Associated with the sharing economy, collaborative consumption behaviors often take place among customers. Different from the traditional consumption that customers purchase the product and own it, in the sharing economy, customers can access the product only for a particular period and the ownership of the product also belongs to the firm. In this paper, we develop a theoretical analysis model, and investigate the intrinsic connection between collaborative consumption and the sharing channel strategy. Adopting the sharing channel strategy, the firm has (...) a chance to expand the market demand and improve its profit. In addition, we examine the impacts of other influential factors on a firm’s decisions, such as the unit product cost, surplus-value, and service capability coefficient. (shrink)

The contribution of women to China’s economic growth and development cannot be overemphasized. Women play important social, economic, and productive roles in any economy. China remains one of the countries in the world with severe gender inequality and sex ratio at birth (SRB) imbalance. Severe gender inequality and disenfranchisement of girls with abnormally high sex ratios at birth reflect deep-rooted sexism and adversely affect girls’ development. For China to achieve economic growth, women should not be ignored and marginalized so that (...) they can contribute to the country’s growth, but the sex ratio at birth needs to be lowered because only women can contribute to growth. Thus, this study empirically predicts an asymmetric relationship between gender inequality, sex ratio at birth and economic growth, using NARDL model over the period 1980–2020. The NARDL results show that increases in gender inequality and sex ratio at birth significantly reduce economic growth in both the short and long term, while reductions in gender inequality and sex ratio at birth significantly boost economic growth in both the short and long term. Moreover, the results show the significant contribution of female labor force participation and female education (secondary and higher education) to economic growth. However, infant mortality rate significantly reduced economic growth. Strategically, the study recommends equal opportunities for women in employment, education, health, economics, and politics to reduce gender disparities and thereby promote sustainable economic growth in China. Moreover, policymakers should introduce new population policy to stabilize the sex ratio at birth, thereby promoting China’s long-term economic growth. (shrink)

: The European Court of Human Rights, established in 1959 as the unit of the Council of Europe, is the judicial authority that resolves individual, legal personality and international problems within the scope of fundamental rights defined in the 'European Convention on Human Rights' and other protocols. Historically, the European Court of Human Rights has taken various decisions that are considered within the scope of freedom of thought, conscience and religion. The Court defines in its decision, and in particular, what (...) it can be judged within the context of the religious symbol, from a secular point of view. The court recognized the right to freedom of belief and religion, on the other hand, described this right as a declaration of belief in public. The study was designed with a 'conceptual screening model' approaching religious symbols on the basis of freedom of religion and belief. Although this study seems to be in essence a literature review, conceptual screening differs from the literature review method in that it examines the different aspects of a concept within the scope of different science and disciplines. The purpose of this study is to determine the attitude of the European Court of Human Rights to the religious symbols of schools. As a consequence of this work, the nature and scope of local and forbidden legal initiatives against the growing religious symbolism in European schools over the last years have been determined. However, the place of religion in European educational systems and the "church-state relationship" within the social system is another consequence of this study. This study also specifies that the decisions of the courts should be shaped to express religious beliefs and traditions freely in the public sphere. (shrink)

The book you hold in your hands is the outcome of the "ISCS 2013: Interdisciplinary Symposium on Complex Systems" held at the historical capital of Bohemia as a continuation of our series of symposia in the science of complex systems. Prague, one of the most beautiful European cities, has its own beautiful genius loci. Here, a great number of important discoveries were made and many important scientists spent fruitful and creative years to leave unforgettable traces. The perhaps most significant period (...) was the time of Rudolf II who was a great supporter of the art and the science and attracted a great number of prominent minds to Prague. This trend would continue. Tycho Brahe, Niels Henrik Abel, Johannes Kepler, Bernard Bolzano, August Cauchy Christian Doppler, Ernst Mach, Albert Einstein and many others followed developing fundamental mathematical and physical theories or expanding them. Thus in the beginning of the 17th century, Kepler formulated here the first two of his three laws of planetary motion on the basis of Tycho Brahe’s observations. In the 19th century, nowhere differentiable continuous functions (of a fractal character) were constructed here by Bolzano along with a treatise on infinite sets, titled “Paradoxes of Infinity” (1851). Weierstrass would later publish a similar function in 1872. In 1842, Doppler as a professor of mathematics at the Technical University of Prague here first lectured about a physical effect to bear his name later. And the epoch-making physicist Albert Einstein – while being a chaired professor of theoretical physics at the German University of Prague – arrived at the decisive steps of his later finished theory of general relativity during the years 1911–1912. In Prague, also many famous philosophers and writers accomplished their works; for instance, playwright arel ape coined the word "robot" in Prague (“robot” comes from the Czech word “robota” which means “forced labor”). (shrink)

Bu araştırmanın amacı, imam-hatip liselerinde çalışan öğretmenlerin mesleki sorunlarının belirlenmesidir. Araştırma, nitel araştırma yöntemlerinden fenomenolojik yaklaşıma göre tasarlanmıştır. Çalışma grubu, amaçlı nitel araştırma örneklem yöntemlerinden maksimum çeşitlilik örneklemesi kullanılarak belirlenmiştir. Çalışma grubunu Ankara ilinin çeşitli imam-hatip liselerinde çalışan 58 öğretmen oluşturmaktadır. Verilerin toplanması amacıyla bir görüşme formu kullanılmış ve görüşmeler kayıt altına alınmıştır. Görüşmelerle elde edilen veriler, içerik analizine tabi tutularak nitel veri analizi yöntemlerinden olan Miles-Huberman modeli ile analiz edilmiştir. Araştırma sonuçlarına göre öğretmenlerin sorun olarak belirlediği ilk beş tema: (...) “Din eğitimi, öğretmen, öğrenci, okul yöneticileri ve üst yönetim kaynaklı sorunlar” olarak belirlenmiştir. Din eğitimi literatüründe öğretmenlerin mesleki sorunlarını ele alan çalışma olması ve okullarda yaşanan çeşitli ve çok sayıda soruna ilişkin nitelikli bilimsel veri sunması, bu araştırmanın önemine vurgu yapmaktadır. İmam-hatip liselerinde karşılaşılan mesleki sorunlara ilişkin din eğitimi politika belirleyiciler ile akademik çevrelerin dikkatini çekmeyi hedefleyen bu araştırmanın, literatürdeki önemli bir boşluğu kapatacağı ve konuya ilişkin ilgi uyandıracağı umulmaktadır. (shrink)

1959 yılında Avrupa Konseyine bağlı olarak kurulan Avrupa İnsan Hakları Mahkemesi, Avrupa İnsan Hakları Sözleşmesi ve diğer protokollerle belirlenmiş temel haklar kapsamında birey, tüzel kişilik ve devletlerarasındaki sorunları çözümleyen yargı merciidir. Tarihsel olarak Avrupa İnsan Hakları Mahkemesi: düşünce, vicdan ve din özgürlüğü kapsamında değerlendirilen çeşitli kararlar almıştır. Mahkeme söz konusu kararlarında ve özellikle nelerin dini simge kapsamında değerlendirilebileceğini laik bir bakış açısıyla tanımlamaktadır. Mahkeme, bir taraftan dini inanca sahip olma hakkını tasdik etmekte, bir taraftan da bu hakkı kamusal alanda inancı (...) beyan etme hakkı olarak nitelemektedir. Çalışma dini simgelere, din ve inanç özgürlüğü temelinde yaklaşan kavramsal tarama modeliyle desenlenmiştir. Bu çalışma özünde alanyazın taraması gibi görülse de alanyazın tarama yönteminden farklı olarak kavramsal tarama, bir kavramın farklı yönlerini değişik bilim ve disiplinlerin çalışma alanları kapsamında incelemektir. Bu çalışmanın amacı, Avrupa İnsan Hakları Mahkemesinin, okullarda bulunan dini simgelere karşı tutumunu belirlemektir. Bu çalışmanın bir sonucu olarak, son yıllarda Avrupa okullarında giderek artan dini simgeciliğe karşı yürütülen yerel ve yasakçı yasal girişimlerin doğası ve kapsamı belirlenmiştir. Bununla birlikte, Avrupa eğitim sistemlerinde dinin yeri ve sosyal sistem içinde “kilise – devlet ilişkisi” bu çalışmanın başka bir sonucudur. Ayrıca çalışma, mahkemelerin kararlarını, dini inanç ve geleneklerin kamusal alanda özgürce beyan edilmesi yönünde şekillendirmeleri gerekliliğini de belirlemektedir. (shrink)

This research was conducted in order to determine job stress, job satisfaction, burnout, and turnover intention of employees of religious affairs.In addition, within the scope of the research, the interrelationships between related concepts, demographic variables that these employees belong to, and their level of relationship within the concepts are also examined. The research was conducted on 1125 employees of religious affairs from Turkey's seven geographical regions, especially from the metropolitan centers (Istanbul, Ankara, Izmir, Mersin, Gaziantep, Samsun and Erzurum). In order (...) to collect the data, four different scale forms were used and the analysis was interpreted through a statistical analysis program.According to the results of the research, these employees have a low level of job satisfaction while experiencing moderate burnout. The employees of religious affairs, on the other hand, have a high level of job stress and moderate turnover intentions.While there are different researches in the literature that try to determine the burnout and job satisfaction of employees of religious affairs, this research is important because it is a pioneering study aiming to measure the work stress, which is known as the source of job satisfaction and burnout, and the turnover intention, which is the most important result of job stress. (shrink)

The thrust of this article is to give a brief account of the ultimate reality as viewed by Indian philosophical system namely, Vedic philosophy, Upanisads, Buddhism, Jainism and Charvaka. Though the root of this issue is traceable to the Vedic hymns, there are various interpretations of these hymns concerning the nature of ultimate reality, for instance some of the orientalists introduces henotheism as a transitional stage from polytheism to monotheism in Indian philosophy but according to some of the Indian thinkers (...) neither polytheism nor henotheism nor even monotheism can be taken as the keynote of the early vedic philosophy. This article has not covered the views of six Indian well-known schools of philosophy, i.e., Nimansa, Vedanta, Shankhya, Yoga, Nyaya and Vaisheshika particularly those of Shankara and Ramanuja concerning the nature of Brahma which are very interesting and thought-provoking. (shrink)

We adopt a top-down approach to agency aimed at developing a minimalist, scalable and naturalized account of it. After providing a general definition, we explore some possible extensions and refinements, domain of applicability, as well as a comparison with other recent accounts of agency, and possible objections to our proposal. With respect to what we classify as strong (such as Tononi’s) and weak (such as Rovelli’s) characterizations, our notion of agency situates itself in a middle position – our intent being (...) precisely that of spelling out the advantages of this median account within a variety of contexts, such as the interpretation of quantum mechanics, the debate on the nature of physical laws and Bayesianism. (shrink)

The aim of this paper is to critically assess the present state of Islamic philosophy in its main home, namely, Iran. However, since such a study requires some knowledge of the past developments of philosophical thought among Muslims, the paper briefly, though critically, deals with the emergence and subsequent phases of change in the views of Muslim philosophers from ninth century onward. In this historical survey I also touch upon the role played by other Muslim scholars such as theologians, mystics (...) and jurists, in shaping Islamic philosophy. The last section of the paper, deals, not in great details, with one or two possible scenarios for the future of Islamic philosophy. (shrink)

Study of the religious thoughts of Muḥammad Taqī Miṣbāḥ Yazdī on Islamic ethics, God and values.

Arab spring, 2010; Arab countries; history and criticism.

ABSTRACTProblem posing is the act of creating one’s own problems, unlike the traditional practice of solving problems posed by others. Problem posing is not a commonly taught topic. Though...

Ikhwān al-Ṣafāʼ; philosophy, Islamic.

al-ḥalqah 1. Fī dirāsat ʻilm al-manṭiq -- al-ḥalqah 2. al-Manṭiq -- al-ḥalqah 3. Manṭiq al-ishārāt.

University ranking systems attempt to provide an ordinal gauge to make an expert evaluation of the university’s performance for a general audience. University rankings have always had their pros and cons in the higher education community. Some seriously question the usefulness, accuracy, and lack of consensus in ranking systems and therefore multidimensional ranking systems have been proposed to overcome some shortcomings of the earlier systems. Although the present ranking results may rather be rough, they are the only available sources that (...) illustrate the complex university performance in a tangible format. Their relative accuracy has turned the ranking systems into an essential feature of the academic lifecycle within the foreseeable future. The main concern however, is that the present ranking systems totally neglect the ethical issues involved in university performances. Ethics should be a new dimension added into the university ranking systems, as it is an undisputable right of the public and all the parties involved in higher education to have an ethical evaluation of the university’s achievements. In this paper, to initiate ethical assessment and rankings, the main factors involved in the university performances are reviewed from an ethical perspective. Finally, a basic benchmarking model for university ethical performance is presented. (shrink)