Dans chaque culture et chaque époque parmi les fonctions des couvre-chefs apparaît celle d’élément symbolique et de signalétique. Cette contribution se veut une réflexion sur le couvre-chef féminin comme élément chargé de signifier l’identité : de genre, de religion, mais aussi sociale et donc comme support sémantique de l’appartenance. Ce qui sera fait en examinant en particulier les prescriptions relatives aux couvre-chefs dans les lois édictées dans deux régions de l’Italie centrale à la fin du (...) Moyen Âge et au début de l’époque moderne. Les interprétations de l’obligation imposées aux femmes par un passage de saint Paul (1 Cor. 11,3) mais aussi les lois civiques qui les obligent à garder toujours la tête couverte à l’Église et dans les rues de la cité procurent diverses informations. Elles montrent la volonté des législateurs de discipliner la société urbaine et d’obtenir des avantages de la désobéissance à ces règles, mais aussi la résistance opposée par une partie des femmes et, plus généralement, la force du phénomène de la mode. (shrink)

Chefs have been recognized as potentially important partners in efforts to promote local food systems. Drawing on the diffusion of innovation framework we (a) examine the characteristics of chefs and restaurants that have adopted local foods; (b) identified local food attributes valued by restaurants; (c) examine how restaurants function as opinion leaders promoting local foods; (d) explored network linkages between culinary and production organizations; and (e) finally, we consider some of the barriers to more widespread adoption of local (...) foods in the culinary community. Analyzing quantitative and qualitative data collected from interviews with individuals from 71 restaurants, we compare and contrast restaurants that utilize relatively large amounts of locally-produced ingredients with restaurants using few, if any, local products. Results reveal that chefs are most interested in intrinsic food qualities, such as taste and freshness, and less interested in production standards. As opinion leaders, chefs utilize signage, wait staff, and cooking classes to promote local foods; however, the diffusion process across restaurants, and between restaurants and producers, is limited by network associations. Structural barriers such as distribution problems and lack of convenience were identified as limiting more widespread use of locally-grown foods. We offer several implications of this research for further work that seeks to engage chefs as opinion leaders who are important to building greater support for local food systems. (shrink)

Dans le présent article, nous nous penchons sur trois types de justifi­cations des hauts revenus des chefs d’entreprise et sur les inégalités qui en résultent. Selon la première justification, ces revenus sont justifiés par le mérite des dirigeants ; selon la deuxième, par la difficulté à remplacer les individus qui occupent ces postes ; selon la troisième, par la motivation à la performance que génèrent ces revenus. Nous tenterons de montrer qu’aucun de ces trois arguments ne permet de justifier (...) les revenus actuels. Ils se butent à l’évaluation empirique, sont souvent indéterminés en ce qui a trait aux résultats qu’ils permettent de justifier ou sont moralement arbitraires. En fait, seule une version amendée de la troisième justification – fondée sur la motivation – passe tous les tests. L’effet de la rémunération sur la motivation permet de justifier certaines inégalités salariales, mais certainement pas de l’ampleur de celles que nous connaissons aujourd’hui. (shrink)

Un chef, c’est la tête à laquelle tout obéit ; son essence réside dans l’art de commander ou de persuader des volontés indépendantes. On demande comment des vouloirs se placent d’eux-mêmes sous une volonté et adhèrent pleinement à ce qu’elle veut qu’ils veuillent. Cela rapporte l’art du chef, d’après la distinction du dictionnaire d’A. Furetière en 1690, au fait..

Note du rédacteur en chef Après l’édition de 26 fascicules de Philosophia Scientiœ, produits grâce au volontariat de différents membres des Archives Henri Poincaré, nous sommes très heureux que le CNRS et, en particulier, la Délégation Nord-Est nous ait affecté, en la personne de Monsieur Prosper Doh, un éditeur technique compétent. Ainsi, on évitera dorénavant certaines difficultés et malentendus regrettables. Dans ce numéro, nous continuons notre programme de traduction de l’allemand entrep...

Au Centre Pompidou-Metz, faisant écho à l'exposition inaugurale, un colloque international a étudié de manière pluridisciplinaire et transversale la question du chef-d'œuvre. Loin de se focaliser sur le débat esthétique, les diverses approches ont assigné le droit, l'histoire, la sociologie, l'économie et les sciences exactes, pour mieux soumettre cet "objet" à un véritable examen clinique. Cette question ne serait-elle plus d'actualité? Loin s'en faut! Entre cœur et raison, la sacralisation des œuvres d'art produit toujours autant de savoirs, de savoir-faire et (...) de savoirs sur le faire. Mettant en avant le patrimoine, restaurant les objets de l'art, les reconstituant, favorisant le tourisme culturel, exhumant le vrai, condamnant le faux : à sa mesure, le "chef-œuvre" dynamise encore et toujours les divers moments de l'art. (shrink)

This study delves into the intricate world of tipping, examining how restaurant chefs and chef-owners account for and morally justify this practice. While previous research has paved the way for understanding several of the nuances of tipping in the dining experience, little attention has been given to chefs’ perspectives on its moral dimensions. In today’s evolving restaurant dining landscape, tipping practices have become increasingly contentious. Therefore, it is imperative to grasp the ethical intricacies of tipping experiences, as they (...) hold significant implications for social and economic interactions. This study focuses on interviews with culinary artisans—the masterminds behind the dining experience, including executive chefs, chef-owners, sous chefs, chefs de cuisine, private chefs, and pop-up chefs. Through these conversations, we explore the moral justifications for tipping, unintended consequences that arise, and the advent of tip coercion. Our findings shed light on the moral reasoning and ethical dynamics behind tipping practices. These findings offer a foundation for shaping theoretical frameworks, informing practical solutions, and guiding policy decisions in this complex realm. (shrink)

Un rapport récent1 de la Commission d’enseignement de l’Académie de Médecine mettait en garde les pouvoirs publics contre un symptôme grandissant : celui d’une désaffection pour les carrières hospitalo-universitaires traditionnellement caractérisées par la triple mission de soins, d’enseignement et de recherche. Le rapport insistait par ailleurs sur le malaise ou le mal-être..

While corporate social responsibility is recognized as taking on various national meanings and practices, research has not sufficiently investigated how multinational companies simultaneously achieve global CSR integration and local CSR adaptation. Building on a qualitative case study carried out at ASICS, an MNC headquartered in Japan, we show how this organizational dilemma may be solved through hybridization work, a form of institutional work performed by CSR managers in subsidiaries to combine and adapt different institutional approaches to CSR. By developing the (...) notion of hybridization work, we contribute by revealing a set of practices that contribute to institutional change within organizations and enriching the study of CSR organizational change and international business by showing how hybridization Work leads to a greater organizational integration between core and periphery, and by identifying the triggering factors for subsidiary initiative in CSR. (shrink)

This study delves into the intricate world of tipping, examining how restaurant chefs and chef-owners account for and morally justify this practice. While previous research has paved the way for understanding several of the nuances of tipping in the dining experience, little attention has been given to chefs’ perspectives on its moral dimensions. In today’s evolving restaurant dining landscape, tipping practices have become increasingly contentious. Therefore, it is imperative to grasp the ethical intricacies of tipping experiences, as they (...) hold significant implications for social and economic interactions. This study focuses on interviews with culinary artisans—the masterminds behind the dining experience, including executive chefs, chef-owners, sous chefs, chefs de cuisine, private chefs, and pop-up chefs. Through these conversations, we explore the moral justifications for tipping, unintended consequences that arise, and the advent of tip coercion. Our findings shed light on the moral reasoning and ethical dynamics behind tipping practices. These findings offer a foundation for shaping theoretical frameworks, informing practical solutions, and guiding policy decisions in this complex realm. (shrink)

Recent decades have witnessed the rise of chefs to a position of cultural prominence. This rise has coincided with increased consciousness of ethical issues pertaining to food, particularly as they concern animals. We rank cookbooks by celebrity chefs according to the minimum number of sentient animals that must be killed to make their recipes. On our stipulative definition, celebrity chefs are those with their own television show on a national network in the United States, the United Kingdom, (...) Canada or Australia. Thirty cookbooks by 26 such chefs were categorized according to the total number of cows, pigs, chicken, fish and other species they included as ingredients. The total number of animals killed was divided by the number of non-dessert recipes to generate an average number of animal deaths per recipe for each book. We outline the rationale for our project and its methodology before presenting a ranked table of 30 cookbooks by celebrity chefs. This method generates several interesting findings. The first concerns the wide variation in animal fatalities among cookbooks. The chef with the heaviest animal footprint killed 5.25 animals per recipe, while the omnivorous chef with the smallest footprints killed 0.19 per recipe. Clearly, not all approaches to meat eating are equal when it comes to their animal mortality rate. Pigs and large ruminants are all substantially bigger than poultry, which are themselves bigger than many fish. The prime determinant of a chef’s place in the index was the number of small animals his or her recipes required. Whether a chef cooked in the style of a particular cuisine (Italian, French, Mexican etc.), by contrast, had no discernible influence on his or her ranking. We analyze how different chefs present themselves—as either especially sensitive or insensitive to ethical issues involving animals and food—and note cases where these presentations do or do not match their index ranking. -/- . (shrink)

Name der Zeitschrift: Semiotica Heft: Ahead of print.

The cooking show The Naked Chef (1999–2001) with Jamie Oliver has often been highlighted as an example of the cooking show genre's potential for reformulating masculine identity through cooking. Through a series of close readings of a selection of cooking shows from France, the UK and Denmark post-The Naked Chef and through a dialogue with other works on the subject, this article will attempt to identify the tendencies in the constructions and negotiations of masculinity in the cooking show genre following (...) The Naked Chef and to understand these in relation to a revision of masculine identity in contemporary culture. The article is informed by poststructural gender theory and understands ‘doing food’ and ‘doing masculinity’ as two mutually constituting practices. The analyses identify four new tendencies in the construction of masculinity in cooking shows at the beginning of the twenty-first century: 1) rechefisation, 2) the TV chef as a moral entrepreneur, 3) the TV chef and the revitalisation of the national myth and 4) cooking as masculine escapism. The article concludes that the innovation of the masculine identity that was launched in The Naked Chef has not continued; rather, the genre has become a platform for the revitalisation of traditional masculinity discourses. (shrink)

Fragments d'un manuscrit de Ménandre découverts et publiés par M. Gustave Lefebvre, Inspecteur en chef des antiquités de l'Égypte. Le Caire. 1907. Pp. xix + 221. £1.

Depuis le XIXe siècle, on lit Montesquieu comme le théoricien du libéralisme politique, l'héritier de Locke et des penseurs du droit naturel, le chantre de la modernité post-révolutionnaire. Jean Goldzink montre ici avec brio combien cette lecture est discutable: l'essentiel de la gloire de notre plus fameux théoricien politique serait dû à un « blanchiment d'idées » involontaire, opéré dans les camps idéologiques les plus opposés. En proposant une relecture de De l'esprit des lois et des oeuvres des lecteurs français (...) les plus marquants de cet ouvrage fondateur - de Voltaire à Rousseau, en passant par de Maistre, Constant, Comte et d'autres -, Jean Goldzink rappelle que Montesquieu refuse avec la dernière énergie de penser avec Locke, et que tout son projet consiste au contraire à fonder une science politique sans droits naturels attachés à la personne humaine, autrement dit sans la visée universelle qu'implique le jusnaturalisme moderne. Sa méthode et ses objectifs lui interdisent de concevoir une déclaration des droits de l'homme et du citoyen ou une quelconque républicanisation de la liberté par l'élection d'un parlement. De cette remise en cause d'un dogme quasi unanime depuis deux siècles, il ressort aussi qu'il faut questionner la pertinence de l'emploi inconsidéré du terme « libéralisme » en histoire des idées, compte tenu de sa propension vorace à tout avaler, au mépris des moments, des projets et des rudes saveurs d'origine. Jean Goldzink a enseigné la littérature française à l'ENS de Saint-Cloud/Fontenay/Lyon de 1967 à 2002, et l'histoire des idées politiques à Sciences Po Paris de 2003 à 2009. Il a publié une douzaine d'ouvrages sur les Lumières, dont deux sur Montesquieu. (shrink)

Terme renvoyant à un âge immémorial, moins politique que religieux, moins religieux que superstitieux, le charisme reste pourtant un élément incontournable de l’histoire politique contemporaine, au point que son rôle dans l’accession de Hitler au pouvoir ou le succès du culte de la personnalité de Staline semble, aujourd’hui encore, bien plus flagrant que n’importe quelle explication d’ordre socio-économique ou culturel. Reliquat religieux au sein d’un monde sans foi? Pathologie dans le cours « normal » de l’histoire de la démocratie en (...) Occident? Mais comment séparer le bon grain de l’ivraie, et est-on même certain que le charisme soit toujours l’ivraie, à l’heure où l’on accuse l’Union européenne d’être devenue une structure technocratique tentaculaire, confirmant les craintes de Max Weber à l’égard d’une « démocratie acéphale » totalement dépourvue de charisme? Quitte à renouer avec le paradoxe d’un « éloge de la folie », Jean-Claude Monod, fort d’une analyse historique rigoureuse des pensées charismatiques du XXe siècle, se risque à faire la part du feu, à imaginer une forme originale de « charisme progressiste », nécessaire supplément d’âme à la machine démocratique. (shrink)

본 연구는 『장자』의 「양생주」가 함의하고 있는 양생사상을 고찰 하고 도교 ‘호흡법’을 통하여 ‘포정해우’를 새롭게 해석하는 것이다. 연구의 목적은 첫째 「양생주」에 대한 새로운 견해를 제시하는 것이고, 두 번째가 ‘포정해우’ 부분의 함의를 이전 연구와는 다른 시각으로 해석하는 것이며, 세 번째가 ‘지궁어위신’이 함의 하고 있는 ‘장자의 장생사상’에 대하여 그간에 연구들이 밝히고 있는 쟁점들을 분석하여 「양생주」 결론에 부합하는 해석을 제시하는 것이다. 또한 장자철학사상인 도, 자연⋅무용⋅무위가 「양생주」에 어떻게 반영되어 있는지를 고찰한다. 그리고 양생주의 각 장이 서로 어떤 연계성을 띠고 있는지를 고찰한다. 본 연구 논문은 전체 3장으로 (...) 구성되어 있다. Ⅰ장 서론에서 연구의 배경과 도교와 장자를 중심으로 고대 중국의 장생사상과 양생법을 개괄하고, 본론인 Ⅱ장에서는 ‘포정해우’ 전체 문장을 8단락으로 나누고 각 단락을 도교의 ‘호흡법’으로 해석하여 다소 불합리한 것같이 보이는 표현부분들이 합리적 표현임을 밝힌다. 그리고 ‘지궁어위신(指窮於爲薪)’의 함의를 「양생주」 결론에 적합하게 해석한다. 마지막 Ⅲ장은 결론으로 장자 양생사상과 철학 그리고 도교의 ‘호흡법’을 통한 포정해우의 해석은 전 「양생주」에 어떤 관련성이 있는가를 종합하여 정리한다. (shrink)

To think up vocational training devices aims at enabling persons to experiment with different situations, at different moments with in-turn periods of training and actual employment. Persons come to “dialogue” with different situations, at different moments, to make sense out of them, to create links between them and thus to build their own apprenticeship. Can this dialogue, this rhythmic training/experience only be observed in the frame of those vocational training devices? Couldn’t this dialogue or this rhythmic be observed on longer (...) periods, beyond the duration of these devices, on a career’s scale for instance? This article tries to transcribe the processing of comprehensive/biographical interviews of four Heads of Catholic primary schools. The processing is based on methods of analysis that use what has been called “sets of training and experience temporalities” Being part of a thesis which aims at highlighting the professional dynamics of this emergent group of Heads, the analysis of this dialogue, this rhythmic training/experience contributes to typify interviews and takes part in the definition of a socio-professional world and in the definition of an identity proper to the Heads who were interviewed. (shrink)

This research explores the character’s decline in Christopher Marlowe’s play Doctor Faustus. It tells the story of an intellect entitled Dr. Faustus who, after becoming dissatisfied with every piece of the experience he has accumulated, goes to see the devils to satisfy his ambition of becoming a supreme being. Evaluating the reasons behind his demise is the focus of this research. This research is qualitative in nature. The Baum proposal for this type of study serves as the foundation for the (...) investigation’s methodology used in this analysis. The fall from grace concept is based on Sinclair’s argument that a specific individual or system’s collapse or catastrophe occurs after they have recently achieved happiness or influence. The conclusion reveals that Faustus’s failure to discriminate between the real world and his fantasies, uncontrolled necromantic action, and overwhelming yearning is what ultimately lead to his disaster and condemnation. In the end, it is revealed that while Faustus initially appears to be the unfortunate protagonist of the narrative, he encounters the death he deserves. (shrink)