Results for 'statistics'

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  1.  5
    I will abbreviate the causal law, C causes E by C—> E. Notice that C and E are to be filled in by general terms, and not names of particulars; for example, Force causes motion or Aspinn relieves hendache. The generic law C causes E is not to be understood as a universally quantified law about particulars, even about.Ii Statistical Analyses Of Causation - 1999 - In Michael Tooley, Laws of nature, causation, and supervenience. New York: Garland. pp. 246.
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  2. The Foundations of Statistics.Leonard Savage - 1954 - Wiley Publications in Statistics.
    Classic analysis of the subject and the development of personal probability; one of the greatest controversies in modern statistcal thought.
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  3. Why do we need to employ Bayesian statistics and how can we employ it in studies of moral education?: With practical guidelines to use JASP for educators and researchers.Hyemin Han - 2018 - Journal of Moral Education 47 (4):519-537.
    ABSTRACTIn this article, we discuss the benefits of Bayesian statistics and how to utilize them in studies of moral education. To demonstrate concrete examples of the applications of Bayesian statistics to studies of moral education, we reanalyzed two data sets previously collected: one small data set collected from a moral educational intervention experiment, and one big data set from a large-scale Defining Issues Test-2 survey. The results suggest that Bayesian analysis of data sets collected from moral educational studies (...)
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  4. Mathematics Performance and Self-efficacy as Correlates of Statistics and Probability Achievement of Students.Jeraldine Immariz Dumaguit, Ronel Dagohoy, Leomarich Casinillo & Melbert Hungo - 2025 - Canadian Journal of Family and Youth 17 (1):16-36.
    Statistics and probability enabled students to better understand, process, and evaluate massive amounts of quantitative data that existed and had a probabilistic sense in uncertain situations. The research article aimed to elucidate the performance and self-efficacy as predictors of students' achievement in the statistics and probability courses. The study utilized a descriptive-predictive research method and was conducted at Sto. Tomas National High School, involving a sample of 263 grade 11 senior high school students. The gathered data were analyzed (...)
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  5. Rethinking the Foundations of Statistics.Joseph B. Kadane, Mark J. Schervish & Teddy Seidenfeld - 1999 - Cambridge University Press.
    This important collection of essays is a synthesis of foundational studies in Bayesian decision theory and statistics. An overarching topic of the collection is understanding how the norms for Bayesian decision making should apply in settings with more than one rational decision maker and then tracing out some of the consequences of this turn for Bayesian statistics. There are four principal themes to the collection: cooperative, non-sequential decisions; the representation and measurement of 'partially ordered' preferences; non-cooperative, sequential decisions; (...)
     
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  6. (1 other version)The Foundations of Statistics.Leonard J. Savage - 1954 - Synthese 11 (1):86-89.
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  7.  28
    Internalist reliabilism in statistics and machine learning: thoughts on Jun Otsuka’s Thinking about Statistics.Hanti Lin - 2024 - Asian Journal of Philosophy 3 (2):1-11.
    Otsuka (2023) argues for a correspondence between data science and traditional epistemology: Bayesian statistics is internalist; classical (frequentist) statistics is externalist, owing to its reliabilist nature; model selection is pragmatist; and machine learning is a version of virtue epistemology. Where he sees diversity, I see an opportunity for unity. In this article, I argue that classical statistics, model selection, and machine learning share a foundation that is reliabilist in an unconventional sense that aligns with internalism. Hence a (...)
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  8.  25
    Thinking about statistics.Jun Otsuka - 2023 - Routledge.
    This article explores the intersection of philosophy and statistics by examining the philosophical assumptions underlying modern mathematical statistics from ontological and epistemological perspectives. Statistics holds interest for philosophers engaged with the problem of induction, as its mathematical apparatus serves as models for philosophical ideas. For instance, the much-discussed concepts of the uniformity of nature and natural kinds correspond to probability models and statistical models, which are fundamental to various statistical methods. Similarly, Dennett’s concept of a real pattern (...)
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  9.  3
    The foundations of statistics.Leonard J. Savage - 1972 - Wiley.
    Classic analysis of the subject and the development of personal probability; one of the greatest controversies in modern statistcal thought. New preface and new footnotes to 1954 edition, with a supplementary 180-item annotated bibliography by author. Calculus, probability, statistics, and Boolean algebra are recommended.
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  10. Unusual coincidences, statistics and an intelligent influence.Sergei Chekanov - manuscript
    This paper argues that unusual coincidences, particularly those involving historical events, can be viewed as design patterns, suggesting an intelligent influence over the course of events. A compelling case examined in detail using probability theory concerns the presidencies of Abraham Lincoln (1809–1865) and John F. Kennedy (1917–1963). This and other coincidences involving historical figures disfavor the materialistic perspective and point to the presence of an intelligent agent acting on a global scale, beyond the arrow of time, influencing human lives and (...)
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  11. Probability, Induction and Statistics: The Art of Guessing.Bruno De Finetti - 1972 - New York: John Wiley.
  12. Some issues in the foundation of statistics.David Freedman - 1995 - Foundations of Science 1 (1):19-39.
    After sketching the conflict between objectivists and subjectivists on the foundations of statistics, this paper discusses an issue facing statisticians of both schools, namely, model validation. Statistical models originate in the study of games of chance, and have been successfully applied in the physical and life sciences. However, there are basic problems in applying the models to social phenomena; some of the difficulties will be pointed out. Hooke's law will be contrasted with regression models for salary discrimination, the latter (...)
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  13. CPT Invariance, the Spin-Statistics Connection, and the Ontology of Relativistic Quantum Field Theories.Jonathan Bain - 2013 - Erkenntnis 78 (4):797-821.
    CPT invariance and the spin-statistics connection are typically taken to be essential properties in relativistic quantum field theories (RQFTs), insofar as the CPT and Spin-Statistics theorems entail that any state of a physical system characterized by an RQFT must possess these properties. Moreover, in the physics literature, they are typically taken to be properties of particles. But there is a Received View among philosophers that RQFTs cannot fundamentally be about particles. This essay considers what proofs of the CPT (...)
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  14.  32
    Simple Co‐Occurrence Statistics Reproducibly Predict Association Ratings.Markus J. Hofmann, Chris Biemann, Chris Westbury, Mariam Murusidze, Markus Conrad & Arthur M. Jacobs - 2018 - Cognitive Science 42 (7):2287-2312.
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  15.  66
    Physical probability and bayesian statistics.Stephen Spielman - 1977 - Synthese 36 (2):235 - 269.
  16.  33
    Homeostasis and Gauss statistics: barriers to understanding natural variability.Bruce J. West - 2010 - Journal of Evaluation in Clinical Practice 16 (3):403-408.
  17.  58
    Stochastic electrodynamics. III. Statistics of the perturbed harmonic oscillator-zero-point field system.G. H. Goedecke - 1983 - Foundations of Physics 13 (12):1195-1220.
    In this third paper in a series on stochastic electrodynamics (SED), the nonrelativistic dipole approximation harmonic oscillator-zero-point field system is subjected to an arbitrary classical electromagnetic radiation field. The ensemble-averaged phase-space distribution and the two independent ensemble-averaged Liouville or Fokker-Planck equations that it satisfies are derived in closed form without furtner approximation. One of these Liouville equations is shown to be exactly equivalent to the usual Schrödinger equation supplemented by small radiative corrections and an explicit radiation reaction (RR) vector potential (...)
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  18. Quantum-mechanical Statistics and the Inclusivist Approach to the Nature of Particulars.Francesco Orilia - 2006 - Synthese 148 (1):57-77.
    There have been attempts to derive anti-haeccetistic conclusions from the fact that quantum mechanics (QM) appeals to non-standard statistics. Since in fact QM acknowledges two kinds of such statistics, Bose-Einstein and Fermi-Dirac, I argue that we could in the same vein derive the sharper anti-haeccetistic conclusion that bosons are bundles of tropes and fermions are bundles of universals. Moreover, since standard statistics is still appropriate at the macrolevel, we could also venture to say that no anti-haecceitistic conclusion (...)
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  19.  18
    Beyond Bare Statistics.Michael J. Reiss - 2019 - In Berry Billingsley, Keith Chappell & Michael J. Reiss, Science and Religion in Education. Springer Verlag. pp. 119-121.
    Much of the science and religion debate has focussed on statistics. The chapters in this section go beyond bare statistics by examining more nuanced studies of science, religion and education with the aim of developing a deeper understanding of the issues at play when attempting to deal with the issues of science and religion in the classroom.
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  20.  29
    Proof of the Spin Statistics Connection 2: Relativistic Theory.Enrico Santamato & Francesco De Martini - 2017 - Foundations of Physics 47 (12):1609-1625.
    The traditional standard theory of quantum mechanics is unable to solve the spin–statistics problem, i.e. to justify the utterly important “Pauli Exclusion Principle” but by the adoption of the complex standard relativistic quantum field theory. In a recent paper :858–873, 2015) we presented a proof of the spin–statistics problem in the nonrelativistic approximation on the basis of the “Conformal Quantum Geometrodynamics”. In the present paper, by the same theory the proof of the spin–statistics theorem is extended to (...)
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  21.  1
    Précis of Thinking About Statistics.Jun Otsuka - 2025 - Asian Journal of Philosophy 4 (1):1-6.
    This article provides a concise summary of Thinking About Statistics: The Philosophical Foundations (Routledge, 2023), with a focus on the book’s exploration of ontological and epistemological topics.
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  22. Semantics, Hermenutics, Statistics: Some Reflections on the Semantic Web.Graham White - forthcoming - Proceedings of HCI2011.
    We start with the ambition -- dating back to the early days of the semantic web -- of assembling a significant portion human knowledge into a contradiction-free form using semantic web technology. We argue that this would not be desirable, because there are concepts, known as essentially contested concepts, whose definitions are contentious due to deep-seated ethical disagreements. Further, we argue that the ninetenth century hermeneutical tradition has a great deal to say, both about the ambition, and about why it (...)
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  23.  40
    The lure of statistics for educational researchers.David F. Labaree - 2011 - Educational Theory 61 (6):621-632.
    In this essay David Labaree explores the historical and sociological elements that have made educational researchers dependent on statistics. He shows that educational research as a domain, with its focus on a radically soft and thoroughly applied form of knowledge and with its low academic standing, fits the pattern in which weak professions have been most likely to adopt quantification. One problem with educational researchers' seduction by the quantitative turn is that it deflects attention away from many of the (...)
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  24.  47
    The foundations of statistics.P. C. Mahalanobis - 1954 - Dialectica 8 (2):95-111.
  25. Galton's Blinding Glasses. Modern Statistics Hiding Causal Structure in Early Theories of Inheritance.Bert Leuridan - 2007 - In Federica Russo & Jon Williamson, Causality and Probability in the Sciences. College Publications. pp. 243--262.
    ABSTRACT. Probability and statistics play an important role in contemporary -philosophy of causality. They are viewed as glasses through which we can see or detect causal relations. However, they may sometimes act as blinding glasses, as I will argue in this paper. In the 19th century, Francis Galton tried to statistically analyze hereditary phenomena. Although he was a far better statistician than Gregor Mendel, his biological theory turned out to be less fruitful. This was no sheer accident. His knowledge (...)
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  26.  58
    The concept of probability, crisis in statistics, and the unbearable lightness of Bayesing.Boris Čulina - 2023 - Science and Philosophy 11 (1):7-30.
    Education in statistics, the application of statistics in scientific research, and statistics itself as a scientific discipline are in crisis. Within science, the main cause of the crisis is the insufficiently clarified concept of probability. This article aims to separate the concept of probability which is scientifically based from other concepts that do not have this characteristic. The scientifically based concept of probability is Kolmogorov’s concept of probability models together with the conditions of their applicability. Bayesian (...) is based on the subjective concept of probability, and as such can only have a heuristic value in searching for the truth, but it cannot and must not replace the truth. The way out of the crisis should take Kolmogorov and Bayesian analysis as elements, each of which has a well-defined and limited use. Only together with qualitative analysis and other types of quantitative analysis, and combined with experiments, they can contribute to reaching correct conclusions. (shrink)
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  27.  50
    Roles for inferential statistics in educational research.Thomas Maguire & Glenn Rowley - 1992 - Educational Philosophy and Theory 24 (2):56–77.
  28. Spencer-Brown vs. Probability and Statistics: Entropy’s Testimony on Subjective and Objective Randomness.Julio Michael Stern - 2011 - Information 2 (2):277-301.
    This article analyzes the role of entropy in Bayesian statistics, focusing on its use as a tool for detection, recognition and validation of eigen-solutions. “Objects as eigen-solutions” is a key metaphor of the cognitive constructivism epistemological framework developed by the philosopher Heinz von Foerster. Special attention is given to some objections to the concepts of probability, statistics and randomization posed by George Spencer-Brown, a figure of great influence in the field of radical constructivism.
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  29.  19
    Making a Paradigmatic Convention Normal: Entrenching Means and Variances as Statistics.Martin H. Krieger - 1996 - Science in Context 9 (4):487-509.
    The ArgumentMost lay users of statistics think in terms of means (averages), variances or the square of the standard deviation, and Gaussians or bell-shaped curves. Such conventions are entrenched by statistical practice, by deep mathematical theorems from probability, and by theorizing in the various natural and social sciences. I am not claiming that the particular conventions (here, the statistics) we adopt are arbitrary. Entrenchment can be rational without its being as well categorical (excluding all other alternatives), even if (...)
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  30.  66
    Collectivist Foundations for Bayesian Statistics.Conor Mayo-Wilson & Aditya Saraf - unknown
    What justifies the use of Bayesian statistics in science? The traditional answer is that Bayesian statistics is simply an instance of orthodox expected utility theory. Thus, Bayesian statistical methods, like principles of utility theory, are justified by norms of individual rationality. In particular, most Bayesians argue that a scientist's credences must satisfy the probability axioms if she adheres to norms of practical and epistemic rationality. We argue that, to justify Bayesian statistics as a tool for science, it (...)
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  31.  20
    Looking for Image Statistics: Active Vision With Avatars in a Naturalistic Virtual Environment.Dominik Straub & Constantin A. Rothkopf - 2021 - Frontiers in Psychology 12.
    The efficient coding hypothesis posits that sensory systems are tuned to the regularities of their natural input. The statistics of natural image databases have been the topic of many studies, which have revealed biases in the distribution of orientations that are related to neural representations as well as behavior in psychophysical tasks. However, commonly used natural image databases contain images taken with a camera with a planar image sensor and limited field of view. Thus, these images do not incorporate (...)
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  32.  64
    Bayeswatch: an overview of Bayesian statistics.Peter C. Austin, Lawrence J. Brunner & S. M. Janet E. Hux Md - 2002 - Journal of Evaluation in Clinical Practice 8 (2):277-286.
    Increasingly, clinical research is evaluated on the quality of its statistical analysis. Traditionally, statistical analyses in clinical research have been carried out from a ‘frequentist’ perspective. The presence of an alternative paradigm – the Bayesian paradigm – has been relatively unknown in clinical research until recently. There is currently a growing interest in the use of Bayesian statistics in health care research. This is due both to a growing realization of the limitations of frequentist methods and to the ability (...)
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  33.  24
    Who Counts in Official Statistics? Ethical‐Epistemic Issues in German Migration and the Collection of Racial or Ethnic Data.Daniel James, Morgan Thompson & Tereza Hendl - 2025 - Journal of Applied Philosophy 42 (1):155-174.
    In European countries (excluding the UK and Ireland), official statistics do not use racial or ethnic categories, but instead rely on proxies to collect data about discrimination. In the German microcensus, the proxy category adopted is ‘migration background’ (Migrationshintergrund): an individual has a ‘migration background’ when one or more of their parents does not have German citizenship by birth. We apply a coupled ethical-epistemic analysis to the ‘migration background’ category to illuminate how the epistemic issues contribute to ethical ones. (...)
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  34.  19
    Sophisticated Statistics Cannot Compensate for Method Effects If Quantifiable Structure Is Compromised.Damian P. Birney, Jens F. Beckmann, Nadin Beckmann & Steven E. Stemler - 2022 - Frontiers in Psychology 13.
    Researchers rely on psychometric principles when trying to gain understanding of unobservable psychological phenomena disconfounded from the methods used. Psychometric models provide us with tools to support this endeavour, but they are agnostic to the meaning researchers intend to attribute to the data. We define method effects as resulting from actions which weaken the psychometric structure of measurement, and argue that solution to this confounding will ultimately rest on testing whether data collected fit a psychometric model based on a substantive (...)
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  35. Lies, damned lies, and statistics: An empirical investigation of the concept of lying.Adam J. Arico & Don Fallis - 2013 - Philosophical Psychology 26 (6):790 - 816.
    There are many philosophical questions surrounding the notion of lying. Is it ever morally acceptable to lie? Can we acquire knowledge from people who might be lying to us? More fundamental, however, is the question of what, exactly, constitutes the concept of lying. According to one traditional definition, lying requires intending to deceive (Augustine. (1952). Lying (M. Muldowney, Trans.). In R. Deferrari (Ed.), Treatises on various subjects (pp. 53?120). New York, NY: Catholic University of America). More recently, Thomas Carson (2006. (...)
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  36.  6
    Perspectival realism and frequentist statistics: the case of Jerzy Neyman’s methodology and philosophy.Adam P. Kubiak - 2024 - Synthese 205 (1):1-29.
    In this article I investigate the extent to which perspectival realism (PR) agrees with frequentist statistical methodology and philosophy, with an emphasis on J. Neyman’s frequentist statistical methods and philosophy. PR is clarified in the context of frequentist statistics. Based on the example of the stopping rule problem, PR is shown to be able to naturally be associated with frequentist statistics in general. I show that there are explicit and implicit aspects of Neyman’s methods and philosophy that are (...)
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  37.  57
    Perception of ensemble statistics requires attention.Molly Jackson-Nielsen, Michael A. Cohen & Michael A. Pitts - 2017 - Consciousness and Cognition 48:149-160.
  38.  13
    Mandatory Reporting as the Basis of Epidemiological Statistics: The Impact of the Reporting Practice and Usage of Paper Technologies on the Informative Content of Morbidity Statistics 1886–1921.Henrik Jochum - 2024 - NTM Zeitschrift für Geschichte der Wissenschaften, Technik und Medizin 32 (1):1-33.
    This article examines the impact of the reporting practice andpaper technologieslike forms on reports that were later used for national morbidity statistics by studying the Swiss reporting system for infectious diseases between 1886 and 1921. Analysing the production processes of notifications shows the difficulties and solutions in the implementation of the statutory reporting process. Two disease outbreaks—a smallpox outbreak in Schaffhausen and a typhoid outbreak in the canton of Lucerne—serve as case studies. It is shown that reports are not (...)
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  39.  32
    When learning goes beyond statistics: Infants represent visual sequences in terms of chunks.Lauren K. Slone & Scott P. Johnson - 2018 - Cognition 178 (C):92-102.
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  40. Gender Justice and Statistics.Scott Wisor - 2016 - In Kim Rubenstein & Katharine G. Young, The Public Law of Gender. Cambridge University Press.
    The last two decades have seen a welcome proliferation of the collection and dissemination of data on social progress, as well as considered public debates rethinking existing standards of measuring the progress of societies. These efforts are to be welcomed. However, they are only a nascent step on a longer road to the improved measurement of social progress. In this paper, I focus on the central role that gender should take in future efforts to measure progress in securing human rights, (...)
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  41. La Estadística Neutrosófica es una extensión de la Estadística de Intervalos, mientras que la Estadística Plitogénica es la forma más general de estadística. (Cuarta versión). Neutrosophic Statistics is an extension of Interval Statistics, while Plitogenic Statistics is the most general form of statistics (Fourth version).Florentin Smarandache - 2022 - Neutrosophic Computing and Machine Learning 23 (1):21-38.
    In this paper we show that Neutrosophic Statistics is an extension of Interval Statistics, since it deals with all kinds of indeterminacy (with respect to data, inferential procedures, probability distributions, graphical representations, etc.), allows for indeterminacy reduction, and uses neutrosophic probability which is more general than imprecise and classical probabilities, and has more detailed corresponding probability density functions. Whereas Interval Statistics only deals with indeterminacy that can be represented by intervals. And we respond to the arguments of (...)
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  42.  36
    The summation method in statistics.H. S. Razran & M. E. Wagner - 1931 - Journal of Experimental Psychology 14 (3):270.
  43. Causal inference in statistics. An overview.Judea Pearl - 2009 - Statistics Surveys 3:96-146.
  44.  8
    Data Figleaves: Statistics and their Power to Conceal Racism.Felix Bräuer - 2025 - Open for Debate.
  45.  53
    Using balance statistics to determine the optimal number of controls in matching studies.Ariel Linden & Steven J. Samuels - 2013 - Journal of Evaluation in Clinical Practice 19 (5):968-975.
  46. On the explanation for quantum statistics.Simon Saunders - 2006 - Studies in History and Philosophy of Science Part B: Studies in History and Philosophy of Modern Physics 37 (1):192-211.
    The concept of classical indistinguishability is analyzed and defended against a number of well-known criticisms, with particular attention to the Gibbs’paradox. Granted that it is as much at home in classical as in quantum statistical mechanics, the question arises as to why indistinguishability, in quantum mechanics but not in classical mechanics, forces a change in statistics. The answer, illustrated with simple examples, is that the equilibrium measure on classical phase space is continuous, whilst on Hilbert space it is discrete. (...)
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  47.  24
    The culture of official statistics. Symbolic domination and “bourgeois” assimilation in quantitative measurements of immigrant integration in Germany.Martin Petzke - 2023 - Theory and Society 52 (2):213-242.
    While cultural sociology has recently made a comeback in research on social inequality both in the context of poverty studies and studies of immigrant integration, it has rarely investigated how particular constructions of the problem of socioeconomic mobility are themselves culturally situated. The article addresses this neglect by investigating the problematization of disadvantaged lives within the relational framework of Bourdieu’s cultural theory of the state. Here, the state exercises symbolic violence by transforming one arbitrary cultural standpoint in social space into (...)
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  48. Frequentist probability and frequentist statistics.J. Neyman - 1977 - Synthese 36 (1):97 - 131.
  49.  21
    Temporal and spatial ensemble statistics are formed by distinct mechanisms.Haojiang Ying, Edwin J. Burns J., Amanda M. Choo & Hong Xu - 2020 - Cognition 195 (C):104128.
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  50.  12
    Utility of Alternative Effect Size Statistics and the Development of a Web-Based Calculator: Shiny-AESC.Don C. Zhang - 2018 - Frontiers in Psychology 9:401660.
    Alternative displays of effect size statistics can enhance the understandability and impact of validity evidence in a variety of applied settings. Arguably, the proliferation of alternative effect size statistics has been limited due to the lack of user-friendly tools to create them. Common statistical packages do not readily produce these alternative effect sizes and existing tools are outdated and inaccessible. In this paper, I introduce a free-to-use web-based calculator (https://dczhang.shinyapps.io/expectancyApp/) for generating alternative effect size displays from empirical data. (...)
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