Esta investigación propone una revisión de la idea de lo apocalíptico presente en Fire Punch de Tatsuki Fujimoto a partir de la representación que se hace en ella de lo escatológico y los alcances que tiene la idea de lo apocalíptico dentro del relato. Así se analizarán las acciones y motivaciones de los personajes de esta obra según el sentido que tiene la destrucción retratada en la obra. Para esto hay dos momentos centrales de la investigación: primero, la problematización (...) de lo apocalíptico y los alcances que tiene este fenómeno en este manga (Deleuze, Kant y Parkinson Zamora) y segundo, la aparición de la presencia y la ausencia en Fire Punch (Heidegger, Derrida, Fisher) y su función iluminadora o reveladora. (shrink)

Medical paternalism has long been a common medical practice. However, patient autonomy in healthcare has been recently adopted by doctors and patients alike. This study explored whether doctors and patients in a tertiary care hospital in Saudi Arabia preferred autonomy or paternalism in shared decision‐making. A total of 118 participants (51 patients requiring total knee replacement, owing to stages 3–4 of osteoarthritis, and 67 doctors) from the Eastern province, Saudi Arabia. responded to a 17‐question category‐based questionnaire involving four scales of (...) autonomy. Descriptive statistics and chi‐square test results revealed that in this hospital, patients preferred a paternalistic approach toward their medical care along with a full disclosure of the risks related to surgical procedures. We recommend health education regarding the specific autonomy subscales (doctor knows best, patient should decide, right to non‐participation, and obligatory risk information), and the implementation of protocols that protect patients' rights and enhance personal autonomy. (shrink)

Two thought experiments are discussed which suggest, first, a geometric interpretation of the concept of a (say, vector) potential (i.e., as a kinematic quantity associated with a transformation between moving frames of reference suitably related to the problem) and, second, that, in a quantum treatment one should extend the notion of the equivalence principle to include not only the equivalence of inertial forces with suitable “real” forces, but also the equivalence of potentials of such inertial forces and the potentials of (...) suitable real forces. The two types of cancellation are physically independent of each other, because of the Aharonov-Bohm effect. Finally, we show that the latter effect itself can be understood “geometrically” as a kinematic effect arising upon the transformation between the two reference frames. (shrink)

Offers practical advice on how to make your way in a chaotic world, and how to make it well. The 300 aphorisms contained here remain remarkably relevant today, addressing us today as practical guides for civility in an often uncivil world, and may serve as invitations to participate in making an uncivil world as civil as possible.

We interpret the (formal) postulates of measurement in quantum theory in terms of measurement procedures that can be done in the laboratory (at least in principle).

How do we ready ourselves to intervene responsively in the contingent situations that arise in co-designing to make change? How do we attune to group dynamics and respond ethically to unpredictable developments when working with 'community'? Participatory Design can contribute to social transitions, yet its focus is often tightly tuned to technique for designing ICT at the cost of participatory practice. We challenge PD conventions by addressing what happens as we step into a situation to alter it with others, an (...) aspect of practice that cannot be replicated or interchanged. We do so to argue that practices of readiness are constituted by personal histories, experiences, philosophies and culture. We demonstrate this political argument by giving reflexive accounts of our dimensions of preparation. The narratives here are distinct, yet reveal complementary theories and worldviews that shape PD ontologies. We have organized these around the qualities of punctuation and poise as a way to draw out some less easily articulated aspects of PD practice. (shrink)

This essay revisits the significance of Kaufmann's Toledot ha-emunah ha-yisre'elit in Jewish intellectual history, as its reception has hitherto been somewhat reductive. His work is generally viewed as an anti-Christian polemic with a Zionist agenda that sought to glorify the formative period of his people. A closer look at his intellectual background, as well as his theoretical framework, leads us to a different understanding of his work in general and of its alleged nationalistic features in particular. The essay shows, inter (...) alia, that Kaufmann was already making a Diltheyan hermeneutic turn decades before others in his field. (shrink)

La Ley Fundacional del Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC) organizó el Consejo en diversos Patronatos. Entre ellos, el “José María Quadrado” se encargó de la coordinación de los Estudios Locales. Este Patronato desapareció en la reorganización del CSIC de 1979 y en 1980 se creó la CECEL, que asumiría sus funciones. Se narra la historia de la Confederación, su personalidad jurídica, sus órganos de dirección, sus objetivos y se relacionan los centros que la componen.

In lieu of an abstract, here is a brief excerpt of the content:Reviewed by:Versuch über die TranszendentalphilosophieYitzhak Y. MelamedSalomon Maimon. Versuch über die Transzendentalphilosophie. Edited by Florian Ehrensperger. Hamburg: Meiner, 2004. Pp. lii + 324. € 19,80."I had now resolved to study Kant's Critique of Pure Reason, of which I had often heard but which I had never seen. The method, in which I studied this work, was quite peculiar. On the first perusal I obtained a vague idea of each (...) section. This I endeavored afterwards to make distinct by my own reflection, and thus to penetrate into the author's meaning. Such is properly the process which is called thinking oneself into a system [sich in ein System hineindenken]. But as I had already mastered in this way the systems of Spinoza, Hume and Leibniz, I was naturally led to think of a coalition-system [Koalitionssystem]. This in fact I found, and put it gradually in writing in the form of explanatory observations on the Critique of Pure Reason, just as this system unfolded itself to my mind. Such was the origin of my Transcendental Philosophy." The peculiar method of "thinking oneself into a system" might remind the reader of the works of the great French historian of philosophy, Martial Gueroult. However, these lines are taken from the autobiography of Salomon Maimon (1753–1800), one of the most brilliant as well as eccentric figures of modern philosophy (Solomon Maimon – An Autobiography, trans. J. Clark Murray (Urbana, 2001 [1792–93]), 279–80). The reader who still wonders about the similarity between Gueroult's and Maimon's methods is invited to consult the former's mostly neglected dissertation (1929).Maimon's life story is as fascinating as it is hard to believe. Having grown up in traditional Jewish surroundings in Lithuania, Maimon developed a deep interest in medieval Jewish philosophy in his early teens. Presumably, the uncompromising and iconoclastic spirit of this corpus struck a deep chord in his psyche and launched a life-long obsessive search after the truth. Upon hearing about the supposed appearance of "Lady Truth" in the emerging Hassidic movement, Maimon rushed to the house of the leader of the movement, but was disappointed to find out that the Lady had just left the place (or at least so the rumor said). Then, came the idea that perhaps Berlin, the city of the Aufklärer, was the new place of residence of the Lady (alas, had he only known...), and in 1777 Maimon packed a small bag of food and some manuscripts, said goodbye to his wife and young children and departed for Berlin. Then, began an odyssey of ten or twelve years in which he succeeded, among other things, in being kicked out from the shelter of Jewish community in Berlin due to his suspected heresy, learning and pursuing the delicate art of beggary, returning to Berlin and becoming a protégé of Mendelssohn, getting into a quarrel with Mendelssohn (on account of Maimon's unhidden Spinozism, and his frequent visits to certain not-so-respected houses), leaving Berlin to go to Amsterdam (for it was said that Lady T. was fond of a certain local Benedict), being stoned in the open street by the children of the Jewish community in Amsterdam, attending a Gymnasium at Altona at the age of thirty, and finally landing back in Berlin shortly after Mendelssohn's death. Then, the Lady was glimpsed again between the lines of Kant's Critique of Pure Reason. Well, the story just begins, and the reader should consult other books—such as the aforementioned Autobiography—if she wishes to find out the end of this obsessive affair.Published in 1790, Maimon's Essay on Transcendental Philosophy was originally conceived as a commentary on Kant's first critique. The main part of the book consists of ten chapters [End Page 366] in which Maimon presents his criticism of Kant, and suggests several crucial improvements of Kant's system. To this Maimon added a (rather lengthy) "Brief Survey of the Book," a commentary on Baumgarten's Metaphysica (entitled: "My Ontology"), and an appendix "On Symbolic Cognition and Philosophical Language." Presumably, Maimon circulated the book's manuscript and in response to criticisms he added another section... (shrink)

Self-deception may be a natural consequence of active goal operation instead of an adaptation for negotiating the social world. We argue that because autonomous goal programs likely drove human judgment and behavior prior to evolution of a central executive or “self,” these goal programs can operate independently to attain their desired end states and thereby produce outcomes that “deceive” the individual.

Challenges to Legal Theory offers the reader a fascinating journey though a variety of multi-disciplinary topics, ranging from law and literature, and law and religion, to legal philosophy and constitutional law. The collection reflects some of the challenges that the field of legal theory currently faces. It is compiled by a selection of international and Spanish scholars, whose essays are made available in English translation for the first time. The volume is based on a collection of essays, published in Spanish, (...) in honour of Professor José Iturmendi Morales, of Complutense University, Madrid, and brings the rich scholarship of pre-eminent Spanish scholars of law and legal theory to an international audience. (shrink)

THE OCCASION FOR THE ESSAYS RESPONDING TO MANAGING DIVERSITY IN academe follows in response to a challenge issued by Miguel De La Torre in a 2006 plenary panel regarding the invisibility of minority scholars' work in SCE publications. That 2006 panel, which included presentations by De La Torre, Melanie Harris, Gabriel Salgado, and Darryl Trimiew, stimulated discussions in both the Women's Caucus and the meeting of the Board of Directors; this set of essays from a 2008 plenary session and a (...) concurrent session held later in the meeting is the result of those earlier discussions. The two sessions both address diversity: these essays feature minority voices presenting specific proposals for how minority scholarship should and should not be used by majority and other minority scholars; the concurrent session featured a discussion by majority scholars on what whites must do to diversify the society. Our hope is that these essays and the discussions they generate will shed more light on this extremely complex and important issue for the SCE and the institutions in which members work. (shrink)

Мета. Основна мета статті полягає в порівнянні антропологічного контексту поняття когнітивний досвід у прагматизмі, що базується на емпіричній основі й визначається результатом взаємодії людини як біосоціальної істоти з навколишнім природним і соціальним середовищем шляхом експериментування та вибору найбільш оптимального способу дії у тій чи іншій ситуації відповідно до індивідуальних і суспільних цінностей, – з одного боку, та виключно епістемологічного значення когнітивного досвіду у позитивізмі, спрямованого на спостереження та перевірку емпіричних даних, – з іншого. Теоретичний базис. Антропологічний підхід є важливим для (...) цього дослідження, позаяк його визначальною теоретичною ідеєю є орієнтація на нерозривність теоретичного й практичного підходів до цілісності діяльності людини, запропонованої прагматизмом. На відміну від позитивізму, який абсолютизує теоретичне пізнання реальності, підкріплене емпіричним досвідом, прагматизм розуміє це пізнання як елемент практичної адаптивної діяльності людини як біосоціальної істоти, що конструює необхідне для її життя природне й соціальне середовище, перетворюючи невизначеність у впевненість. Так, із позиції радикального емпіризму В. Джеймса, когнітивний досвід людини охоплює не лише знання того, що є перед очима людини "тут і тепер", але й цінності, інтереси, моральні почуття, які визначають мету, перспективи й мотиви її діяльності. Наукова новизна. Завдячуючи антропологічному підходу, прагматизм досягає більш повного розуміння когнітивного досвіду, ніж позитивізм. Якщо в позитивізмі когнітивний досвід є самоцінним, то в прагматизмі він за допомогою зворотного зв’язку виконує функцію рефлексивного практичного експериментування, яке має забезпечити ефективність практичних дій людини як біосоціальної істоти. Когнітивний досвід – це важливий компонент звички, яка для прагматизму є, з одного боку, накопиченим досвідом тривалого практичного пристосування людини до природного та соціального середовища, а з іншого – як її здатності віднаходити інноваційні способи виживання в разі зміни визначальних обставин життєзабезпечення. Так, в екстремальних екзистенційних умовах існування людини (екологічні й соціальні катастрофи, війни) людино- й соціоцентричні цінності, включаючи й цінності ідентичності, разом із стратегічно вивіреною прагматичною оптимальністю дій, забезпечувані когнітивним досвідом, є важливими для виживання й розвитку людини та суспільства. Висновки. Використовуючи антропологічний підхід, прагматизм розглядає когнітивний досвід у людиновимірному аспекті. З усього спектра когнітивного досвіду, що уможливлює орієнтування людини в природному й соціальному середовищі, є та його частина, що дозволяє людині застосовувати здобуті знання в продуктивній практичній діяльності на основі загальнолюдських цінностей. Із погляду прагматизму, когнітивний досвід, заснований на експериментуванні з рефлексивним зворотнім зв’язком, є важливим для забезпечення ефективності практичних дій людини. В умовах епохальних соціальних трансформацій, що наразі відбуваються у світі, виживання й розвиток цивілізації на основі загальнолюдських цінностей значною мірою залежить від ефективності реалізації актуалізованого когнітивного досвіду людини, її інтелектуальних і моральних ресурсів. (shrink)

Bai, Tongdong 白彤東, New Mission of an Old State: Classical Confucian Political Philosophy in a Contemporary and Comparative Context 舊邦新命: 古今中西參考下的古典儒家政治哲學 Content Type Journal Article DOI 10.1007/s11712-010-9183-0 Authors Ellen Y. Zhang, Department of Religion and Philosophy, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Kowloon, Hong Kong Journal Dao Online ISSN 1569-7274 Print ISSN 1540-3009 Journal Volume Volume 9 Journal Issue Volume 9, Number 4.

In psychiatry, pharmacological research has played a crucial role in the formulation, revision, and refinement of neurobiological theories of psychopathology. Besides being utilized as potential treatments for various mental disorders, pharmacological drugs play an important epistemic role as experimental instruments that help scientists uncover the neurobiological underpinnings of mental disorders (Tsou, 2012). Interventions with psychiatric patients using pharmacological drugs provide researchers with information about the neurobiological causes of mental disorders that cannot be obtained in other ways. This important source of (...) evidence for the biological causes of mental disorder is often overlooked in philosophical analyses of psychiatry, especially in skeptical analyses that debase the biological aspects of psychopathology (e.g., Szasz, 1960; Scheff, 1963; Laing, 1967). In discussing pharmacological interventions as a form of evidence for the physical basis of mental disorders, this paper aims to clarify the nature, reliability, and limitations of this evidence. In addition, it illustrates the central role that pharmacological findings in applied clinical contexts play in the acquisition of neurobiological knowledge in research contexts. (shrink)

El presente artículo busca proponer un acercamiento a la influencia del pensamiento de Thomas Hobbes y su obra en el pensamiento económico. En especial en las escuelas marxista, neoclásica y keynesiana. El influjo de su pensamiento puede evidenciarse en el abordaje metodológico, antropológico e institucional. Se ofrece una Mirada sobre la sociedad civil (comercial), el Mercado y el Estado al mismo tiempo. Hobbes ha sido la inspiración de un concepto de Estado monolítico en lo político, en este sentido, la mirada (...) de la economía bajo el concepto de un gran planificador centralizado, tiene importantes antecedentes en este autor. El ejercicio del control social del individuo como propuesta institucional, en varias escuelas de la economía comparten con Hobbes, varios antecedentes que merecen ser analizados. (shrink)

Muhtemelen her teist, Tanrı’nın iyi bir varlık olduğu konusunda hemfikirdir. Ancak kimilerine göre, Tanrı’nın iyi olduğu iddiası delilsiz bir varsayımdan ibarettir. Ne Tanrı’nın varlığına ilişkin argümanlar ne de başka gerekçeler, Tanrı varsa bile O’nun iyi olduğu sonucuna rasyonel bir yolla ulaşmak için yeterli değildir. Hatta bazı ateistlere göre, kötü bir tanrıya inanmak da iyi bir tanrıya inanmak kadar makuldür. Stephen Law, bu noktadan hareketle teizme karşı bir argüman geliştirir. İyi veya kötü tanrıya inanmak aynı oranda makulse, bunlardan birinin saçma olması (...) durumunda diğeri de saçma olmalıdır. Çünkü her iki tanrı anlayışı da aynı ya da benzer argümanlarla desteklenebilir. Örneğin, kozmolojik argüman veya tasarım kanıtı, iyi bir tanrının varlığını kanıtlamak için kullanılabileceği gibi, kötü bir tanrının varlığına delil olarak da kullanılabilir. Benzer şekilde, eğer dünyadaki iyiliklerden hareketle Tanrı’nın kötü olamayacağı iddia edilirse, dünyadaki kötülüklerden yola çıkarak O’nun iyi olamayacağı da iddia edilebilir. Kötülük probleminin hâlâ tartışmalı olduğu göz önünde bulundurulursa, evrenden hareketle Tanrı’nın iyi olduğu henüz ikna edici bir biçimde gösterilememiştir. Kısacası, iyi tanrı için geçerli olan argümanlar benzer şekilde kötü tanrı için de kurgulanabilir. Law, benzer argümanlarla desteklenen iki tezin aynı ölçüde rasyonel olması gerektiği iddiasını “simetri tezi” olarak adlandırır. O, kötü tanrı fikrini kimsenin makul bulmayacağını, bir diğer ifadeyle bu fikrin saçma olduğunu öne sürer. Dolayısıyla, onun simetriği olan ve benzer argümanlardan beslenen iyi tanrı fikri de makul görülemez. Bu argüman, Law’un isimlendirmesiyle, kötü tanrı itirazı (the evil-god challenge) olarak bilinir. Law’dan sonra da birçok düşünür tarafından geliştirilerek teizme karşı kullanılan bu itiraz, özellikle son on beş yılda din felsefesinin önemli meselelerinden biri hâline gelmiştir. Bu çalışmada, kötü tanrı itirazına karşı geliştirilen çeşitli çözümleri değerlendireceğim ve onun teizm açısından kayda değer bir sorun teşkil etmediğini öne süreceğim. Kötü tanrı itirazına yönelik burada ele alınacak çözüm önerilerini ana hatlarıyla sıralarsam; öncelikle iyi ve kötü tanrı inançlarının simetrik olduğu iddiasını tartışmaya açarak, dünyadaki düzenin kötü bir tanrıya işaret etmediğini öne süreceğim. Ardından, bir simetriden bahsedilecek olsa bile kötü-tanrı fikrinin saçma olmadığını, dolayısıyla simetriği olan iyi-tanrı anlayışının da bir çırpıda reddedilemeyeceğini iddia edeceğim. Son olarak, iyi-tanrı fikrinin temel inanç (basic belief) olabileceğini, ancak kötü-tanrı inancı için aynı durumun geçerli olmadığını savunacağım. (shrink)

Sosyal değişim her toplumsal yapıda aynı biçimde gerçekleşmemektedir. Bu bağlamda her toplum modernleşme sürecini kendine özgü dinamiklerle tecrübe etmektedir. Bu dinamikler, modernleşme sürecine dâhil olmak isteyen ülkeler için ya üstten ya dışarıdan bir müdahale ile başlamıştır. Devletin modernleşme girişimlerine bağlı olarak ise bireysel ve toplumsal yapıda pek çok farklılaşma baş göstermiştir. Zira devleti idare eden güçlerin kısa vadede birçok kez değişmesi ile asrîleşme yolundaki toplum, yeni bir düşünce yapısı ve buna uygun modernleşme adımları ile karşı karşıya kalmıştır. Ancak bu farklılaşma (...) her zaman devletin öngördüğü ve düzenlediği şekilde gerçekleşmemiştir. Bu anlamda toplum değişim hususunda farklı tepkiler ortaya koyarak kabullenme ya da direnç gösterme yoluna gitmiştir. Değişimin, halk nezdinde başarılı bir şekilde meşrulaştırılamaması buna rağmen çeşitli yaptırımlarla işe koşulması ise yeni normların halk arasında içselleştirilememesine sebep olmuştur. Toplum tarafından içselleştirilemeyen modernleşme hareketleri ise yüzeysel ve biçimsel olarak uygulanmaya çalışılmıştır. Ancak zaman içerisinde enformasyon olanaklarının gelişmesi ve devlet içerisindeki kademelerin hem siyasal hem de sosyal düzlemde birbirleriyle yakınlaşması neticesinde modernleşme kendi motivasyonunu içsel süreçlerden almaya başlamıştır. Böylece günümüze gelirken doğu-batı arasında ancak kendine özgü motifleri de sahiplenen eklektik bir kültür ortaya çıkmıştır. Bu çizgide yetişen bireyler de kendi modernleşme tecrübesini yaşarken toplumun kalıplarını da uygulayagelmiştir. Toplumda oluşan bu kalıplar bireylerin duygulanım ve mahcubiyet eşiklerini değiştirmiştir. Böylece insan uygarlaşırken dışarıdan başlayan kontrol duygusu öze doğru inmiştir. Bu alt yapıdan hareketle çalışmamızın amacı, Norbert Elias’ın uygarlık kuramı kapsamında, Türk modernleşmesinin beraberinde getirdiği değişimin sosyal ve bireysel anlamda tekil insanın duygulanım eşiğini nasıl değiştirdiğini kılık kıyafet üzerinden okumaktır. Çalışmanın ilerlemesi için literatür taramasını tercih edilmiştir. Araştırma, konu olarak kılık kıyafet, zamansal olaraksa II. Mahmud döneminden (1785-1839) erken Cumhuriyet devrine kadar olan süreç ile sınırlandırılmıştır. Böylece çalışma, 200 yıl öncesine dayanan Türk modernleşme serüvenine kadar geriye giderek bugüne dair çıkarımlar yapmıştır. Çalışma üç ana bölüme ayrılarak ele alınmıştır. Bu bölümler ortaya koyulurken konular sık sık “din” teması ile ilişkilendirilmiştir. (shrink)