la buona sorte di ricevere debitamente la fede cattolica, e di conservarla fra le tristi influenze del secolo? Quanti che nel dar opera agli studi speculativi siano provve duti di una buona metodologia? Certo pochissimi; e niuno sicuramente vorrà recare a colpa del sig. Cousin se pagò anch' egli il fio all' infelicissima età in cui a noi tutti è toccato di nascere. Imperocche, quando non si è ben ricevuto negli anni teneri, o si è scosso all' entrar nel mondo il giogo salutare della fede vi sottentra quello del senso e lo spirito dell' uomo ricade senza saperlo nella condizione del gentilesimo a cui(4) About the Publisher Forgotten Books publishes hundreds of thousands of rare and classic books. Find more at www.forgottenbooks.com This book is a reproduction of an important historical work. Forgotten Books uses state-of-the-art technology to digitally reconstruct the work, preserving the original format whilst repairing imperfections present in the aged copy. In rare cases, an imperfection in the original, such as a blemish or missing page, may be replicated in our edition. We do, however, repair the vast majority of imperfections successfully; any imperfections that remain are intentionally left to preserve the state of such historical works. (shrink)

En el marco del diagnóstico acerca de la obsolescencia de las categorías fundacionales de la sociología, este trabajo repara en la noción de integración de Talcott Parsons, uno de los focos de ataque predilectos de quienes se alinean en esas concepciones. Para ello, se explora su formulación conceptual en los distintos períodos en que se subdivide su Teoría General de la Acción —Teoría Voluntarista de la Acción; Modelo Trisistémico; Esquema AGIL— para demostrar que, aunque con variaciones, siempre es el concepto (...) clave para responder la pregunta acerca de las condiciones de posibilidad del orden social. Luego, se exponen dos críticas de distinta índole: una, expone algunos argumentos de los autores que postulan su caducidad, comparándolos con la formulación de Parsons; la otra aborda otro conjunto de autores diferentes, que promueven su reconceptualización a luz de la distinción entre integración sistémica e integración social. Finalmente, se defiende la pertinencia de la noción de integración en tanto herramienta heurística clave del lenguaje sociológico. (shrink)

Nuestra intención en este artículo es exponer la concepción berkeleyana entorno al tan debatido problema de la filosofía de la modernidad que concierne a la relación, conocimiento y exterioridad. Éste constituye, en efecto, núcleo esencial de las filosofías de autores tan representativos de la época como Locke, Hume, Condillac y el propio Berkeley, entre otros. No obstante, la singularidad del planteamiento berkeleyano al respecto es tal, que bien merece por nuestra parte una reflexión antenta y por separado. Además, la influencia (...) que su aportación peculiar ejerció sobre determinados filósofos, como, por ejemplo, Condillac y Kant, y a través de ellos sobre buena parte de la filosofía posterior fue de tal índole, que sin el cabal conocimiento de ella no podría entenderse la relevancia y significación del idealismo gnoseológico en sus diferentes tipos y modalidades. En una primera sección, meramente introductoria, acometemos la exposición de la metafísica de Berkeley, destacándose sobre todo su teoría del inmaterialismo ; con ello se pretende subrayar en principio el carácter peculiar que forzosamente habrá de presentar su concepción de lo externo. El tratamiento de ésta constituye propiamente el contenido de la segunda sección, en la que, además de la identificación entre contenido sensible y realidad y de la apelación a la instancia divina como garante último de ésta, se destaca el papel preponderante que desempeña el sentido del tacto en el proceso de aprehensión de la exterioridad. (shrink)

El artículo segmenta un recorrido por la metafísica esencialista y el paradig-ma unívoco del ens que brinda Duns Escoto, auténtica propuesta ontológica del Medievo en detrimento del programa energetista sustentado en la analogia entis. Se hilvanan los momentos estructurales de comunidad esencial o real-metafísica en la entidad, comunidad natural específica, individuación y subsistencia incomunicable, en un régimen bidireccional con quiásmica prerrogativa de comunidad del ens unívoco o de virtualidad del singular. La persona es el evento exuberante en que culmina la (...) actualidad de la naturaleza sustancial individuada de índole espiritual. (shrink)

Las revoluciones han constituido un fenómeno central en la caracterización de la historia moderna; sus consecuencias se evidencian desde fines del siglo XVIII para las Trece Colonias de Norteamérica y Francia hasta los múltiples ejemplos aportados por el siglo XX. Tal apreciación ha sido sometida a estudios de diversa índole; sin embargo, no todos han sido capaces de explicar de forma ordenada la relación que se implica en sus decursos con la ciencia del derecho. De acuerdo con este criterio, el (...) presente estudio está orientado a caracterizar las manifestaciones y contenidos inherentes a la revolución como forma trascendente de resistencia política. Ello será posible a través de la valoración de sus elementos justificantes y constitutivos de acuerdo con diversos órdenes teóricos y doctrinales, la dimensión de sus alcances para las ciencias política y jurídica y su capacidad de transformación e implicación con el factor de la evolución histórica. (shrink)

Introducción: La ablación o mutilación genital femenina incluye una amplia variedad de prácticas que suponen la extirpación total o parcial de los genitales externos o su alteración por razones que no son de índole médica. Causa daños irreversibles y pone en peligro la salud, e incluso la vida de la mujer o niña afectada. Objetivo: Caracterizar la mutilación genital femenina y sus complicaciones a largo plazo en la comunidad de Fajikunda, Gambia, entre marzo y septiembre de 2012. Método: Se realizó (...) un estudio descriptivo prospectivo a 117 mujeres que asistieron al centro de salud por cualquier motivo que requiriera examen ginecológico y se estudiaron las variables grupo de edades, tipo de mutilación, grupo étnico y complicaciones. Resultados: Del total, 98 mujeres eran de 45 años de edad o menos; la clitoridectomía fue la práctica más frecuente; la inflamación pélvica crónica y el dolor en los genitales fueron las complicaciones a largo plazo que mayor asociación estadística demostraron con relación a la mutilación. La anorgasmia presentó una alta incidencia en la población estudiada. Conclusiones: La prevalencia de la mutilación genital femenina en Fajikunda es aproximadamente la misma que en Gambia, la tipo I es la más practicada y generalmente en jóvenes de la etnia Mandinga. Introduction: The ablation or female genital mutilation includes a wide variety of practices dealing with total or partial extirpation of the external genitalia or its alterations for reasons other than of medical nature. It causes irreversible damages and puts in danger the health or even the life of the woman or child involved. Objective: The aim of the present study is to characterize female genital mutilation and its long-term complications in Fajikunda community, Gambia, between March and September 2012. Method: A descriptive prospective study was performed to 117 women that attended the health unit for reasons requiring gynecological examination and the variables age group, mutilation type, ethnic group and complications were studied. Results: Of the total, 98 women were 45 years old or less; the clitoridectomy was the most frequent practice; cronical pelvic and genital pains were the long-term complications that showed a major statistical association with relation to mutilation. Conclusions: The prevalence of female genital mutilation in Fajikunda is approximately the same as in Gambia, the type I is the most performed and generally within young women belonging to Mandinga ethnic group. (shrink)

Entendida em sentido amplo, como reconstrução autotranscendente, a aprendizagem requer, para potencializar a razão crítico-discursiva, uma dimensão intersubjetiva e uma relação assimétrica entre professor e estudante. No ciberespaço, âmbito linguístico específico que ocasiona processos de socialização e de individualização, o entendimento do que constitui aprendizagem válida passa, necessariamente, pelo diálogo entre educadores. A partir de interrogações de índole epistemológica, o artigo insere-se nesse diálogo. Depois de caracterizar a hipermídia como a linguagem do ciberespaço e identificar diferentes perfis de leitores de (...) hipermídia, duas afirmações são ensaiadas: (i) as tecnologias digitais possuem potencial para amplificar a aprendizagem; e (ii) as tecnologias digitais não minimizam a importância da mediação docente na forma escolar da aprendizagem. (shrink)

O artigo volta-se a uma atualização da questão das relações entre o gênero faroeste e o mito antigo, recolocando-a diante do assim chamado metawestern e das retomadas irônicas à lá Tarantino. Os referenciais teóricos revisitam as teses clássicas de Mircea Eliade sobre a persistência do sagrado mitológico nas culturas modernas e detêm-se nas reflexões igualmente clássicas de André Bazin sobre a índole mitológica do western, enfatizando a tese elegante do autor segundo a qual essa índole se preserva nas muitas transformações (...) do gênero, quando ele se estetiza e passa a se envergonhar de si. (shrink)

Uno studio filosofico sull’etica è sempre di grande attualità. E in questo «dappertutto vi circola la passione per la verità e per il bene» (dalla Presentazione di Carmelo Vigna). Mai come oggi si parla di salute e di benessere, probabilmente perché si percepisce la mancanza di entrambi. In Occidente è così. L’etica si affaccia alla riflessione umana rivestita con i panni di un’etica filosofica, prima ancora che ulteriormente aggettivata, essendo una terminologia che rimanda, come è risaputo, ad Aristotele. Con «etica» (...) si intende oggi quel confine oltre cui non si può più andare, discutere, transigere, indagare: per questo – e correttamente – si parla rispettivamente di «confini etici», «indole etica » o non, «bioetica», «decisione etica», «comportamento etico» e così via. In qualche modo con «etica» si intende ciò che si impone ancor più della scienza o della decisione democratica. L’«etica» pone in questione il baluardo sollevato proprio da queste ultime due. Sanando la questione. Il modo, talvolta, sfugge, diventando, così, ambito proprio della filosofia e della sua visione interale. Questa è esattamente l’etica filosofica. Questo libro affronta temi di grande importanza e fascinosi, quali il bene, il male, la bontà, la crudeltà, la ragione, il sentimento, il «senso morale», la coscienza, la responsabilità, la Stato e la nazione. (shrink)

La pregunta por el sentido de la actividad filosófica en nuestro medio supone que la filosofía tiene una perspectiva histórica que se determina por su relación con la sociedad. Ella no implica, por lo demás, que esta sea la única perspectiva posible de la actividad filosólfica, porque no es posible afirmar, sin desconocer la historiografía de la disciplina filosófica, que el único objeto o problema dado a su reflexión sea el presente del acontecer histórico. La historia de la filosofía lleva (...) a reconocer, en efecto, la inexistencia de un objeto único de la filosofía y la experiencia en cambio, de problemas de muy diversa índole que pueden considerarse como "genuinamente filosóficos.". (shrink)

Hace ya varias décadas que Latinoamérica salió del colonialismo “centroeuropeo”, como lo llama Dussell; sin embargo, se mantiene una actitud de “colonialidad”, entendida como un proceso amplio de control hegemónico de imposición de conocimientos, prácticas y formas culturales en todos los campos de la vida social, al tiempo que se desprecian y desdeñan los valores autóctonos, los conocimientos ancestrales y populares que Boaventura de Sousa Santos denomina con la metáfora de “Las epistemologías del sur”; es decir, aquellas epistemologías de quienes (...) no han tenido voz ni voto en las decisiones trascendentales de la vida social, económica, política y cultural, como los desposeídos, los marginados de la sociedad, campesinos, indígenas, afrodescendientes, homosexuales, entre otros. Los responsables de esta actitud colonialista, no solamente han sido los gobiernos que, mediante convenios y tratados bilaterales y multilaterales con las potencias hegemónicas, financian proyectos de diversa índole e imponen sus criterios e intereses en los distintos campos de la economía, la política y la educación. Pero también la misma educación ha tenido su responsabilidad en este proceso. El conocimiento impartido en las universidades es hegemónico y colonizador, que llega de Europa y Norte América. Por esta razón, la ciencia y el conocimiento que se producen en estas regiones, debe construirse para su validez, con las epistemologías y las metodologías de estas potencias; mientras que los conocimientos culturales, populares y ancestrales, se consideran obstáculos epistemológicos que no pueden convivir e interactuar con la epistemología de la ciencia clásica. Es por esto que la Universidad también tiene que “decolonizar” sus saberes, para alcanzar un espacio transcultural que incluya todos aquellos conocimientos y cosmovisiones populares y tradicionales para que puedan ser tenidos como pares, en un diálogo de saberes dentro de los procesos de formación y aprendizaje. (shrink)

En La función del dogma en la investigación científica (1979), Thomas Kuhn enfatiza la necesidad de que las ciencias maduras formen a sus recursos humanos propiciando una fuerte adhesión a los fundamentos ontológicos y epistemológicos que sustentan dicha concepción paradigmática. Esta tesis, que de algún modo quita perspectiva a las y los científicos, deja abierta la cuestión de cómo tan fuerte adhesión dogmática permite la crítica y a la postre la revolución científica. En “Ciencia normal, dogmatismo y progreso” (2023), Pablo (...) Melogno revisa críticamente esta propuesta kuhniana y la de una serie de analistas de su obra. Concluye que la propuesta de Kuhn es atinada por cuanto contempla cómo la tensión conservación-crítica permite en ciertas circunstancias sostener la fuerte adhesión incorporada, y en otras circunstancias ejercer una crítica informada ante una abrumadora acumulación de anomalías. En este artículo, sugiero que no son solo factores de índole racional los que llevan a un colectivo a decidir sobre la continuidad o el cambio paradigmático, sino que también inciden factores de tipo ideológico y cultural, frecuentemente naturalizados y difíciles de objetivar. (shrink)

En este artículo se examina la noción kantiana de exposición, que se encuentra en la Crítica de la razón pura y en la Crítica del Juicio. Se sostiene que hay una coherencia en el uso del concepto en la presentación de la doctrina de espacio y el tiempo, la explicación de las razones por las que el método matemático no puede ser empleado en la filosofía, la investigación analítica de los juicios de gusto y la descripción de la índole de (...) las ideas estéticas. La exposición se presenta en todos estos pasajes como un procedimiento de carácter discursivo que permite examinar, sin definirlas, representaciones conceptuales. (shrink)

Current practices of identifying and treating small indolent thyroid cancers constitute an important but in some ways unusual form of overdiagnosis. Overdiagnosis refers to diagnoses that generally harm rather than benefit patients, primarily because the diagnosed condition is not a harmful form of disease. Patients who are overdiagnosed with thyroid cancer are harmed by the psycho-social impact of a cancer diagnosis, as well as treatment interventions such partial or total thyroidectomy, lifelong thyroid replacement hormone, monitoring, surgical complications and other side (...) effects. These harms seem to outweigh any putative benefit of knowing about a cancer that would not have caused problems if left undiscovered. In addition to harms to patients, thyroid cancer overdiagnosis leads to significant opportunity costs at a societal level, due to costs of diagnosis and treatment. Unlike many other overdiagnosed cancers, accurate risk stratification is possible with thyroid cancer. At the individual patient level, use of this risk information might support informed choice and/or shared decision-making, as mandated by clinical ethics frameworks. And this approach might, to some extent, help to reduce rates of diagnosis and intervention. In practice, however, it is unlikely to stem the rising incidence and associated harms and costs of overdiagnosed thyroid cancer, especially in situations where health professionals have conflicts of interest. We argue in this article that thyroid cancer overdiagnosis may be usefully understood as a public health problem, and that some public health approaches will be readily justifiable and are more likely to be effective in minimising its harms. (shrink)

En este trabajo se asume: que una teoría factual es un sistema conceptual para representar parcelas deI mundo; que la principal manera de expresar tales sistemas es mediante el lenguaje; y que, consecuentemente, en la comparación de teorías rivales tienen importancia los factores de índole ontosemántica. Desde esa perspectiva se analizan dos problemas que surgen de la aceptación de la tesis de la inconmensurabilidad, a saber: a) el de establecer las condiciones ontosemánticas que dan sentido a la comparabilidad de teorías (...) inconmensurables; y b) el de la consideración de un enfoque ontosemántico compatible con el hecho de que algunas modificaciones en una teoría no conlleven variación de significado y referencia, mientras otras sí.In this work it is assumed: that a factual theory is a conceptual system for representing patches of the world; that the principal way of expressing a system of that sort is by means of language; and that, consequently, factors of ontosemantic kind are important for the comparison between rival theories. Given this perspective, two problems, whieh come up from the acceptance of the incommensurability thesis are analyzed: a) to establish the ontosemantic conditions that give sense to the comparability of incommensurable theories; and b) to consider an ontosemantic picture compatible with the fact that some modifications in a theory are not followd by variance of meaning and reference, while other modifications are. (shrink)

Este artículo presenta el concepto de derecho desde diferentes ópticas, cada una de ellas con sus particularidades y la influencia que tienen en la actualidad en los ordenamientos jurídicos. El derecho no es un concepto fácil de entender, pero la forma en que se debe aplicar hoy día debe cobijar no solo la aplicación de la norma o enunciados normativos, sino componentes de índole moral, como los principios, todos ellos en pie de igualdad. No se trata de establecer una jerarquía (...) en los elementos jurídicos y morales, sino un criterio en el cual la corrección del ordenamiento jurídico lleve a la Justicia. Este texto parte de un método hermenéutico dialéctico, y tiene como finalidad ir construyendo un concepto de derecho que cumpla con los estándares de la corrección y la razonabilidad, como principios básicos para cumplir con la igualdad y la justicia. (shrink)

It would probably be generally admitted that Vedanta is the apex of the Indian (or Eastern) religious philosophies. Yet today it com mands so little attention, in part, no doubt, because the modem mood in scholarship refuses anchoring and centering of thought. The present work seeks to address modem thought though not in the modem mood. It is nevertheless motivated by the belief that there are times when the timeless is most timely. It is possible that the sources of a (...) tradition such as Vedanta, if approached propefIy, will yield somethIng which can be brought within the ambience of the contemporary philosophical quest, at least of its still largely unmanifest undercurrents. The present work is intended to be an act, imperfect as it is, in that direction. That marks the difference of this project, called Gnosis and the Question of Thought in Vedanta, from customary studies in Indol ogy. The term "gnosis" as employed in this context is a translation of its cognate Sanskrit term jfiana, the latter, however, having a much wider range of meaning than the former, especially in view of the latter's appropriation for a specific usage by the Gnostic traditions of both the East and the West. In the general expression of Vedanta too the Gnostic understanding ofjfiana has undoubtedly persisted especially in the so-called jfiana-marga, or "way of gnosis", made popular from early medieval times on. (shrink)

The secondary vascular tissues (xylem and phloem) of woody plants originate from a vascular cambium and develop as radially oriented files of cells. The secondary phloem is composed of three or four cell types, which are organised into characteristic recurrent cellular sequences within the radial cell files of this tissue. There is a gradient of auxin (indole acetic acid) across both the cambium and the immediately postmitotic cells within the xylem and phloem domains, and it is believed that this morphogen, (...) probably in concert with other morphogenic factors, is closely associated with the determination and differentiation of the different cells types in each tissue. A hypothesis is developed that, in conjunction with the positional values conferred by the graded radial distribution of morphogen, cell divisions at particular positions within the cambium are sufficient to determine not only each of the phloem cell types but also their recurrent pattern of differentiation within each radial cell file. BioEssays 27: 533–541, 2005. © 2005 Wiley periodicals, Inc. (shrink)

Este artículo analiza en dos escritos en primera persona, de Ángel Cuervo y Tomás Cuenca, la idea de paz en la Guerra por las Soberanías, que enfrentó a las fuerzas oficialistas del gobierno conservador presidido por Mariano Ospina con las de los liberales lideradas por Tomás Cipriano de Mosquera. A partir del análisis de ambos textos vistos en correlación con el contexto y con documentación de época de diversa índole, se estudian algunos avenimientos y de qué modo se incorpora el (...) derecho de gentes y los mecanismos de contención de la guerra que desembocó en la promulgación del artículo 91 de la Constitución de 1863. (shrink)

Nuestro trabajo ofrece algunas claves de lectura del proceso por el cual fue posible que la actividad de los tribunales de justicia, a comienzos de los años '90 en Latinoamérica en general y en Argentina de manera significativa, adquiriese una relevancia y una consideración singular respecto al ejercicio del poder político. Este fenómeno, habitualmente denominado "judicialización de la política", supone una tendencia a procesar y dar respuesta a conflictos de índole política, a través de instituciones judiciales. En relación a ello, (...) nos interesa mostrar las interconexiones, puntos de apoyo, resortes a través de los cuales es posible ligarlo al diagrama de relaciones de poder y procesos de subjetivación que caracterizan a la gubernamentalidad neoliberal. Our paper offers some lecture keys on the process through which made it possible the political relevance of judicial activity during the 1990's in Latin American in general, and in Argentina in particular. This phenomenon, commonly known as 'judicialization of politics', supposes a tendency of processing political conflicts through the judiciary. Related to that our paper proposes to show, to make it visible, interconnections and supports through which it is possible to understand it emergence within the diagram of power relations and processes of subjectivation that characterizes neoliberal governmentality. (shrink)

In lieu of an abstract, here is a brief excerpt of the content:Ethics & the Environment 8.2 (2003) 31-41 [Access article in PDF] Threescore and TenFire, Place, and Loss in the West David Strohmaier The only conclusion I have ever reached about trees is that I love all trees, but I am in love with pines. —Aldo Leopold, A Sand County Almanac 1He died protecting his pines. It was spring, 1948, and Aldo Leopold was spending time with his family at (...) their beloved cabin they called "the Shack." Over the years, he had planted close to 30,000 trees and shrubs on the property, trying to resuscitate a tired Wisconsin sand farm into some semblance of ecological health. 2 Leopold was keenly aware of fire's natural role in ecosystems, but sometimes there's more to fire and living with fire than energy flow, nutrient flush, and plant physiology. 3During the Leopolds' stay at the Shack, a neighbor's trash fire, fanned by a west wind, escaped its bounds and threatened to overtake the pines. Alone, along one flank of the fire, Aldo suffered a heart attack and was later found dead, lying on his back in the smoldering grass. 4 For the love of pines.In A Sand County Almanac (accepted for publication just one week before his death), Leopold explores several possible reasons for his bias [End Page 31] towards pines: maybe it's because he planted the pines, or pines are rare where he lives, or pines have a longer life expectancy than other trees, or pines are evergreens, or because his neighbors don't have many pines on their land, or pines are worth more to the lumberman than other species, or pines engender more plant diversity than other species. In the end, he concludes that our plant biases reflect not only vocations but avocations, with a delicate allocation of priority as between industry and indolence. The farmer who would rather hunt grouse than milk cows will not dislike hawthorn, no matter if it does invade his pasture. The coon-hunter will not dislike basswood, and I know of quail hunters who bear no grudge against ragweed, despite their annual bout with hayfever. Our biases are indeed a sensitive index to our affections, our tastes, our loyalties, our generosities, and our manner of wasting weekends. 5Leopold's last act in life—fighting a fire endangering something he valued—testifies to the tension between Leopold's concept of thinking like a mountain and our reality of living in the present, between mountain time and human time. It's doubtful that the landscape around the Shack would have suffered permanent damage even if the fire overran his pines. Some trees would have burned and died, but, eventually, the land would revegetate and more pines could be planted. But for humans who, according to the psalmist, live but "[t]hreescore and ten, or even by reason of strength fourscore," 6 we may never see our pines, or any other part of the landscape, fully healed, assuming it even can be. One tree, or grove of trees, is not necessarily interchangeable with another. Places can be lost and never replaced. This is one reason why philosopher Robert Elliot is so skeptical of ecological restoration. Like a work of art, simply replacing it with the most exacting replica will never fully replace the original, for part of an object's value derives from its history: who painted or sculpted it, when it was crafted, the reason behind its contours and colors. 7 Not only are exact replicas in nature hard to come by (even though our science and technology of restoration is improving), but some values can never be restored.Some things are worth protecting from fire simply because they're important to us—even a part of us—and not necessarily because they're resources on their way to becoming beef, venison, or two-by-fours. What's critical, though, as we struggle to live in a land that burns, is getting clear about how we want that land to look and why. I fear that we... (shrink)

En el presente artículo efectuamos una lectura crítica de distintos posicionamientos teóricos respecto a la posibilidad —o no— de una filosofía materialista. Para ello tratamos de circunscribir la especificidad de una práctica teórica que dé cuenta de otras prácticas (teóricas o no) sin reducirlas a un lenguaje homogéneo o explicarlas desde un metalenguaje. En este recorrido vamos presentando entonces distintas perspectivas que permitirán ir desplegando nuestro propio punto de vista en torno a la posibilidad —o no— de una práctica filosófica (...) de tal índole. (shrink)

O presente artigo tem como objetivo apresentar os elementos constitutivos da arquitetura literária de Saramago. Através do método epistemologia do romance em diálogo com o materialismo-dialético, abordaremos cinco conceitos: o Iluminismo, de Immanuel Kant; o Contemporâneo, de Giorgio Agamben; a Teoria Crítica, que decorre de Karl Marx e da Escola de Frankfurt; o Ensaio, de Theodor Adorno e o Narrador, pensado pelo Walter Benjamin. A relevância deste estudo está na suma importância de afirmar em tese o posicionamento de teórico crítico (...) do autor José Saramago, tendo em vista as afinidades estruturais do narrador saramaguiano com uma linguagem de índole marxista, política, ética e filosófica. (shrink)

In lieu of an abstract, here is a brief excerpt of the content:American Journal of Philology 121.3 (2000) 453-478 [Access article in PDF] Plutarch's Lysander and Sulla: Integrated Characters in Roman Historical Perspective José María Candau Morón The term ritratto paradossale has been used to describe a formula of character portrayal seen in Latin literature of the first centuries B.C. and A.D. whose basic process consists in combining in one character apparently contradictory traits (La Penna 1976). To be precise, the (...) formula produced a type of man who in his moments of action shows energy, diligence, and constancy but exhibits licentious feelings, allows himself to be taken in by indolence, and succumbs to pleasures when his negotia are finished. This model may already have been present in Greek historical literature of the fourth century B.C., as the portrait of Philip II that the historian Theopompus delineates seems to bear this stamp. The public image of Maecenas and the Petronius of Tacitus are two clear examples of ritratto paradossale. The figure of Sulla also falls under this influence; in fact, according to La Penna (1976, 284), Plutarch's biography of Sulla often exhibits these same characteristics.The terms "paradox" and "paradoxical" also occur frequently in works devoted to Plutarch's Life of Lysander. Its paradoxical features are the central point of Pelling's comments (1988a, 268-74) on that biography. Pelling explores aspects of "integration" in the Parallel Lives, a technique of portrayal which he defines as follows: "a man's qualities are brought into some sort of relation with one another, and every trait goes closely with the next." 1 An almost universal literary habit in the [End Page 453] ancient world, integration appears even in a figure as complex and full of contrasts as Plutarch's Lysander. Arrogance and cruelty, incorruptibility and a capacity for adulation, duplicity, ingenuity, ambition, treachery: all the contradictions that coexist in him are seen to be unified through philotimia, a central trait that dominates Lysander's other characteristics and gives his portrayal a unified appearance.But Plutarch's interests in his Life of Lysander do not impel him to explain or reconstruct the traits of its protagonist. It is the contrasts and the paradoxes in Lysander that have drawn the author's attention and lend the biography its particular flavor. Plutarch shows how these diverse character traits work against the individual and end up destroying him. In this way, the biography of Lysander is similar to tragic works in which a character's potentialities unleash forces that ultimately defeat him, and Plutarch explicitly plans on parallelisms with the tragic genre. From this standpoint, Pelling concludes, Lysander offers a moral that is similar to that of tragedy and different from that of other biographies: human nature can produce a figure such as Lysander, and such figures tend to bring about their own destruction through appropriate tragic processes.Stadter (1992) has recently analyzed from start to finish the paradoxical character that Plutarch assigns to Lysander and also to Sulla, the protagonist of the Roman Life presented as his parallel. In Stadter's view the contradictions in each character--that is, the combination of admirable and repulsive traits--form the basis of the portrayal of both subjects. The biographer also contrives to cross the two Lives so as to convey that they form an ensemble. Among other things, we see a type of progression whose upper limit is delineated by the harshest components of the portrayal of Sulla: his destructive nature, bloodthirsty and implacable, his tyrannical and frequently arbitrary conduct, his arrogance and lack of humanity. These traits are only sketched in the parallel Greek Life; yet their presence there evokes sinister dimensions which horrify when they appear, full-blown, in the Roman counterpart. From this interplay of traits and personalities our understanding of the human type treated in the biographies becomes increasingly deep. The final result in the present instance is that we are enabled to recognize the true traits of Lysander's character, and so escape the difficulty that Plutarch alludes to in his prologue through a cryptic... (shrink)

Este artigo pretende mostrar e propor adaptações metodologias centradas na abordagem comunicativa, usando metodologias ativas e as ferramentas TIC para facilitar o ensino-aprendizagem de PLE a deficientes visuais espanhóis. Dada a natureza e índole de caráter introdutório, panorâmico, sistemático e claramente didático deste trabalho, o leitor poderá ter uma compreensão direta e científica do mundo educativo que rodeia o educando deficiente visual.A metodologia utilizada neste trabalho foi quantitativa e qualitativa, a abordagem foi respaldada em bibliografia pertinente e em dados empíricos (...) coletados pela pesquisadora por meio de entrevistas com diretores, coordenadores, docentes. Após as observações e entrevistas foram desenvolvidas e adaptadas algumas metodologias para após serem aplicadas aos alunos dos distintos centros de reabilitação e por último foi feita a análise dos resultados obtidos. Algumas atividades também foram utilizadas em grupos de PLE fora dos centros de reabilitação. (shrink)

Este articulo pretende brindar elementos sobre el tema de las identidades puestas al servicio de proyectos políticos y económicos. Es, conforme a una costumbre de quien firma este artículo, un diálogo entre el pasado y el presente, a la vez que se hace un esfuerzo de contextualización. El patriotismo emerge como coartada de intereses económicos, dejando una cauda de odios, sobre los que se debe pensar y contribuir a actitudes de hermanamientos. Esta colaboración se centra en el nuevo colonialismo hispano, (...) de índole ultraconservador, aunque no están exentas otras fuerzas del espectro político. El trabajo, sobre todo, se centra en colaboraciones periodísticas críticas del ultraconservadurismo, por lo que se inscribe en un análisis de medios de comunicación. A modo de tipologías de fuentes podemos resaltar el texto de la BBC que muestra la preocupación hispana sobre la postura del Gobierno de Biden que recuerda la vieja pugna hispanismo-panamericanismo; el texto de Miriam Hernández Reina como asiento referencial de los nuevos aires de la ultraderecha española en América Latina; la combinación de los intereses políticos y económicos de dicha tendencia política en clave colonial, así como las preocupaciones del mundo de las izquerdas y ciertas pautas a seguir para contrarrestar la influencia creciente de la extrema derecha en las redes sociales. (shrink)

The reflection on the current period of transition in Serbian society indicates deep contradictions between the urge for European integration and the delay of institutional transformation that fuse with the indolence of a large part of the people. The crisis of values is conspicuous almost everywhere. Continuous changes have had hard consequences on Serbian society. During these changes moral patterns, values, spirituality were destroyed, rebuilt, and lost again. Hence, Serbian society now lies on the ruins of past 'traditions', general (...) values, collective identities, and a common purpose. In everyday life, it is noticeable very often as, for example, in the Belgrade 'park-scape' whose photos obviously illustrate these problems. Razmatranje tekuceg perioda tranzicije drustva u Srbiji otkriva duboku protivrecnost koja postoji izmedju imperativa integracije i upornog odlaganja institucionalnih promena povezanog s indolencijom velikog broja ljudi. Skoro svuda u drustvu primetna je kriza vrednosti. Stalne promene ideoloskih nacela ostavile su teske posledice na drustvo u Srbiji. U tim promenama ruseni su, iznova gradjeni, te opet gubljeni moralni uzori, vrednosti, duh tako da se drustvo u Srbiji sada nalazi na rusevinama proteklih tradicija opstih vrednosti, kolektivnog identiteta, zajednickog cilja. U svakodnevnom zivotu Srbije to je upadljivo veoma cesto, kao na primer, u jednom beogradskom parku cije fotografije i vizuelno ilustruju ove probleme. (shrink)