This article explores and attempts to resolve some issues that arise when at stake is the incommensurability between the concepts of reality developed by philosophical hermeneutics, on the one hand, and realist branches of analytical philosophy, on the other. The view of hermeneutic realism is suggested not as a remedy against this incommensurability, but as a vehicle for revising those aspects of both hermeneutics and ontological realism which impede the dialogue between them. It is a view that opposes epistemological foundationalism, (...) Cartesian dualism, essentialism about theoretical objects, and cognitive relativism. The role of reading/textualizing in science’s spaces of representation is specified. (shrink)

This book argues that ethical business behavior can be enhanced by taking fuller account of human nature, particularly with respect to the need for creating relatively small communities within the corporation. Timothy Fort discusses this premise in relation to the three predominant theories of business ethics--stakeholder, virtue, and contract. Drawing heavily from philosophy, he analyzes traditional business ethics and legal theory. Overall, his work provides a good example of how to integrate normative and empirical studies in business ethics, a task (...) that often receives substantial discussion in academic journals. (shrink)

This paper argues that business can be helpfully conceived of as a mediating institution. Drawing upon neo-conservative theology, the author argues that mediating institutions serve a vital function in a free society to provide social justice out of an expanded civil society and provide a framework for a flourishing free market. Such institutions also nourish the attitudinal orientation of solidarity in applying the principle of subsidiarity by which self-interest becomes fulfilled through concern for others.The author further argues that businesses also (...) be conceived of as mediating institutions and thereby be held to criteria of meeting associationalneeds. In addition to normative reasons for revising the social contract so that businesses do serve the role of mediating institutions, contemporary management theories demonstrate that businesses can also meet their social obligations of creating wealth while meeting associational needs. (shrink)

This research investigates the degree to which there are differences in the moral reasoning ability of business top, middle, and first-line managers in selected industries. This study considered the influence of three independent variables: reported organizational ethical climate, locus of control, and selected demographic and institutional variables on managers reasoning ability. This researcher relies on Kohlberg's theory of moral development, Victor and Cullen's ethical work climate theory, and Rotter's theory of internal-external locus of control. A short form of Rest's DIT (...) instrument measured the moral reasoning abilities of the participants. Selected demographic and institutional variables were also measured. A survey questionnaire was sent to 400 managerial and executive level employees at a random sample of Fortune 500 firms throughout the United States: Dun & Bradstreet provided the researcher with a proportional stratified random sample of these 400 managerial and executive level employees at a variety of organizations. Interestingly, women exhibited insignificant higher mean I-E scores and higher mean "P" score than men. Statistically significant relationship between age and perceived organizational ethical climate types and between management levels and organizational ethical climate were also found. (shrink)

Rotter’s theory of internal-external locus of control evolved from Carl Jung’s work. In Psychological Types (1923), Jung defined two opposing tendencies in personality introversion and extroversion. While both tendencies are present in all individuals, one tends to dominate the other. The internal–external control construct was conceived as a generalized expectancy to perceive reinforcement either as contingent upon one’s own behaviors (internal control) or as the result of forces beyond one’s control, such as chance, fate, or powerful others (external control) (Lefcourt, (...) 1981, p. 15). Locus of control refers to those causes to which individuals attribute their successes and failures. Individuals are responsive to some external motivators (e.g. better jobs, promotions, higher salaries), but the more powerful are internal pressures (the desire for increased job satisfaction, self-esteem, and quality of life). Research indicates that an individual’s internal–external locus of control impacts their ethical behavior in an organization. Rotter’s I–E Scale (1966, Psychological Monographics 80(1), 1–28), a 29 item forced choice instrument, is the most widely used instrument to measure the degree of internality versus externality. Each respondent’s score for this scale had a potential range from 0 to 23. As there are six filler items used to mask the intent of the questionnaire a score of 23 being extremely external in nature and a score of zero being extremely internal in nature. The I Scale (Internal Scale) measures the extent to which people believe that they have control over their own lives; the E Scale (External Scale) measures the extent to which people believe that they do not have control over their own lives. This study utilized the I–E Scale. Jones (Unpublished Doctoral Dissertation) and Deflumeri (Unpublished Doctoral Dissertation) investigated the likelihood of an individual to engage in unethical behavior in an organization. This research suggests that when employees perceive that locus of control resides internally they themselves decide what is appropriate behavior, but with an external locus of control, employees will look at others to decide appropriate behavior. The researcher in this study investigated the relationship between managers’ locus of control and their moral reasoning. (shrink)

This paper is a response to a recent colloquy among Professors David Messick, Donna Wold, and Edwin Harman. I defend Messick’s naturalist methodology, which suggests that people inherently categorize others and act altruistically toward certain people in a given person’s in-group. This paper suggests that an anthropological reason for this grouping tendency is a limited human neural ability to process large numbers of relationships. But because human beings also have the ability to modify, to some extent, their nature, corporate law (...) can organize small mediating institutions within large corporations in order to take ethical advantage of this groupingtendency. Within a corporate law taking seriously a mediating institution’s formulation of business communities, a virtue ethicsapproach can be integrated with a naturalist approach in a way that fosters ethical business behavior while mitigating the dangers of ingrouping tendencies. (shrink)

El presente libro es un estudio de la teoría kantiana del conocimiento centrado muy especialmente en el papel de la reflexión en la producción de conocimiento. A lo largo de este trabajo se ha pretendido poner en el centro de la teoría kantiana de la experiencia al concepto de reflexión, que ha sido a menudo dejado al margen de los procesos estrictamente cognitivos. De este modo, se ofrece una lectura comprensiva de Kant de acuerdo con la cual se pueden ver (...) los procesos de mediación categorial dentro del marco reflexivo que los hace fértiles. Por ello mismo, y desde estos presupuestos, se estudia en este trabajo con especial énfasis el concepto kantiano de hipótesis y trata de mostrar como en dicho proceso las estructuras categoriales, junto con elementos de jurisprudencia empírica, hacen posible el genuino conocimiento. Este estudio pretende, en definitiva, defender una lectura abarcadora de los textos que constituyen la teoría del conocimiento de Kant, en la que los modos de producir conocimiento se constituyen como modos de producir unidades de conciencia. *** Das vorliegende Buch ist eine Untersuchung der kantischen Erkenntnistheorie, die sich insbesondere auf die Rolle der Reflexion im Prozess des Erkennens konzentriert. Im Verlauf des Texts stellt der Autor die 'Reflexion', die beim Thema der streng kognitiven Prozesse oft unbeachtet bleibt, in den Mittelpunkt der kantischen Erfahrungstheorie. Auf diese Weise wird eine umfassende Lesart Kants angestrebt, bei der die Prozesse der kategorialen Vermittlung in dem reflexiven Rahmen gesehen werden können, der sie fruchtbar macht. Aus diesem Grund, und ausgehend von diesen Prämissen, widmet sich diese Arbeit mit besonderem Nachdruck dem kantischen Begriff der Hypothesen und versucht zu zeigen, wie in diesem Prozess die kategorialen Strukturen, zusammen mit Elementen der empirischen Jurisprudenz, echtes Erkennen ermöglichen. Auf den Punkt gebracht vertritt diese Studie eine allumfassende Lesart der Texte Kants, in der die Wege der Erkenntnisproduktion als Handlungen der Produktion von Bewusstseinseinheiten verstanden werden. (shrink)

Background One of the biggest challenges of practicing medicine in the age of informational technology is how to conciliate the overwhelming amount of medical-scientific information with the multiple patients’ values of modern pluralistic societies. To organize and optimize the the Decision-Making Process of seriously ill patient care, we present a framework to be used by Healthcare Providers. The objective is to align Bioethics, Evidence-based Practice and Person-centered Care. Main body The framework divides the DMP into four steps, each with a (...) different but complementary focus, goal and ethical principle. Step 1 focuses exclusively on the disease, having accuracy is its ethical principle. It aims at an accurate and probabilistic estimation of prognosis, absolute risk reduction, relative risk reduction and treatments’ burdens. Step 2 focuses on the person, using empathic communication to learn about patient values and what suffering means for the patient. Emphasis is given to learning and active listening, not taking action. Thus, instead beneficence, we trust comprehension and understanding with the suffering of others and respect for others as autonomous moral agents as the ethical principles of Step 2. Step 3 focuses on the healthcare team, having the ethics of situational awareness guiding this step. The goal is, through effective teamwork, to contextualize and link rates and probabilities related to the disease to the learned patient’s values, presenting a summary of which treatments the team considers as acceptable, recommended, potentially inappropriate and futile. Finally, Step 4 focuses on provider-patient relationship, seeking shared Goals of Care, for the best and worst scenario. Through an ethics of deliberation, it aims for a consensus that could ensure that the patient’s values will be respected as well as a scientifically acceptable medical practice will be provided. In summary: accuracy, comprehension, understanding, situational awareness and deliberation would be the ethical principles guiding each step. Conclusion Hopefully, by highlighting and naming the different perspectives of knowledge needed in clinical practice, this framework will be valuable as a practical and educational tool, guiding modern medical professionals through the many challenges of providing high quality person-centered care that is both ethical and evidence based. (shrink)

Objectives: This study attempts to analyse the ethical dilemmas arising from the microallocation of scarce health care resources, in terms of deontology and utilitarianism.Methods: A group of 395 people were interviewed in the region of Diadema, greater San Paulo, Brazil, while visiting patients in the only state hospital in town. Each interviewee was given a list of eight simulated emergencies . In each of the eight cases the interviewee had to choose which of the two patients described, both of whom (...) suffered from exactly the same problem, should receive the only hospital bed currently available. The differences between the hypothetical patients were as follows: age, gender, family dependency, and lifestyle. Each interviewee was asked to justify one of their responses. These responses were then analysed.Results: The results pointed to the co-existence of deontological and utilitarian orientations among the people interviewed. A tendency to give priority to the destitute was revealed throughout the research, contradicting the idea that society, valuing only productive people, wishes only such people to receive the most resources, thus maximising the benefits to be gained from resources. The results showed that people’s disapproval of the alcoholic was stronger than that of the nicotine abuser. (shrink)

En este trabajo pretendo mostrar las prestaciones reflexivas que hacen posible el juicio de imputación en la teoría kantiana sobre la filosofía práctica. En particular, se busca mostrar cuales son los requerimientos reflexivos en virtud de los cuales una acción es pensada como libre y no meramente como una causa.Este momento del juicio de imputación es decisivo ya que permite distinguir las acciones que son libres de las que no lo son y, por tanto, las que pueden ser objeto de (...) imputación y las que no. (shrink)

O artigo trata do modo como as pesquisas genealógicas de Nietzsche e de Foucault, opondo-se aos pressupostos metafísicos, engendram relações ético-políticas que escapam ao apelo de qualquer normatividade ideal ao realizar a crítica do presente. Partindo da recusa no pensamento nietzscheano da oposição de valores que forja origens sublimes desligadas da imanência das disputas mundanas, exploramos como a reconstrução das invenções históricas de valores induz à demanda por uma construção afirmativa de si mesmo. Em um segundo momento, o artigo se (...) ocupa das ressonâncias e desdobramentos da genealogia de Nietzsche no pensamento foucaultiano, analisando, principalmente, como a tarefa do diagnóstico do presente transforma a filosofia e sua forma de atuação. Por fim, concluímos com uma possibilidade de afirmação de um modo de vida outro na reflexão de Foucault sobre o movimento gay. (shrink)

In the last chapter of De immortalitate animae, Pomponazzi claims that the question of immortality, just like the question of the eternity of the world, is a neutral problem. In this paper I claim that Pomponazzi has usually considered the aeternitas mundi as a probable proposition in the Aristotelian sense, rather than as a problem. Furthermore, I evaluate some analyses that use the former issues (among others) to interpret Pomponazzi’s thought.

“A great story, full of twists and turns.... Careers made and ruined, departments torn apart, writing programs turned into sensitivity seminars, political witch hunts, public opprobrium, ignorant media attacks, the whole ball of wax. Read it and laugh or read it and weep. I can hardly wait for the movie.” —Stanley Fish, _Think Again, New York Times_ “In such a difficult genre, full of traps and obstacles, French Theory is a success and a remarkable book in every respect: it is (...) fair, balanced, and informed. I am sure this book will become the reference on both sides of the Atlantic.” —Jacques Derrida “The Atlantic Ocean has two sides, and so does French Theory. Reinvented in America and betrayed in its own country, it has become the most radical intellectual movement in the West with global reach, rewriting Marx in light of late capitalism. Breathtakingly moving back and forth between the two cultures, Francois Cusset takes us through a dazzling intellectual adventure that illuminates the past thirty years, and many more decades to come.” —Sylvere Lotringer During the last three decades of the twentieth century, a disparate group of radical French thinkers achieved an improbable level of influence and fame in the United States. Compared by at least one journalist to the British rock ‘n’ roll invasion, the arrival of works by Michel Foucault, Jacques Derrida, Jean-François Lyotard, Jean Baudrillard, Gilles Deleuze, and Félix Guattari on American shores in the late 1970s and 1980s caused a sensation. Outside the academy, “French theory” had a profound impact on the era’s emerging identity politics while also becoming, in the 1980s, the target of right-wing propagandists. At the same time in academic departments across the country, their poststructuralist form of radical suspicion transformed disciplines from literature to anthropology to architecture. By the 1990s, French theory was woven deeply into America’s cultural and intellectual fabric. French Theory is the first comprehensive account of the American fortunes of these unlikely philosophical celebrities. François Cusset looks at why America proved to be such fertile ground for French theory, how such demanding writings could become so widely influential, and the peculiarly American readings of these works. Reveling in the gossipy history, Cusset also provides a lively exploration of the many provocative critical practices inspired by French theory. Ultimately, he dares to shine a bright light on the exultation of these thinkers to assess the relevance of critical theory to social and political activism today-showing, finally, how French theory has become inextricably bound with American life. François Cusset, a writer and intellectual historian, teaches contemporary French thought in Paris at the Institut d’Etudes Politiques and at Columbia University’s Reid Hall. His books include Queer Critics and La Décennie. Jeff Fort is assistant professor of French at the University of California, Davis. He has translated works by Maurice Blanchot, Jean Genet, and Jean-Luc Nancy. (shrink)

RESUMONeste ensaio defende-se o argumento de que a configuração cronotópica potencializa a obra literária como forma metafórica para experimentar a vida cotidiana. Esse argumento apoia-se nas declarações em que Bakhtin destacou que a organização de processos psicológicos de personagens no enredo está relacionada com a experiência da unidade tempo-espaço, conceitualmente denominada de cronotopo. Para exemplificar essas questões desenvolveu-se aqui uma análise da configuração cronotópica do autor-personagem no Livro do desassossego de Fernando Pessoa. A dificuldade do autor-personagem para negociar as posições (...) de figura e fundo no seu pensamento refletiu uma experiência de fronteira específica, revelada na frequente associação de termos antagônicos e uso frequente de neologismos. Percebendo o funcionamento cronotópico da narrativa, discute-se o potencial da literatura na provisão de metáforas para vida real. Nessas considerações chamou-se a atenção para a participação do leitor na constituição do cronotopo e da obra.ABSTRACTIn this essay we defend the argument that chronotopic configuration enhances literary works providing metaphors for everyday life. This argument is embedded in statements in which Bakhtin emphasized that the organization of the characters' psychological processes in plots is related to the experience of temporal-spatial unity, conceptually called the chronotope. In order to address these issues, we developed an analysis of chronotopic configuration of author-character, in "The Book of Disquiet" by Fernando Pessoa. The difficulty met by the author-character in negotiating positions of figure and background in plots reflects a specific border experience, revealed in the common association of antagonistic terms and frequent use of neologisms. Considering properties of narrativity in the chronotopic analysis we can discuss the potential literature has of providing real life metaphors. Moreover, through these remarks, greater emphasis has been placed on the reader's participation in the constitution of the chronotope and on literary work. (shrink)

Answering this special issue’s call to reckon, repair and reworld, and following an ethical imperative to re-think social and educational structures, I turn to the wisdom of rivers. In the current settler colonial climate of near inertia that we live in, there is an urgent need to reckon with ways of being and knowing that go beyond the mainstream taken-for-granted habits of conventional educational research. Thinking with Indigenous perspectives, I problematize the Eurocentric worldview I was raised in and consider, in (...) my capacity as a non-Indigenous educator and inquirer, some principles rivers can teach about educational inquiry. A series of photographs of the Chehalis River and personal vignettes allow me to trace and articulate a feminist and decolonial approach to my own inquiry. I consider how reciprocity, language and movement – three teachings gifted by the river – invite me to be, think, and act as an educator and an inquirer engaged in reconciliation. As many rich and diverse Indigenous perspectives have always reminded us, we have a responsibility to listen to and care for all our relatives, human and more-than-human. This is one important way we can work to transform our collective thinking, actions and future in education. (shrink)

Amor, éros, é o tópico que domina toda a primeira parte do Fedro. Os três discursos proferidos – o discurso de autoria de Lísias/Fedro (259e-262c) e os dois subsequentes proferidos por Sócrates (237a-241d; 257b-259d) – são variações desse mesmo tema. Esses três discursos – que ocupam, aliás, a maior parte do texto – não representam mera ilustração propedêutica acerca da retórica e de seu poder sobre os personagens, em vez disso, os dois discursos finais de Sócrates concretizam o próprio movimento (...) dialético, segundo aquela definição que seria oferecida na segunda parte do próprio diálogo: o exercício de divisão (διαίρεσις) e reunião (συναγωηή), o método que ajuda a “falar e a pensar” (266b). Nesse artigo, pretendemos mostrar como os dois discursos de Sócrates são peças-chave para a compreensão global da dialética no Fedro, em suas relações com a retórica, com a psicagogía e com o tema de éros. Palavras-chave: Fedro; dialética; divisão; reunião; discursos. The dialectical contrapositions of Socrates' speeches in Plato's Phaedrus Abstract: Love, éros, is the topic that dominates the entire first part of the Phaedrus. The three speeches given – the speech by Lysias/Phaedrus (259e-262c) and the two subsequent ones given by Socrates (237a-241d; 257b-259d) – are variations on the same theme. These three speeches – which, in fact, occupy most of the text – do not represent a mere propaedeutic illustration of rhetoric and its power over characters. Actually, Socrates’ final two speeches concretize the dialectical movement itself, according to that definition that would be offered in the second part of the dialogue himself: the exercise of division (διαίρεσις) and reunion (συναγωηή), the method that helps to “speak and think” (266b). In this article, we intend to show how Socrates' two discourses are key pieces for the global understanding of dialectics in the Phaedrus, in its relations with rhetoric, with psychagogy and with the theme of éros. Keywords: Phaedrus; dialectics; division; reunion; speeches. Les contrapositions dialectiques des discours de Socrate dans le Phèdre de Platon Résumé: L'amour, eros, est le sujet qui domine toute la première partie du Phèdre. Les trois discours prononcés – le discours de Lysias/Phèdre (259e-262c) et les deux suivants de Socrate (237a-241d ; 257b-259d) – sont des variations sur le même sujet. Ces trois discours – qui, en fait, occupent la plus grande partie du texte – ne représentent pas qu’une simple illustration propédeutique de la rhétorique et de son pouvoir sur les personnages, en effet les deux derniers discours de Socrate concrétisent le mouvement dialectique lui-même, selon cette définition qui serait proposée dans la deuxième partie du dialogue : l'exercice de la division (διαίρεσις) et de la réunion (συναγωηή), la méthode qui aide à « parler et penser » (266b). Dans cet article, nous voulons montrer comment les deux discours de Socrate sont des pièces maîtresses pour la compréhension globale de la dialectique dans le Phèdre, dans ses rapports avec la rhétorique, avec la psychagogie et avec le sujet de l'éros. Mots-clés: Phèdre; dialectique; division; reunion; discours. [1] Este trabalho é um recorte da pesquisa de Doutorado, realizada na Faculdade de Filosofia e Ciências Humanas da Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, que culminou com a tese defendida em 2019, intitulada: A dialética e as letras: imagens e paradigmas do pensar no Fedro de Platão, depositada e disponível no repositório institucional da UFMG. Data de registro: 01/08/2023 Data de aceite: 24/04/2024. (shrink)

En este trabajo me propongo mostrar, en primer lugar, una interpretación de la distinción kantiana entre juicio de percepción y juicio de experiencia. Posteriormente reconstruiré el proceso de síntesis categorial e intentaré explicar qué papel juegan en dicha acción los conceptos empíricos. En definitiva, la tesis que se va a defender es que en el nivel de constitución de la experiencia tanto los conceptos empíricos como los juicios de percepción hacen posible la síntesis objetiva y, al mismo tiempo, ésta provee (...) a los conceptos involucrados en dicha síntesis, tanto empíricos como puros, sentido y referencia. (shrink)

“For what tomorrow will be, no one knows,” writes Victor Hugo. This dialogue, proposed to Jacques Derrida by the historian Elisabeth Roudinesco, brings together two longtime friends who share a common history and an intellectual heritage. While their perspectives are often different, they have many common reference points: psychoanalysis, above all, but also the authors and works that have come to be known outside France as “post-structuralist.” Beginning with a revealing glance back at the French intellectual scene over the past (...) forty years, Derrida and Roudinesco go on to address a number of major social and political issues. Their extraordinarily wide-ranging discussion covers topics such as immigration, hospitality, gender equality, and “political correctness”; the disordering of the traditional family, same-sex unions, and reproductive technologies; the freedom of the “subject” over and against “scientism”; violence against animals; the haunting specter of communism and revolution; the present and future of anti-Semitism and the hazardous politics of criticizing the state of Israel; the principled abolition of the death penalty; and, to conclude, a chapter “in praise of psychoanalysis.” These exchanges not only help to situate Derrida's thought within the milieu out of which it grew, they also show more clearly than ever how this thought, impelled by a deep concern for justice, can be brought to bear on the social and political issues of our day. What emerges here above all, far from an abstract, apolitical discourse, is a call to take responsibility—for the inheritance of a past, for the singularities of the present, and for the unforeseeable tasks of the future. (shrink)

O artigo visa estabelecer uma interpretação das ideias apresentadas por Descartes em seu Compendium Musicae como expressivas da transição entre os períodos renascentista e barroco na música. Parte-se de uma análise comparativa da música desses dois períodos, assim como de algumas ideias filosóficas e científicas que circundaram a transição entre eles, e busca-se identificar ideias vinculadas a ambos no Compendium. De acordo com os resultados dessa análise, argumenta-se que, se do ponto de vista da teoria e da prática musical, a (...) obra se encontra ainda vinculada ao estilo renascentista, no que diz respeito ao fundo filosófico e científico, ela apresenta ideias comumente associadas ao Barroco. (shrink)

Bill Frederick’s work calls on business ethicists to consider religion as well as nature. Because there are naturally wired religious impulses in human beings and because of the fairness of including normative approaches meaningful for business people, Frederick suggests that the “R” in CSR4 should represent religion. This article takes up the theme in terms of the emerging field of naturalist theology, particularly (although embryonically) as stated by theologian Paul Tillich. Doing so creates (a) connections between “God as Life” and (...) nature and (b) linkages of the notions of symbol, culture, and transcendence. In addition to avoiding the socalled “naturalistic fallacy,” this integration can foster ethical business behavior. (shrink)

My aim in this paper is to illustrate the significance of hope (elpis, elpizein) in Plato’s Philebus and to indicate topics under this heading that invite further investigation. Even though there is some scholarship treating the issue of hope in the Philebus, there is no study solely devoted to this topic. By providing such a study I intend to fill this lacuna and to show that examining this topic is valuable because it develops our understanding of the good life. In (...) this essay I maintain that the Philebus defines hope as (1) a pleasure of the soul that (2) anticipates pleasure as certain, (3) may be true or false, (4) may be pure or impure, and (5) involves memory. I proceed chronologically through the Philebus’s discussions of hope and make every effort to treat each of the aforementioned components of the definition separately. In so doing I explain why certain topics, such as the relationship between pure intellectual hope and philosophical activity, invite further investigation. (shrink)

Este trabajo intenta hacer una propuesta, basándose en los trabajos del Kant precrítico, para entender uno de los puntos más importantes en la filosofía crítica: el deber: El principal objetivo de este trabajo es mostrar la relación entre este concepto y la noción de espontaneidad, entendida como una nota de los conceptos intelectuales. T.

This article discusses the early advaitin view of dreaming, Specifically sankara's and gaudapada's, And analyzes the advaitin view in relation to that of contemporary western dream psychology. Advaitins emphasize that dreams spring from waking experiences, But are also imaginative reconstructions of them. Both waking and dream seduce us into thinking appearances are real, But both ultimately only point to the non-Dual reality, Brahman.