Results for 'innate immune'

973 found
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  1.  19
    Innate immunity and its evasion and suppression by hymenopteran endoparasitoids.Otto Schmidt, Uli Theopold & Mike Strand - 2001 - Bioessays 23 (4):344-351.
    Recent studies suggest that insects use pattern recognition molecules to distinguish prokaryotic pathogens and fungi from “self” structures. Less understood is how the innate immune system of insects recognizes endoparasitic Hymenoptera and other eukaryotic invaders as foreign. Here we discuss candidate recognition factors and the strategies used by parasitoids to overcome host defense responses. We suggest that host–parasitoid systems are important experimental models for studying how the innate immune system of insects recognizes foreign invaders that are (...)
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  2.  11
    ISG15: A link between innate immune signaling, DNA replication, and genome stability.Christopher P. Wardlaw & John H. J. Petrini - 2023 - Bioessays 45 (7):2300042.
    Interferon stimulated gene 15 (ISG15) encodes a ubiquitin‐like protein that is highly induced upon activation of interferon signaling and cytoplasmic DNA sensing pathways. As part of the innate immune system ISG15 acts to inhibit viral replication and particle release via the covalent conjugation to both viral and host proteins. Unlike ubiquitin, unconjugated ISG15 also functions as an intracellular and extra‐cellular signaling molecule to modulate the immune response. Several recent studies have shown ISG15 to also function in a (...)
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  3.  36
    Innate immunity against molecular mimicry: Examining galectin‐mediated antimicrobial activity.Connie M. Arthur, Seema R. Patel, Amanda Mener, Nourine A. Kamili, Ross M. Fasano, Erin Meyer, Annie M. Winkler, Martha Sola-Visner, Cassandra D. Josephson & Sean R. Stowell - 2015 - Bioessays 37 (12):1327-1337.
    Adaptive immunity provides the unique ability to respond to a nearly infinite range of antigenic determinants. Given the inherent plasticity of the adaptive immune system, a series of tolerance mechanisms exist to reduce reactivity toward self. While this reduces the probability of autoimmunity, it also creates an important gap in adaptive immunity: the ability to recognize microbes that look like self. As a variety of microbes decorate themselves in self‐like carbohydrate antigens and tolerance reduces the ability of adaptive immunity (...)
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  4.  38
    NAIPs: Building an innate immune barrier against bacterial pathogens.Eric M. Kofoed & Russell E. Vance - 2012 - Bioessays 34 (7):589-598.
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  5. Corrigendum-Digging for innate immunity since Darwin and Metchnikoff, BioEssays 2002; 24: 319-333.E. L. Cooper, E. Kauschke & A. Cossarizza - 2002 - Bioessays 24 (6):575-575.
     
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  6.  24
    Host innate immunity: More a need to feed the world (comment on DOI: 10.1002/bies.201600101).W. G. Dilantha Fernando - 2016 - Bioessays 38 (11):1063-1064.
  7.  16
    Collectins: sentinels of innate immunity.Garima Gupta & Avadhesha Surolia - 2007 - Bioessays 29 (5):452-464.
    Collectins, present in plasma and on mucosal surfaces, are humoral molecules of the innate immune system. They were discovered a hundred years ago in 1906 as the first association of an animal lectin with the immune system. They are a family of calcium‐dependent lectins that recognize pathogen‐associated molecular patterns. They share a similar modular domain architecture consisting of four regions; a cysteine‐rich N‐terminal domain, a collagen‐like region, an α‐helical neck domain and a C‐terminal carbohydrate recognition domain. There (...)
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  8.  5
    Beyond RNAi: How the Dicer protein modulates the antiviral innate immune response in mammalian cells.Léa Gaucherand, Morgane Baldaccini & Sébastien Pfeffer - 2024 - Bioessays 46 (11):2400173.
    While Dicer plays an important antiviral role through the RNAi pathway in plants and invertebrates, its contribution to antiviral immunity in vertebrates and more specifically mammals is more controversial. The apparent limited RNAi activity in mammalian cells has been attributed to the reduced long dsRNA processive activity of mammalian Dicer, as well as a functional incompatibility between the RNAi and IFN pathways. Why Dicer has lost this antiviral activity in the profit of the IFN pathway is still unclear. We propose (...)
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  9.  80
    Digging for innate immunity since Darwin and Metchnikoff.Edwin L. Cooper, Ellen Kauschke & Andrea Cossarizza - 2002 - Bioessays 24 (4):319-333.
  10.  36
    Keeping your armour intact: How HIV‐1 evades detection by the innate immune system.Jonathan Maelfait, Elena Seiradake & Jan Rehwinkel - 2014 - Bioessays 36 (7):649-657.
    HIV‐1 infects dendritic cells (DCs) without triggering an effective innate antiviral immune response. As a consequence, the induction of adaptive immune responses controlling virus spread is limited. In a recent issue of Immunity, Lahaye and colleagues show that intricate interactions of HIV capsid with the cellular cofactor cyclophilin A (CypA) control infection and innate immune activation in DCs. Manipulation of HIV‐1 capsid to increase its affinity for CypA results in reduced virus infectivity and facilitates access (...)
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  11.  35
    TRAF6, a molecular bridge spanning adaptive immunity, innate immunity and osteoimmunology.Hao Wu & Joseph R. Arron - 2003 - Bioessays 25 (11):1096-1105.
    Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) receptor associated factor 6 (TRAF6) is a crucial signaling molecule regulating a diverse array of physiological processes, including adaptive immunity, innate immunity, bone metabolism and the development of several tissues including lymph nodes, mammary glands, skin and the central nervous system. It is a member of a group of six closely related TRAF proteins, which serve as adapter molecules, coupling the TNF receptor (TNFR) superfamily to intracellular signaling events. Among the TRAF proteins, TRAF6 is unique (...)
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  12. Evolution of the mammary gland from the innate immune system?Claudia Vorbach, Mario R. Capecchi & Josef M. Penninger - 2006 - Bioessays 28 (6):606-616.
    The mammary gland is a skin gland unique to the class Mammalia. Despite a growing molecular and histological understanding of the development and physiology of the mammary gland, its functional and morphological origins have remained speculative. Numerous theories on the origin of the mammary gland and lactation exist. The purpose of the mammary gland is to provide the newborn with copious amounts of milk, a unique body fluid that has a dual role of nutrition and immunological protection. Interestingly, antimicrobial enzymes, (...)
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  13.  19
    Collectins: Collectors of microorganisms for the innate immune system.Jinhua Lu - 1997 - Bioessays 19 (6):509-518.
    Collections are a group of multimeric proteins mostly consisting of 9–18 polypeptides organised into either ‘bundle‐of‐tulips’ or ‘X‐like’ overall structures. Each polypeptide contains a short N‐terminal segment followed by a collagen‐like sequence and then by a C‐terminal lectin domain. A collectin molecule is assembled from identical or very similar polypeptides by disulphide bonds at the N‐terminal segment, formation of triple helices in the collagen‐like region and clusters of three lectin domains at the peripheral ends of triple helices. These proteins can (...)
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  14. Gut feelings of safety: Tolerance to the microbiota mediated by innate immune receptors.Bartlomiej Swiatczak & Irun R. Cohen - 2015 - Microbiology and Immunology 59 (10):573-585.
    To enable microbial colonisation of the gut mucosa, the intestinal immune system must not only react to danger signals but also recognize cues that indicate safety. Safety recognition, paradoxically, is mediated by the same environmental sensors that are involved in signalling danger. Indeed, in addition to their well established role in inducing inflammation in response to stress signals, pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) and a variety of metabolic sensors also promote gut-microbiota symbiosis by responding to "microbial symbiosis factors", "resolution-associated molecular (...)
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  15.  27
    Evidence of Aberrant Immune Response by Endogenous Double‐Stranded RNAs: Attack from Within.Sujin Kim, Yongsuk Ku, Jayoung Ku & Yoosik Kim - 2019 - Bioessays 41 (7):1900023.
    Many innate immune response proteins recognize foreign nucleic acids from invading pathogens to initiate antiviral signaling. These proteins mostly rely on structural characteristics of the nucleic acids rather than their specific sequences to distinguish self and nonself. One feature utilized by RNA sensors is the extended stretch of double‐stranded RNA (dsRNA) base pairs. However, the criteria for recognizing nonself dsRNAs are rather lenient, and hairpin structure of self‐RNAs can also trigger an immune response. Consequently, aberrant activation of (...)
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  16.  44
    Do all creatures possess an acquired immune system of some sort?Jacob Rimer, Irun R. Cohen & Nir Friedman - 2014 - Bioessays 36 (3):273-281.
    Recent findings have provided evidence for the existence of non‐vertebrate acquired immunity. We survey these findings and propose that all living organisms must express both innate and acquired immunity. This is opposed to the paradigm that only vertebrates manifest the two forms of immune mechanism; other species are thought to use innate immunity alone. We suggest new definitions of innate and acquired immunity, based on whether immune recognition molecules are encoded in the inherited genome or (...)
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  17.  26
    Why does the immune system of Atlantic cod lack MHC II?Bastiaan Star & Sissel Jentoft - 2012 - Bioessays 34 (8):648-651.
    Graphical AbstractMHC II, a major feature of the adaptive immune system, is lacking in Atlantic cod, and there are different scenarios (metabolic cost hypothesis or functional shift hypothesis) that might explain this loss. The lack of MHC II coincides with an increased number of genes for MHC I and Toll-like receptors (TLRs).
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  18.  25
    Synthesis of immune modulators by smooth muscles.Cherie A. Singer, Sonemany Salinthone, Kimberly J. Baker & William T. Gerthoffer - 2004 - Bioessays 26 (6):646-655.
    The primary function of smooth muscle cells is to contract and alter the stiffness or diameter of hollow organs such as blood vessels, the airways and the gastrointestinal and urogenital tracts. In addition to purely structural functions, smooth muscle cells may play important metabolic roles, particularly in various inflammatory responses. In cell culture, these cells have been shown to be metabolically dynamic, synthesizing and secreting extracellular matrix proteins, glycosaminoglycans and a wide variety of cell–cell signaling proteins, such as interleukins, chemokines (...)
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  19.  27
    Can BCG vaccine protect against COVID‐19 via trained immunity and tolerogenesis?Preetam Basak, Naresh Sachdeva & Devi Dayal - 2021 - Bioessays 43 (3):2000200.
    As the number of infections and mortalities from the SARS‐CoV‐2 pandemic continues to rise, the development of an effective therapy against COVID‐19 becomes ever more urgent. A few reports showing a positive correlation between BCG vaccination and reduced COVID‐19 mortality have ushered in some hope. BCG has been suggested to confer a broad level of nonspecific protection against several pathogens, mainly via eliciting “trained immunity” in innate immune cells. Secondly, BCG has also been proven to provide benefits in (...)
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  20.  22
    Surveillance of Retroelement Expression and Nucleic‐Acid Immunity by Histone Methyltransferase SETDB1.Yong-Kook Kang - 2018 - Bioessays 40 (9):1800058.
    In human cancers, histone methyltransferase SETDB1 (SET domain, bifurcated 1) is frequently overexpressed but its significance in carcinogenesis remains elusive. A recent study shows that SETDB1 downregulation induces de‐repression of retroelements and innate immunity in cancer cells. The possibility of SETDB1 functioning as a surveillant of retroelement expression is discussed in this study: the cytoplasmic presence of retroelement‐derived nucleic acids (RdNAs) drives SETDB1 into the nucleus by the RNA‐interference route, rendering the corresponding retroelement transcriptionally inert. These RdNAs could, therefore, (...)
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  21.  26
    Adaptive Immune Regulation of Mammary Postnatal Organogenesis.V. Plaks, B. Boldajipour, Linnemann Jr, N. H. Nguyen, K. Kersten, Y. Wolf, A. J. Casbon, N. Kong, R. J. E. Van den Bijgaart, D. Sheppard, A. C. Melton, M. F. Krummel & Z. Werb - unknown
    © 2015 Elsevier Inc.Postnatal organogenesis occurs in an immune competent environment and is tightly controlled by interplay between positive and negative regulators. Innate immune cells have beneficial roles in postnatal tissue remodeling, but roles for the adaptive immune system are currently unexplored. Here we show that adaptive immune responses participate in the normal postnatal development of a non-lymphoid epithelial tissue. Since the mammary gland is the only organ developing predominantly after birth, we utilized it as (...)
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  22.  44
    Adaptive immunity in invertebrates: A straw house without a mechanistic foundation.Chris Hauton & Valerie J. Smith - 2007 - Bioessays 29 (11):1138-1146.
    Recently claims have been made for radical new insights in the field of invertebrate immunology that involve memory, specificity and/or maternal transfer of immunocompetence. For evidence these claims rely on phenomena, such as survival or reproductive capacity, observed at the level of the whole organism. The allure of these apparently revelatory hypotheses is that they are contrary to established views of innate immunity. They draw implicit analogy to adaptive responses in jawed vertebrates and the terminology used creates an incomplete (...)
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  23.  10
    Linking secretion and cytoskeleton in immunity– a case for Arabidopsis TGNap1.Deepak D. Bhandari & Federica Brandizzi - 2024 - Bioessays 46 (11):2400150.
    In plants, robust defense depends on the efficient and resilient trafficking supply chains to the site of pathogen attack. Though the importance of intracellular trafficking in plant immunity has been well established, a lack of clarity remains regarding the contribution of the various trafficking pathways in transporting immune‐related proteins. We have recently identified a trans‐Golgi network protein, TGN‐ASSOCIATED PROTEIN 1 (TGNap1), which functionally links post‐Golgi vesicles with the cytoskeleton to transport immunity‐related proteins in the model plant species Arabidopsis thaliana. (...)
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  24.  25
    Coupling immunity and programmed cell suicide in prokaryotes: Life-or-death choices.Eugene V. Koonin & Feng Zhang - 2017 - Bioessays 39 (1):e201600186.
    Host‐pathogen arms race is a universal, central aspect of the evolution of life. Most organisms evolved several distinct yet interacting strategies of anti‐pathogen defense including resistance to parasite invasion, innate and adaptive immunity, and programmed cell death (PCD). The PCD is the means of last resort, a suicidal response to infection that is activated when resistance and immunity fail. An infected cell faces a decision between active defense and altruistic suicide or dormancy induction, depending on whether immunity is “deemed” (...)
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  25.  13
    A Pseudomonas aeruginosa‐secreted protease modulates host intrinsic immune responses, but how?Zhenyu Cheng - 2016 - Bioessays 38 (11):1084-1092.
    Recently, we found that the Pseudomonas aeruginosa type II secreted protease IV functions as a unique Arabidopsis innate immunity elicitor. The protease IV‐activated pathway involves G protein signaling and raises the question of how protease elicitation leads to the activation of G protein‐mediated signaling, because plants do not appear to have metazoan‐like G protein‐coupled receptors. Importantly, our data suggest that Arabidopsis has evolved a mechanism to detect the proteolytic activity of a pathogen‐encoded protease, supporting the host‐pathogen arms race model. (...)
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  26.  19
    Ascorbic acid modulates immune responses through Jumonji‐C domain containing histone demethylases and Ten eleven translocation (TET) methylcytosine dioxygenase.Jeet Maity, Satyabrata Majumder, Ranjana Pal, Bhaskar Saha & Prabir Kumar Mukhopadhyay - 2023 - Bioessays 45 (11):2300035.
    Ascorbic acid is a redox regulator in many physiological processes. Besides its antioxidant activity, many intriguing functions of ascorbic acid in the expression of immunoregulatory genes have been suggested. Ascorbic acid acts as a co‐factor for the Fe+2‐containing α‐ketoglutarate‐dependent Jumonji‐C domain‐containing histone demethylases (JHDM) and Ten eleven translocation (TET) methylcytosine dioxygenasemediated epigenetic modulation. By influencing JHDM and TET, ascorbic acid facilitates the differentiation of double negative (CD4−CD8−) T cells to double positive (CD4+CD8+) T cells and of T‐helper cells to different (...)
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  27.  67
    The Speed of Change: Towards a Discontinuity Theory of Immunity?Thomas Pradeu, Sébastien Jaeger & Eric Vivier - 2013 - Nature Reviews Immunology 13 (10):764–769.
    Immunology — though deeply experimental in everyday practice — is also a theoretical discipline. Recent advances in the understanding of innate immunity, how it is triggered and how it shares features that have previously been uniquely ascribed to the adaptive immune system, can contribute to the refinement of the theoretical framework of immunology. In particular, natural killer cells and macrophages are activated by transient modifications, but adapt to long-lasting modifications that occur in the surrounding tissue environment. This process (...)
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  28.  17
    Cytoskeletal Exposure in the Regulation of Immunity and Initiation of Tissue Repair.Oliver Gordon & Caetano Reis E. Sousa - 2019 - Bioessays 41 (7):1900021.
    This article reviews and discusses emerging evidence suggesting an evolutionarily‐conserved connection between injury‐associated exposure of cytoskeletal proteins and the induction of tolerance to infection, repair of tissue damage and restoration of homeostasis. While differences exist between vertebrates and invertebrates with respect to the receptor(s), cell types, and effector mechanisms involved, the response to exposed cytoskeletal proteins appears to be protective and to rely on a conserved signaling cassette involving Src family kinases, the nonreceptor tyrosine kinase Syk, and tyrosine phosphatases. A (...)
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  29.  31
    SIRT1 longevity factor suppresses NF‐κB ‐driven immune responses: regulation of aging via NF‐κB acetylation?Antero Salminen, Anu Kauppinen, Tiina Suuronen & Kai Kaarniranta - 2008 - Bioessays 30 (10):939-942.
    The aging process involves changes in immune regulation, i.e. adaptive immunity declines whereas innate immunity becomes activated. NF‐κB signaling is the master regulator of the both immune systems. Two recent articles highlight the role of the NF‐κB system in aging and immune responses. Adler et al1 showed that the NF‐κB binding domain is the genetic regulatory motif which is most strongly associated with the aging process. Kwon et al2 studying HIV‐1 infection and subsequent immune deficiency (...)
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  30.  24
    Fungal incompatibility: Evolutionary origin in pathogen defense?Mathieu Paoletti & Sven J. Saupe - 2009 - Bioessays 31 (11):1201-1210.
    In fungi, cell fusion between genetically unlike individuals triggers a cell death reaction known as the incompatibility reaction. In Podospora anserina, the genes controlling this process belong to a gene family encoding STAND proteins with an N‐terminal cell death effector domain, a central NACHT domain and a C‐terminal WD‐repeat domain. These incompatibility genes are extremely polymorphic, subject to positive Darwinian selection and display a remarkable genetic plasticity allowing for constant diversification of the WD‐repeat domain responsible for recognition of non‐self. Remarkably, (...)
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  31.  9
    Targeting protein condensation in cGAS‐STING signaling pathway.Yajie Li, Dongbo Zhao, Dahua Chen & Qinmiao Sun - 2024 - Bioessays 46 (9):2400091.
    The cGAS‐STING signaling pathway plays a pivotal role in sensing cytosolic DNA and initiating innate immune responses against various threats, with disruptions in this pathway being associated with numerous immune‐related disorders. Therefore, precise regulation of the cGAS‐STING signaling is crucial to ensure appropriate immune responses. Recent research, including ours, underscores the importance of protein condensation in driving the activation and maintenance of innate immune signaling within the cGAS‐STING pathway. Consequently, targeting condensation processes in this (...)
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  32.  29
    Toward general prophylactic cancer vaccination.Uwe Hobohm - 2009 - Bioessays 31 (10):1071-1079.
    It is well established that chronic infections can lead to cancer. Almost unknown is that, in contrast, acute brief viral and bacterial infections may have beneficial effects in cases of established neoplastic disease, while exposure to pathogenic products by infection, vaccination, and inhalation can cause prophylactic effects. In the following I will align evidence from case studies of spontaneous regression and from epidemiological studies with recent immunology to conclude that pathogenic substances belonging to the group of “pathogen‐associated molecular patterns” can (...)
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  33.  35
    SAPs as novel regulators of abiotic stress response in plants.Jitender Giri, Prasant K. Dansana, Kamakshi S. Kothari, Gunjan Sharma, Shubha Vij & Akhilesh K. Tyagi - 2013 - Bioessays 35 (7):639-648.
    Stress associated proteins (SAPs), novel A20/AN1 zinc‐finger domain‐containing proteins, are fast emerging as potential candidates for biotechnological approaches in order to improve abiotic stress tolerance in plants – the ultimate aim of which is crop‐yield protection. Until relatively recently, such proteins had only been identified in humans, where they had been shown to be key regulators of innate immunity. Their phylogenetic relationship and recruitment of diverse protein domains reflect an architectural and mechanistic diversity. Emerging evidence suggests that SAPs may (...)
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  34.  26
    Explaining Pathogenicity of Congenital Zika and Guillain–Barré Syndromes: Does Dysregulation of RNA Editing Play a Role?Helen Piontkivska, Noel-Marie Plonski, Michael M. Miyamoto & Marta L. Wayne - 2019 - Bioessays 41 (6):1800239.
    Previous studies of Zika virus (ZIKV) pathogenesis have focused primarily on virus‐driven pathology and neurotoxicity, as well as host‐related changes in cell proliferation, autophagy, immunity, and uterine function. It is now hypothesized that ZIKV pathogenesis arises instead as an (unintended) consequence of host innate immunity, specifically, as the side effect of an otherwise well‐functioning machine. The hypothesis presented here suggests a new way of thinking about the role of host immune mechanisms in disease pathogenesis, focusing on dysregulation of (...)
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  35.  23
    BioEssays 6∕2019.Helen Piontkivska, Noel-Marie Plonski, Michael M. Miyamoto & Marta L. Wayne - 2019 - Bioessays 41 (6):1970061.
    Graphical AbstractAdenosine Deaminases Acting on RNA (ADARs) enzymes are prominent regulators of neural transcriptome diversity and play a role in the innate immune response. In article number 1800239, Piontkivska et al. outline how neurodevelopmental and neurodegenerative pathogenesis of Zika virus (ZIKV), including congenital Zika and Guillain-Barré syndromes, can be attributed to ADAR editing dysregulation triggered by ZIKV, Explaining Pathogenicity of Congenital Zika and Guillain-Barré Syndromes: Does Dysregulation of RNA Editing Play a Role? DOI: 10.1002/bies.201800239.
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  36.  40
    Sex influences immune responses to viruses, and efficacy of prophylaxis and treatments for viral diseases.Sabra L. Klein - 2012 - Bioessays 34 (12):1050-1059.
    The intensity and prevalence of viral infections are typically higher in males, whereas disease outcome can be worse for females. Females mount higher innate and adaptive immune responses than males, which can result in faster clearance of viruses, but also contributes to increased development of immunopathology. In response to viral vaccines, females mount higher antibody responses and experience more adverse reactions than males. The efficacy of antiviral drugs at reducing viral load differs between the sexes, and the adverse (...)
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  37.  58
    Stem cells and aging from a quasi‐immortal point of view.Anna‐Marei Boehm, Philip Rosenstiel & Thomas Cg Bosch - 2013 - Bioessays 35 (11):994-1003.
    Understanding aging and how it affects an organism's lifespan is a fundamental problem in biology. A hallmark of aging is stem cell senescence, the decline of functionality, and number of somatic stem cells, resulting in an impaired regenerative capacity and reduced tissue function. In addition, aging is characterized by profound remodeling of the immune system and a quantitative decline of adequate immune responses, a phenomenon referred to as immune‐senescence. Yet, what is causing stem cell and immune‐senescence? (...)
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  38.  15
    Investigating Macrophages Plasticity Following Tumour–Immune Interactions During Oncolytic Therapies.R. Eftimie & G. Eftimie - 2019 - Acta Biotheoretica 67 (4):321-359.
    Over the last few years, oncolytic virus therapy has been recognised as a promising approach in cancer treatment, due to the potential of these viruses to induce systemic anti-tumour immunity and selectively killing tumour cells. However, the effectiveness of these viruses depends significantly on their interactions with the host immune responses, both innate and adaptive. In this article, we consider a mathematical approach to investigate the possible outcomes of the complex interactions between two extreme types of macrophages, effector (...)
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  39.  27
    The curious case of TMEM120A: Mechanosensor, fat regulator, or antiviral defender?Nianchao Qian, Shuo Li & Xu Tan - 2022 - Bioessays 44 (6):2200045.
    Mechanical pain sensing, adipogenesis, and STING‐dependent innate immunity seem three distinct biological processes without substantial relationships. Intriguingly, TMEM120A, a transmembrane protein, has been shown to detect mechanical pain stimuli as a mechanosensitive channel, contribute to adipocyte differentiation/function by regulating genome organization and promote STING trafficking to active cellular innate immune response. However, the role of TMEM120A as a mechanosensitive channel was challenged by recent studies which cannot reproduce data supporting its role in mechanosensing. Furthermore, the molecular mechanism (...)
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  40.  37
    Pre‐birth world and the development of the immune system: Mum's diet affects our adult health.Manuela Ferreira & Henrique Veiga-Fernandes - 2014 - Bioessays 36 (12):1213-1220.
    Secondary lymphoid organs form in utero through an inherited and well‐established developmental program. However, maternal non‐heritable features can have a major impact on the gene expression of the embryo, hence influencing the future health of the offspring. Recently, maternal retinoids were shown to regulate the formation of immune structures, shedding light on the role of maternal nutrition in the genetic signature of emergent immune cells. Here we highlight evidence showing how the maternal diet influences the establishment of the (...)
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  41. Toll-like receptor signaling in vertebrates: Testing the integration of protein, complex, and pathway data in the Protein Ontology framework.Cecilia Arighi, Veronica Shamovsky, Anna Maria Masci, Alan Ruttenberg, Barry Smith, Darren Natale, Cathy Wu & Peter D’Eustachio - 2015 - PLoS ONE 10 (4):e0122978.
    The Protein Ontology provides terms for and supports annotation of species-specific protein complexes in an ontology framework that relates them both to their components and to species-independent families of complexes. Comprehensive curation of experimentally known forms and annotations thereof is expected to expose discrepancies, differences, and gaps in our knowledge. We have annotated the early events of innate immune signaling mediated by Toll-Like Receptor 3 and 4 complexes in human, mouse, and chicken. The resulting ontology and annotation data (...)
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  42.  24
    Infection History Determines Susceptibility to Unrelated Diseases.Nikolas Rakebrandt & Nicole Joller - 2019 - Bioessays 41 (6):1800191.
    Epidemiological data suggest that previous infections can alter an individual's susceptibility to unrelated diseases. Nevertheless, the underlying mechanisms are not completely understood. Substantial research efforts have expanded the classical concept of immune memory to also include long‐lasting changes in innate immunity and antigen‐independent reactivation of adaptive immunity. Collectively, these processes provide possible explanations on how acute infections might induce long‐term changes that also affect immunity to unrelated diseases. Here, we review lasting changes the immune compartment undergoes upon (...)
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  43.  7
    Nucleosomes and flipons exchange energy to alter chromatin conformation, the readout of genomic information, and cell fate.Alan Herbert - 2022 - Bioessays 44 (12):2200166.
    Alternative non‐B‐DNA conformations formed under physiological conditions by sequences called flipons include left‐handed Z‐DNA, three‐stranded triplexes, and four‐stranded i‐motifs and quadruplexes. These conformations accumulate and release energy to enable the local assembly of cellular machines in a context specific manner. In these transactions, nucleosomes store power, serving like rechargeable batteries, while flipons smooth energy flows from source to sink by acting as capacitors or resistors. Here, I review the known biological roles for flipons. I present recent and unequivocal findings showing (...)
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  44.  20
    Storage of Carotenoids in Crustaceans as an Adaptation to Modulate Immunopathology and Optimize Immunological and Life‐History Strategies.Aurélie Babin, Jérôme Moreau & Yannick Moret - 2019 - Bioessays 41 (11):1800254.
    Why do some invertebrates store so much carotenoids in their tissues? Storage of carotenoids may not simply be passive and dependent on their environmental availability, as storage variation exists at various taxonomic scales, including among individuals within species. While the strong antioxidant and sometimes immune-stimulating properties of carotenoids may be beneficial enough to cause the evolution of features improving their assimilation and storage, they may also have fitness downsides explaining why massive carotenoid storage is not universal. Here, the functional (...)
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  45.  29
    Improved vaccines through targeted manipulation of the body's immunological risk‐assessment?Leif E. Sander - 2012 - Bioessays 34 (10):876-884.
    Recent advances have highlighted the outstanding role of the innate immune system for instructing adaptive immunity. Translating this knowledge into successful immunotherapies like vaccines, however, has proven to be a difficult task. This essay is based on the hypothesis that immune responses are tightly scaled to the infectious threat posed by a given microbial stimulus. A meticulous immunological risk‐assessment process is therefore instrumental for eliciting well‐balanced responses and maintaining immune homeostasis. The immune system makes fine (...)
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  46.  21
    The blood coagulation system as a molecular machine.Henri M. H. Spronk, José W. P. Govers-Riemslag & Hugo ten Cate - 2003 - Bioessays 25 (12):1220-1228.
    The human blood coagulation system comprises a series of linked glycoproteins that upon activation induce the generation of downstream enzymes ultimately forming fibrin. This process is primarily important to arrest bleeding (hemostasis). Hemostasis is a typical example of a molecular machine, where the assembly of substrates, enzymes, protein cofactors and calcium ions on a phospholipid surface markedly accelerates the rate of coagulation. Excess, pathological, coagulation activity occurs in “thrombosis”, the formation of an intravascular clot, which in the most dramatic form (...)
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  47.  33
    The secreted kinase ROP18 defends Toxoplasma's border.Sarah J. Fentress & L. David Sibley - 2011 - Bioessays 33 (9):693-700.
    Toxoplasma gondii is a highly successful parasite capable of infecting virtually all warm-blooded animals by actively invading nucleated host cells and forming a modified compartment where it replicates within the cytosol. The parasite-containing vacuole provides a safe haven, even in professional phagocytes such as macrophages, which normally destroy foreign microbes. In an effort to eliminate the parasite, the host up-regulates a family of immunity-related p47 GTPases (IRGs), which are recruited to the parasite-containing vacuole, resulting in membrane rupture and digestion of (...)
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  48. Stocking the Genetic Supermarket: Reproductive Genetic Technologies and Collective Action Problems.Chris Gyngell & Thomas Douglas - 2014 - Bioethics 29 (4):241-250.
    Reproductive genetic technologies allow parents to decide whether their future children will have or lack certain genetic predispositions. A popular model that has been proposed for regulating access to RGTs is the ‘genetic supermarket’. In the genetic supermarket, parents are free to make decisions about which genes to select for their children with little state interference. One possible consequence of the genetic supermarket is that collective action problems will arise: if rational individuals use the genetic supermarket in isolation from one (...)
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    P53 and the defenses against genome instability caused by transposons and repetitive elements.Arnold J. Levine, David T. Ting & Benjamin D. Greenbaum - 2016 - Bioessays 38 (6):508-513.
    The recent publication by Wylie et al. is reviewed, demonstrating that the p53 protein regulates the movement of transposons. While this work presents genetic evidence for a piRNA‐mediated p53 interaction with transposons in Drosophila and zebrafish, it is herein placed in the context of a decade or so of additional work that demonstrated a role for p53 in regulating transposons and other repetitive elements. The line of thought in those studies began with the observation that transposons damage DNA and p53 (...)
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  50. The Secrets of Life - The Vital Roles of RNA Networks and Viruses.Luis Villarreal & Guenther Witzany - 2020 - In Nancy Kimberly Dess, A Multidisciplinary Aproach to Embodiment - Understanding Human Being. New York: Routledge. pp. 20-26.
    Viruses and related infectious genetic parasites are the most abundant biological agents on this planet. They invade all cellular organisms, are key agents in the generation of adaptive and innate immune systems, and drive nearly all regulatory processes within living cells.
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