Results for 'contradictory logics'

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  1.  17
    The Contradictory Logics of Financialization: Bringing Together Hyman Minsky and Karl Polanyi.Fred Block - 2016 - Politics and Society 44 (1):3-13.
    This introduction explains the logic of bringing together the perspectives of Hyman Minsky and Karl Polanyi to analyze processes of financialization. Although Minsky and Polanyi have very different intellectual trajectories, there are important complementarities in their approaches. The introduction also explains the focus of the three papers in this special section written by Kurtuluş Gemici, Lucas Kirkpatrick, and David Woodruff.
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  2.  74
    (1 other version)Partial truth, fringes, and motion: Three applications of a contradictorial logic.Lorenzo Peña - 1990 - Studies in East European Thought 39 (3-4):283-312.
  3.  52
    Constructive Logic is Connexive and Contradictory.Heinrich Wansing - forthcoming - Logic and Logical Philosophy:1-27.
    It is widely accepted that there is a clear sense in which the first-order paraconsistent constructive logic with strong negation of Almukdad and Nelson, QN4, is more constructive than intuitionistic first-order logic, QInt. While QInt and QN4 both possess the disjunction property and the existence property as characteristics of constructiveness (or constructivity), QInt lacks certain features of constructiveness enjoyed by QN4, namely the constructible falsity property and the dual of the existence property. This paper deals with the constructiveness of the (...)
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  4.  38
    Contradictoriness, Paraconsistent Negation and Non-intended Models of Classical Logic.Carlos A. Oller - 2016 - In H. Andreas and P. Verdée, Logical Studies of Paraconsistent Reasoning in Science and Mathematics, Trends In Logic. pp. 103-110.
    It is usually accepted in the literature that negation is a contradictory-forming operator and that two statements are contradictories if and only if it is logically impossible for both to be true and logically impossible for both to be false. These two premises have been used by Hartley Slater [Slater, 1995] to argue that paraconsistent negation is not a “real” negation because a sentence and its paraconsistent negation can be true together. In this paper we claim that a counterpart (...)
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  5.  17
    Juxtaposing 2 contradictory views of Freud: The apotheosis of Logic ; the undermining of the epistemological validity of logic: Freud rejects Aristotelian logic as the criteria to assess the 'truths' of psychoanalysis and thus becomes a precursor to quantum mechanics and mathematics like wise abandonment of Aristotelian logic as an epistemic condition of 'truth' in certain situations.Colin Leslie Dean - 2005 - West Geelong, Vic.: Gamahucher Press.
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  6. Islamic Contradictory Theology . . . Is there any such Thing?Abbas Ahsan - 2021 - Logica Universalis 15 (2).
    The application of paraconsistent logics to theological contradictions is a fascinating move. Jc Beall’s (J Anal Theol, 7(1): 400–439, 2019) paper entitled ‘Christ—A Contradiction: A Defense of ‘Contradictory Christology’ is a notable example. Beall proposes a solution to the fundamental problem of Christology. His solution aims at making the case, and defending the viability of, what he has termed, ‘Contradictory Christology’. There are at least two essential components of Beall’s ‘Contradictory Christology’. These include the dogmatic statements (...)
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  7.  31
    The logical bases of contradictory Christology: comments on The Contradictory Christ, Ch. 2.Luis Estrada-gonzález - 2021 - Manuscrito 44 (4):340-362.
    Beall has given more or less convincing arguments to the effect that neither classical logic, nor K3, nor LP, nor S3 can play the role he expects from logic: to be the basement theory for all true theories, including true theology. However, he has not considered all the pertinent competitors, and he has not given any reassurance that he has not gone too low in the hierarchy of logics to find his desired “universal closure of all true theories”. In (...)
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  8.  42
    On Contradictory Christology: A Reply to Cotnoir’s ‘On the Role of Logic’.Jc Beall - 2019 - Journal of Analytic Theology 7 (1):529-543.
  9. Self-Contradictory Propositions in Logic.Robert Elliott Allinson - 1976 - Journal of Philosophy of the West Virginia Philosophical Association 1.
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  10. The Contradictory God Thesis and Non-Dialetheic Mystical Contradictory Theism.Ricardo Sousa Silvestre - 2025 - International Journal for Philosophy of Religion 97:1-23.
    When faced with the charge that a given concept of God is contradictory, the standard move among philosophers and theologians has been to try to explain away the contradiction and show that the concept of God in question is consistent. This has to do, of course, with the Law of Non-Contradiction (LNC). Another option, which has recently generated interest among logicians and analytic philosophers of religion, is to reject such a move as unnecessary and defend what might be called (...)
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  11.  19
    Islamic contradictory theology.Abbas Ahsan - unknown
    There are two overarching aims of the five collated papers that make up my thesis. The first is to demonstrate that making sense of an ineffable Islamic God in virtue of classical logic and various truth theories (under the purview of analytic philosophy) motivates a theological contradiction. The second is to offer a solution to this problem. I spend a substantial part of my thesis establishing the first of these aims. The reason for this is twofold. Firstly, it is to (...)
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  12.  10
    Islamic Contradictory Theology... Is there any such Thing?Abbas Ahsan - 2021 - Logica Universalis 15 (3):291-329.
    The application of paraconsistent logics to theological contradictions is a fascinating move. Jc Beall’s (J Anal Theol, 7(1): 400–439, 2019) paper entitled ‘Christ—A Contradiction: A Defense of ‘Contradictory Christology’ is a notable example. Beall proposes a solution to the fundamental problem of Christology. His solution aims at making the case, and defending the viability of, what he has termed, ‘Contradictory Christology’. There are at least two essential components of Beall’s ‘Contradictory Christology’. These include the dogmatic statements (...)
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  13.  9
    Contradictory Theology.Jc Beall & Jonathan C. Rutledge - 2025 - Philosophy Compass 20 (3):e70028.
    Recent works in theology—including Beall (The Contradictory Christ and Divine Contradiction) and essays in Rutledge (Paradox and Contradiction in Theology)—have articulated or defended contradictory or contradictory-like theologies. Given the use of contemporary formal logic in setting out these theologies, a natural question concerning the existence of historical precedents to contradictory or contradictory-like theologies has arisen. In this article we present a short, accessible overview of contradictory and contradictory-like theologies alongside an attempt to address (...)
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  14.  9
    Logicians Setting Together Contradictories: A Perspective on Relevance, Paraconsistency, and Dialetheism.Graham Priest - 2002 - In Dale Jacquette, A Companion to Philosophical Logic. Malden, MA, USA: Wiley-Blackwell. pp. 651–664.
    This chapter contains sections titled: Introduction Relevant Logic Paraconsistent Logic Dialetheism Boolean Negation The Logical Choice Conclusion.
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  15.  66
    Paraconsistent Logic: Consistency, Contradiction and Negation.Walter Carnielli & Marcelo Esteban Coniglio - 2016 - Basel, Switzerland: Springer International Publishing. Edited by Marcelo Esteban Coniglio.
    This book is the first in the field of paraconsistency to offer a comprehensive overview of the subject, including connections to other logics and applications in information processing, linguistics, reasoning and argumentation, and philosophy of science. It is recommended reading for anyone interested in the question of reasoning and argumentation in the presence of contradictions, in semantics, in the paradoxes of set theory and in the puzzling properties of negation in logic programming. Paraconsistent logic comprises a major logical theory (...)
  16.  26
    Contradictory Information: Better Than Nothing? The Paradox of the Two Firefighters.J. Michael Dunn & Nicholas M. Kiefer - 2019 - In Can Başkent & Thomas Macaulay Ferguson, Graham Priest on Dialetheism and Paraconsistency. Cham, Switzerland: Springer Verlag. pp. 231-247.
    Prominent philosophers have argued that contradictions contain either too much or too little information to be useful. We dispute this with what we call the “Paradox of the Two Firefighters.” Suppose you are awakened in your hotel room by a fire alarm. You open the door. You see three possible ways out: left, right, straight ahead. You see two firefighters. One says there is exactly one safe route and it is to your left. The other says there is exactly one (...)
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  17. THE CONTRADICTORY NATURE OF THE GHOST IN HAMLET.Ali Salami - 2011 - Sarjana 26 (1).
    This article explores the contradictory nature of the ghost in Hamlet and shows how Shakespeare seeks to manipulate the reader’s response in Hamlet by using contradictions and ambiguities. The article also explores the ways in which the reader responds to these contradictions and reconstructs a palpable world in the impalpable world of the text. These contradictions compel the reader to participate in the composition of the text and make him keep changing his own approach to the work with the (...)
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  18.  67
    The Contradictory State of Giorgio Agamben.Paul A. Passavant - 2007 - Political Theory 35 (2):147-174.
    I argue that Giorgio Agamben employs two, contradictory theories of the state in his works. Earlier works, such as "The Coming Community" and "Means without End", suggest that the state today functions as an aspect of the society of the spectacle where spectacle is the logical extension of the commodity form under late capitalism. This part of Agamben's work attributes a determined character to the state and a determining power to the economic forces of capitalism that conditions particular forms (...)
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  19. Contradictory Christ Without Contradictory Christology.Kenny Boyce - 2023 - In Jonathan C. Rutledge, Paradox and Contradiction in Theology. New York, NY: Routledge Academic. pp. 66-78.
    In this chapter, I grant Jc Beall’s assertion that the best understanding of the doctrine of the incarnation posits that Christ is a contradictory being, in the sense that it has him satisfying complementary pairs of predicates. I also argue, however, that by attending to a distinction between predicate negation and sentence negation, this view can be upheld without positing any classical logical contradictions. I argue that the resulting Christological view has several advantages over Beall’s: It is more conservative (...)
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  20. Contradictory Information: Too Much of a Good Thing. [REVIEW]J. Michael Dunn - 2010 - Journal of Philosophical Logic 39 (4):425 - 452.
    Both I and Belnap, motivated the "Belnap-Dunn 4-valued Logic" by talk of the reasoner being simply "told true" (T) and simply "told false" (F), which leaves the options of being neither "told true" nor "told false" (N), and being both "told true" and "told false" (B). Belnap motivated these notions by consideration of unstructured databases that allow for negative information as well as positive information (even when they conflict). We now experience this on a daily basis with the Web. But (...)
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  21. The Contradictory Christ, Oxford: Oxford University Press.Jc Beall - 2021 - Oxford: Oxford University Press.
    This book argues that the standard (orthodox) doctrine of incarnation (of "God enfleshed") is best understood along glut-theoretic lines: the incarnate God is a contradictory being. Example: because God, the Christ figure is all-knowing; but because human, ignorant. And so on. Standard theological theory in the tradition recognizes the apparent contradiction in its core doctrines; Beall argues that the appearance should be accepted as veridical.
     
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  22.  27
    The Logical Legacy of Nikolai Vasiliev and Modern Logic.Dmitry Zaitsev & Vladimir Markin (eds.) - 2017 - Cham: Springer Verlag.
    This volume offers a wide range of both reconstructions of Nikolai Vasiliev’s original logical ideas and their implementations in the modern logic and philosophy. A collection of works put together through the international workshop "Nikolai Vasiliev’s Logical Legacy and the Modern Logic," this book also covers foundations of logic in the light of Vasiliev’s contradictory ontology. Chapters range from a look at the Heuristic and Conceptual Background of Vasiliev's Imaginary Logic to Generalized Vasiliev-style Propositions. It includes works which cover (...)
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  23.  97
    Logical Pluralism and Logical Consequence.Erik Stei - 2023 - Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
    Logical pluralism is the view that there is more than one correct logic. This is not necessarily a controversial claim but in its most exciting formulations, pluralism extends to logics that have typically been considered rival accounts of logical consequence – to logics, that is, which adopt seemingly contradictory views about basic logical laws or argument forms. The logical pluralist challenges the philosophical orthodoxy that an argument is either deductively valid or invalid by claiming that there is (...)
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  24.  13
    Contradictoriness of Elementary Geometry.L. E. J. Brouwer - 1950 - Journal of Symbolic Logic 14 (4):262-263.
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  25.  1
    On a Four-Valued Logic of Formal Inconsistency and Formal Undeterminedness.Marcelo E. Coniglio, G. T. Gomez–Pereira & Martín Figallo - 2025 - Studia Logica 113 (1):183-224.
    Belnap–Dunn’s relevance logic, \(\textsf{BD}\), was designed seeking a suitable logical device for dealing with multiple information sources which sometimes may provide inconsistent and/or incomplete pieces of information. \(\textsf{BD}\) is a four-valued logic which is both paraconsistent and paracomplete. On the other hand, De and Omori, while investigating what classical negation amounts to in a paracomplete and paraconsistent four-valued setting, proposed the expansion \(\textsf{BD2}\) of the four valued Belnap–Dunn logic by a classical negation. In this paper, we introduce a four-valued expansion (...)
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  26. 4. Contradictorial Gradualism Vs. Discontinuism: Two Views On Fuzziness And The Transition Problem.Marcelo VÁsconez - 2006 - Logique Et Analyse 49 (195).
    The dissertation has two parts, each dealing with a problem, namely: 1) What is the most adequate account of fuzziness -the so-called phenomenon of vagueness?, and 2) what is the most plausible solution to the sorites, or heap paradox? I will try to show that fuzzy properties are those which are gradual, amenable to be possessed in a greater or smaller extent. Acknowledgement of degrees in the instantiation of a property allows for a gradual transition from one opposite to the (...)
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  27. Logical contradiction, contrary opposites, and epistemological relativism : Critical philosophical reflections on the psychological models of adult cognitive development.Miira Tuominen & Eeva K. Kallio - unknown
    In this contribution, we argue that a philosophical clarification of the discussion of adult cognitive development in psychology is needed in order to get a clearer view of what is at stake in this debated phenomenon. On the one hand, we contend that rather than epistemological relativism, mature adult cognition should be described in terms of integration. Integration means understanding that people have different views with each other and from us, but we still need to respect them as people and (...)
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  28. Modal Logic and the “Possible".Francois Schmitz - 1997 - Logica Trianguli 1:105-114.
    If we accept the idea that the value of a “logic” depends on its ability to fit the usual meaning of the “logical constants” which it formalises and the inferences we draw on their basis, we may ask if the meaning of “possible” is well captured by normal modal logic. We are faced with the following puzzle: if is meaningful and non contradictory is it not a logical truth that ? First, it is shown why there is no logical (...)
     
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  29.  35
    Contradictory Concepts.Graham Priest - 2014 - In Elena Ficara, Contradictions: Logic, History, Actuality. Boston: De Gruyter. pp. 13-26.
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  30.  15
    Kettle Logic.Andy Wible - 2018-05-09 - In Robert Arp, Steven Barbone & Michael Bruce, Bad Arguments. Wiley. pp. 174–176.
    This chapter focuses on one of the common fallacies in Western philosophy, 'kettle logic' (KL). KL is a fallacy in which multiple contradictory premises are presented to support a point. As such, it is logically impossible for all of the premises to be true. Formally, KL arguments are valid arguments, for it is impossible for contradictory premises to be true and the conclusion false. Sigmund Freud believes KL is employed in dreams quite often. Contradictory beliefs are commonly (...)
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  31.  42
    Four-Valued Paradefinite Logics.Ofer Arieli & Arnon Avron - 2017 - Studia Logica 105 (6):1087-1122.
    Paradefinite logics are logics that can be used for handling contradictory or partial information. As such, paradefinite logics should be both paraconsistent and paracomplete. In this paper we consider the simplest semantic framework for introducing paradefinite logics. It consists of the four-valued matrices that expand the minimal matrix which is characteristic for first degree entailments: Dunn–Belnap matrix. We survey and study the expressive power and proof theory of the most important logics that can be (...)
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  32.  17
    The Logical Impingement of Artifical Intelligence.Luíz Moniz Pereira - 1998 - Grazer Philosophische Studien 56:183-204.
    We address the impingement of Artificial Intelligence (AI) on logic, by examining the requirements posed on logic by knowledge representation and reasoning issues which A I has addressed. We then outline some of AI's contributions, via Logic Programming, to more dynamic forms of logic, in order to deal with knowledge in flux, namely: incomplete and contradictory information; hypotheses making through abduction; argumentation; diagnosis and debugging; updating; and learning. Along the way we delve into implications for the philosophy of knowledge.
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  33. Quantum logic as a fragment of independence-friendly logic.Jaakko Hintikka - 2002 - Journal of Philosophical Logic 31 (3):197-209.
    The working assumption of this paper is that noncommuting variables are irreducibly interdependent. The logic of such dependence relations is the author's independence-friendly (IF) logic, extended by adding to it sentence-initial contradictory negation ¬ over and above the dual (strong) negation ∼. Then in a Hilbert space ∼ turns out to express orthocomplementation. This can be extended to any logical space, which makes it possible to define the dimension of a logical space. The received Birkhoff and von Neumann "quantum (...)
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  34. On deontic calculi with contradictory duties.Zdzisław Ziemba - 1988 - Warszawa: Uniwersytet Warszawski. Edited by Kazimierz Świrydowicz.
     
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  35.  38
    Is Christ really contradictory? Some methodological concerns from the philosophy of science.María Del Rosario Martínez-Ordaz - 2021 - Manuscrito 44 (4):313-339.
    Two of the most important outcomes of The Contradictory Christ include: identifying Christ as an unproblematically contradictory being as well as laying the foundations of an investigation of the logical consequences of the existence of Christ, qua contradictory, within a particular 'theory'. In light of the enormous reluevance of Beall’s The contradictory Christ for the study of inconsistency, my main concern here is to explore the effect of some methodological choices behind Beall’s proposal -this in order (...)
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  36.  28
    Two in one: contradictory Christology without gluts?Franca D’Agostini - 2024 - Asian Journal of Philosophy 3 (1):1-27.
    The central thesis of JC Beall’s paraconsistent Christology is that Christ, being human and divine, is a contradictory being, and a rational Christology can accept it, since logic nowadays does not exclude the possibility of true contradictions. In this paper, I move from Beall’s theory and I present an alternative view. I quote seven statements of the so-called ‘Athanasian Creed’ which synthesizes the results of conciliar Christology. The aim of the Creed is to combat monophysitism by stressing the duplicity (...)
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  37. Epistemic Multilateral Logic.Luca Incurvati & Julian J. Schlöder - 2022 - Review of Symbolic Logic 15 (2):505-536.
    We present epistemic multilateral logic, a general logical framework for reasoning involving epistemic modality. Standard bilateral systems use propositional formulae marked with signs for assertion and rejection. Epistemic multilateral logic extends standard bilateral systems with a sign for the speech act of weak assertion (Incurvati and Schlöder 2019) and an operator for epistemic modality. We prove that epistemic multilateral logic is sound and complete with respect to the modal logic S5 modulo an appropriate translation. The logical framework developed provides the (...)
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  38.  2
    Note on Contradictions in Francez-Weiss Logics.Satoru Niki - forthcoming - Logic and Logical Philosophy:1-30.
    It is an unusual property for a logic to prove a formula and its negation without ending up in triviality. Some systems have nonetheless been observed to satisfy this property: one group of such non-trivial negation inconsistent logics has its archetype in H. Wansing’s constructive connexive logic, whose negation-implication fragment already proves contradictions. N. Francez and Y. Weiss subsequently investigated relevant subsystems of this fragment, and Weiss in particular showed that they remain negation inconsistent. In this note, we take (...)
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  39.  38
    One's Other Self: Contradictory Self-Identity in Ueda's Phenomenology of the Self.Raquel Bouso - 2019 - In Russell Re Manning, Sarah Flavel & Lydia Azadpour, in Differences in identity in global philosophy and religion. pp. 149 - 173.
    Concerned with the issue of the I-thou encounter and the question of how to overcome the problem of the confrontation that occurs in the worldly existence among individuals, the Japanese philosopher Ueda Shizuteru (1926-), a leading member of the Kyoto School, addressed this issue in his phenomenology of the self. Ueda develops his ideas as a hermeneutical practice in the reading of the well-known Zen classic parable Ten Ox-Herding pictures, given that Zen Buddhism is the main tradition upon which he (...)
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  40.  22
    Institutional Hegemony of a Logic Within a Cross-Sector Partnership.Barbara Harsman - 2024 - Business and Society 63 (1):108-144.
    Although some scholars propagate cross-sector partnerships (CSPs) as a panacea for addressing the grand challenges of the 21st century, scholars also acknowledge that this type of collaboration faces significant barriers since the institutional logics of partners such as business, civil society, and government potentially have contradicting interests and future visions. This inductive longitudinal case study on integrating skilled migrants into the German labor market examines the institutional work by which CSP members, particularly government actors, deliberately rein in contradictory (...)
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  41.  24
    Representing the Contradictory.Francesco Berto - 2014 - In Elena Ficara, Contradictions: Logic, History, Actuality. Boston: De Gruyter. pp. 81-94.
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  42.  51
    Contradictories and entailment.U. T. Place & J. J. C. Smart - 1954 - Philosophy and Phenomenological Research 15 (4):541-544.
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  43.  77
    (1 other version)Opposites, Contradictories, and Mediation in Kierkegaard's Critique of Hegel.Shannon Nason - 2011 - Heythrop Journal 52 (6):24-36.
    In this paper I argue that Kierkegaard endorses Hegel's theory of mediation, the view that relative opposites are mediated. However, I show that Kierkegaard denies Hegel's thesis that there are all and only relative opposites. I develop two of his arguments against this thesis. The first is existential. This argument comes from the dramatic interplay between A, the often disagreeable aesthete of Either/Or I, and Judge William, the dutiful ethicist of Either/Or II. Judge William convincingly argues that the possibility of (...)
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  44. Logic and Modal Intuitions.Paul Tidman - 1994 - The Monist 77 (3):389-398.
    Claims concerning what is or is not possible abound in contemporary philosophy. The epistemology of such claims, however, remains largely unexplored. Anything imaginable is possible, we are told, with the proviso that imagination be governed by logic. Many who defend this methodology argue that logic frees us from recourse to some mysterious a priori faculty of intuition. Anything is possible so long as it does not contain a contradiction—and we don’t need intuition to tell us what is contradictory, just (...)
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  45. Complete Symposium on Jc Beall's Christ – A Contradiction: A Defense of Contradictory Christology.Jc Beall, Timothy Pawl, Thomas McCall, A. J. Cotnoir & Sara L. Uckelman - 2019 - Journal of Analytic Theology 7 (1):400-577.
    The fundamental problem of Christology is the apparent contradiction of Christ as recorded at Chalcedon. Christ is human and Christ is divine. Being divine entails being immutable. Being human entails being mutable. Were Christ two different persons there’d be no apparent contradiction. But Chalcedon rules as much out. Were Christ only partly human or only partly divine there’d be no apparent contradiction. But Chalcedon rules as much out. Were the very meaning of ‘mutable’ and/or ‘immutable’ other than what they are, (...)
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  46.  74
    Second-Order Logic of Paradox.Allen P. Hazen & Francis Jeffry Pelletier - 2018 - Notre Dame Journal of Formal Logic 59 (4):547-558.
    The logic of paradox, LP, is a first-order, three-valued logic that has been advocated by Graham Priest as an appropriate way to represent the possibility of acceptable contradictory statements. Second-order LP is that logic augmented with quantification over predicates. As with classical second-order logic, there are different ways to give the semantic interpretation of sentences of the logic. The different ways give rise to different logical advantages and disadvantages, and we canvass several of these, concluding that it will be (...)
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  47.  78
    Medieval Obligationes as Logical Games of Consistency Maintenance.C. Dutilh Novaes - 2005 - Synthese 145 (3):371-395.
    I argue that the medieval form of dialectical disputation known as obligationes can be viewed as a logical game of consistency maintenance. The game has two participants, Opponent and Respondent. Opponent puts forward a proposition P; Respondent must concede, deny or doubt, on the basis of inferential relations between P and previously accepted or denied propositions, or, in case there is none, on the basis of the common set of beliefs. Respondent loses the game if he concedes a contradictory (...)
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  48. Transcendental Logic and the Logic of Thought.Dennis Schulting - 2021 - Studi Kantiani 34 (1):115-126.
    In this paper, I reflect on the idea, hinted at by Kant in a footnote to §16 of the B- Deduction that is not often discussed (KrV B 134n.), that transcendental logic is the ground of logic as a whole. This has important repercussions for the way we should see the role of transcendental logic with respect to the question of truth as well as the nature and scope of transcendental logic in relation to cognition, and in relation to general (...)
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  49.  44
    Logic Oughtn't be Normative.Christopher Searle - 2021 - Disputatio Philosophica 22 (1):3-10.
    Presumably, the exponent of logical normativity believes it to be the case that rational agents ought to reason logically. If the converse holds, and the exponent of logical normativity believes either that it is false that rational agents ought to reason logically or that the claim that rational agents ought to reason logically is not truth–functional, then any attempt to formulate sound arguments in support of their position will be either question–begging or self–contradictory. To argue in favour of the (...)
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  50.  55
    Paraconsistent Logic, Evidence, and Justification.Melvin Fitting - 2017 - Studia Logica 105 (6):1149-1166.
    In a forthcoming paper, Walter Carnielli and Abilio Rodrigues propose a Basic Logic of Evidence whose natural deduction rules are thought of as preserving evidence instead of truth. BLE turns out to be equivalent to Nelson’s paraconsistent logic N4, resulting from adding strong negation to Intuitionistic logic without Intuitionistic negation. The Carnielli/Rodrigues understanding of evidence is informal. Here we provide a formal alternative, using justification logic. First we introduce a modal logic, KX4, in which \ can be read as asserting (...)
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