In this article, Volodymyr Yermolenko examines the power of ideas to shape social and political events. He is particularly interested in the way misguided or false ideas about Russian and Ukrainian history and politics have contributed to the current Russia-Ukraine war. He also reflects on the way this war has transformed his understanding of some key philosophical concepts, including life, death, and social solidarity.

Language has traditionally been an important marker of Ukrainian identity which, due to a lack of independent statehood, has been ethnic rather than civic. The contradictory policies of the Soviet regime produced a large discrepancy between ethnocultural identity and language use. In independent Ukraine this discrepancy persisted, as increased identification with the Ukrainian nation was not accompanied by a commensurate increase in the use of the Ukrainian language, even though the latter was predominantly valued as a symbol of nationhood. The (...) Euromaidan and the subsequent Russian aggression further detached language use from national identity, as many Russian speakers came to identify strongly with the inclusive Ukrainian nation without abandoning their accustomed language or even adding Ukrainian as an active part of their communicative repertoire. The post-Maidan leadership refrained from an active promotion of Ukrainian for fear of provoking alienation among Russian speakers, but this policy exacerbates the disadvantaged position of the titular language in various domains and causes discontent among those viewing it as a crucial component of national identity. (shrink)

У статті розглядаються основні ідеї метафізики видатного американського логіка та філософа Чарльза Пірса. Показано, що значну частину його «наукової метафізики» становить еволюційна космологія, що характеризується, зокрема, істотною роллю випадковості у світі. Серед інноваційних ідей еволюційної космології вирізняється ідея хаотичного початку Універсуму. У статті показано, що ця ідея перегукується з деякими сучасними проблемами квантово-релятивістської космології, і насамперед із проблемами, як і раніше, популярної «інфляційної моделі», в якій ідея хаотичного початку еволюції Всесвіту є однією з центральних.Метою цієї статті є визначення низки паралелей (...) між «науковою метафізикою» Пірса та інфляційними космологічними моделями.Методом дослідження є проведення порівняльного аналізу сценарію еволюції Всесвіту з еволюційної космології Пірса – з одного боку, та сценарію еволюції Всесвіту в інфляційній моделі – з іншого боку, на основі виявлення загального елемента обох сценаріїв хаотичного початку еволюції Всесвіту. В результаті були виявлені зазначені вище паралелі.У першому підрозділі «Детермінізм та «наукова метафізика» Ч. Пірса» коротко відзначені ті філософські течії, які найбільше вплинули на формування та еволюцію поглядів Пірса. Розглянуто деякі загальні питання детермінізму як філософської течії про впорядкованість у світі. Зокрема, також розглянуто питання про співвідношення необхідності та випадковості у детермінізмі, а також трактування Пірса про співвідношення цих категорій. Докладно описано задум Пірса побудувати «наукову метафізику» як альтернативу її традиційним версіям.У другому підрозділі «Еволюційна космологія в «науковій метафізиці» Пірса» обговорюється зміст його еволюційної космології як найважливішої складової його «наукової метафізики». Акцент робиться на процесі еволюції Всесвіту від її початкового хаотичного стану. Ставиться питання про нетрадиційний стосовно механістичної картині світу підхід до природи випадковості. Суть нетрадиційного немеханістичного розуміння випадковості у процесі еволюції пов’язана з конструктивним її розумінням.Третій підрозділ «Тихізм Пірса та сучасна космологія» присвячений опису зв’язку «наукової метафізики» Пірса та сучасної квантово-релятивістської космології. Дається короткий опис еволюції сучасної квантово-релятивістської космології та становлення в її рамках інфляційних моделей. Також коротко дається її зміст та аналіз сценарію еволюції Всесвіту, починаючи з хаотичного стану.Знайдені паралелі сприятимуть поглибленню наукової картини світу, зокрема – прогресивному впливу конструктивного розуміння випадковості, особливо в еволюційних процесах.У такому контексті представлені паралелі здійснені, наскільки нам відомо, вперше як у вітчизняній, так і в зарубіжній літературі. (shrink)

The formation of the concepts and categories that human thinking and culture use is a process that is complex and long-lasting. This specificity of the logical framework of knowledge is due to its historical character, which focuses primarily on the development of consciousness in the stage of development. It is known that the original representations of man about the world had a mythological color. They noted direct intertwining in the practice of everyday relations, and therefore they did not raise the (...) question of their own essence. The same could not have happened, because the individual has not yet realized himself as a unique person. His personal "I" was inseparable from nature or was seen as a part of the generic team. The original man has not yet reached the understanding of self-determination and did not possess the ability to structure the consciousness in its relation to the world. Therefore, in terms of mythological worldview, the term "protocotographic forms of thinking", which represented the empirical integrity of man and the environment, was correctly used. Their specificity was to focus on the concrete. Animistic, fetishistic, and totemic beliefs set themselves the goal of discovering in the environment and distinguishing objects of magic or non-magic in the present concreteness. "Of course, as Ukrainian scholars point out," the protocategorial forms of the primitive and mythological consciousness did not have yet such a certainty that would represent an integral part consisting not of parts but of a dynamic organic ". (shrink)

Belief formation and justification of belief is the subject of epistemology, philosophy of mind, and philosophy of action. In this article we are mostly interested in the application of analytic techniques for the explication of belief justification under uncertainty. We need to explicate this phenomenon in order to answer, at least in part, the question of what are the features of reasoning made in conditions that cause doubts, how people make decisions in such conditions. Arguments used for the justification of (...) such decisions have the status of plausible arguments. The crucial issues related to the analysis and evaluation of plausible arguments are of the acceptability of the premises and the transmission of their acceptability to the conclusion. In this article, we have focused on the transition from the premises to the conclusions of plausible arguments, on the transmission of justification of premises to the conclusions. To establish the peculiarities of such a transmission an outline of the semantics for such arguments is proposed. Its key component is the measures of the plausibility of the premises and rules of inference. A plausible argument itself does not provide the ultimate reason for accepting its conclusion. The justification of the conclusion also depends on other arguments that support or defeat it. So to establish the degree of justification of the conclusion we need to attribute the weights to the premises and rules of inference. We hope that this study provides at least a preliminary answer to the question of how the failure of the transmission of justification in plausible arguments differs from the failure of transmission in deductive arguments. (shrink)

The article is focused on Lesia Ukrainka’s famous drama The Stone Master (Kaminnyi Hospodar), her remake of the Don Juan legend. The author of the article, Ukrainian philosopher Volodymyr Yermolenko, localizes Lesia’s masterpiece in a broader European tradition of the legend. He compares The Stone Master with the previous version of the Don Juan legend, by Tirso de Molina (The Trickster of Seville), Moli re (Dom Juan), Mozart (Don Giovanni), Hoffmann (Don Juan), Grabbe (Faust and Don Juan) and others. (...) He analyzes Lesia’s originality within this tradition. He also reads The Stone Master in the context of the dialogue between different epochs: the Baroque, Classicism, Rococo / Enlightenment, Romanticism, Post-Romanticism. Each of the epochs develops its specific version of Don Juan legend, according to Yermolenko, which reflects a specific concept of human being and human relations developed at each particular period. While the “Baroque” Don Juan of Tirso de Molina marks the crisis of the culture of honor, the “Classicist” Don Juan of Moli re shows the development of a culture of knowledge and general concepts, and the “Romantic” Don Juan of Byron and Hoffmann is a symptorm of a new 19th century culture of will and transformation. In this respect, it is important to look at Lesia Ukrainka’s text as a battleground of “Romantic” will to freedom and “Post-Romantic” (or fin de siècle) will to power. In this context, Yermolenko reads The Stone Master (written in 1912) as a criticism of the fashionable topic of “will to power”, and as a political warning, with Lesia Ukrainka showing the upcoming horrors of the 20th century’s authoritarianism and totalitarianism. With the help of the concept of eropolitics, the author shows how, through the erotic topic, Lesia Ukrainka passed a major political message to her epoch — and ours as well. (shrink)

In modern conditions payment systems have an important role in the economy, as they must provide effective economic means of payments. Accordingly, the development of payment systems in Ukraine appears as a relevant theoretical and practical problem. In the article the theoretical basis and features of payment systems in Ukraine were researched. Preconditions of systemically important payment systems development been analyzed, which are performed by the key principles of their organization and functioning. Realization of principles of systemically important payment systems (...) in Ukraine was investigated. The key principles of operation and functioning and their implementation in retail payment systems were determining, such as providing competitive services, security payments from outside interference, territorial and temporal availability, profitability of participation in the payment system, consumer protection, instant calculation of account balance, instant currency conversion and minimize currency risk. Recommendations for improving the procedures for conversion of currencies in the international card payment systems were provided in order to reduce currency risks for end-users and issuing banks, such as introducing restrictions on the period of submission for payment of international trade, as well prohibit use of trade-service enterprises for currency conversion their own exchange rates. The necessity of legislative regulation of the size of interchange fee in card payment systems to create more favorable conditions for the spread of retail electronic payment was determined as well as removal of legal restrictions on the issuance and use of electronic money and foreign exchange restrictions in order to create the conditions for international payment systems based on electronic money to enter the Ukrainian payment market. (shrink)

The article aims at studying the economic processes of developing national market of resort services in a historical perspective. The theoretical conceptualization of the market of resort services has been conducted, the basic economic backgrounds of its formation has been defined basing on a comprehensive assessment of researches of Ukrainian and foreign scientists. The article has analyzed the institutional framework of a resort services market in the realities of a mixed model of the national economy. The issues of financial security (...) of resort treatment and rehabilitation in the conditions of a market and anti-market of Ukrainehave been studied. The problem of economic inefficiency of planning and distribution system to ensure the proper level of reproduction of human capital has been outlined. It has been established that the spa and resort sector of Ukraine is characterized by the transformation of the economy reflecting the changes of public vectors of a state-formationthat affect differently entrepreneurship, private and state property, principles and ways of funding spa treatment and rehabilitation of the population. The results of the study enable to formulate the basic economic conditions of formation of the national market of spa and resort services: a significant level of economic utilization of natural recreational resources, development of infrastructure for spa treatment and rehabilitation of people; revival of institutional norms of sanatorium and resort business on the principles of private property, entrepreneurship and competition. Further research should be conducted as to develop anti-crisis trends in a governmental regulation of the national market of resort services in Ukraine, transformation of quasi-marketsystem of spa and resort services into a socially oriented system of market relations that meet the demands of a modern Ukrainian society. (shrink)

Стаття присвячена макроекономічному аналізу діяльності суб'єктів ринку санаторно-курортних послуг, висвітленню політекономічних аспектів взаємодії попиту і пропозиції на послуги санаторно-курортного лікування й оздоровлення населення. На основі аналізу ринкового механізму господарювання розглядається релевантний діапазон формування сприятливої кон'юнктури ринку санаторно-курортних послуг. У дослідженні розкрито теоретичні аспекти взаємодії попиту і пропозиції на ринку санаторно-курортних послуг, розвитку термінологічного апарату ринкової взаємодії. Значна увага приділяється питанням, що мають практичне значення: формування ефективного попиту і пропозиції, пом'якшення наслідків нерівності в умовах ринку, встановлення економічної рівноваги під впливом різних (...) індивідуальних потреб та вподобань людини, утвердження суверенітету споживача на послуги санаторно-курортного лікування й оздоровлення. (shrink)

У статті розглядається адміністративно-територіальний поділ Галичини та Буковини російською окупаційною владою в період Першої світової війни. Простежується декілька періодів російської окупації території краю в 1914-1918 рр. та політика царського уряду щодо цих земель. Висвітлюється спрямування політики російської окупації та підкреслюється факт створення Обласного комісаріату Галичини й Буковини.

Stanislaw Orichovsky's coat of arms Oksha is an outstanding Ukrainian-Polish speaker, historian, journalist, philosopher and lawyer of the pan-European level. He is considered to be the leading representative of Renaissance humanism in Ukraine.

In the article the features of the processes of globalization in the context of religious culture have been considered. Such features of modern globalization processes prompt the study of world religions and the consideration of the place of Ukraine in contemporary global challenges. The conditions for the adaptation of Ukrainian society in international religious relations have been formulated.

On Tuesday, May 21, the State Duma passed a second reading of the law on the protection of the feelings of believers. While the matter has not reached the third, last reading, I consider it my duty to pay attention to both the respected deputies, and Patriarch Kirill and the heads of other confessions, to a number of points.

The author studies the I. Franko's views upon the national ideal of the Ukrainian state development and the role of intelligentsia in national idea realization.

The history of "displaced persons" is one of the major historical context of the postwar period. On the European continent, it lasts throughout the second half of the 1940s in the territory occupied by Germany, Austria and Italy. From our point of view, the study of the problem has a very strong historiographical focus, which is associated with a number of national studies. Therefore, this article is dedicated to one of the main problems, which are common to all national historiography: (...) the problem of publishing the "displaced persons". The study is based on analysis of visual journalism as a historical source on the history of ordinary life DPs. The main source is regarded magazine "DiPiniada", which V. Ellis and V. Odinokov, published in a DPs camp Pasing-Munich. On the pages of the satirical magazine in 1946-1947 addressed many current topics of ordinary life of displaced persons. In general, "DiPiniada" is an important visual historical source. On the basis of press of displaced persons, ex-DiPi memories, the author makes two main conclusions. Firstly, "Dipiniada" magazine tells the story of ordinary life in the camps DiPi both artistic "language", and contextual "language". Secondly, the satirical nature of the publication is the reason for its historical authenticity, because humor is possible only in conditions of a familiar image. It is noted that the investigation has prospects both in methodological and in the objective aspects. (shrink)

The importance of the outlined problem lies in the fact that professional training of future fine arts teachers should take into account the trends of recent general scientific, socio-cultural and moral-aesthetic processes. Analysis of the professional training system in the context of the requirements of postmodern society gives grounds to claim that it requires significant updating. In particular, individualization and democratization of education, interdisciplinarity, departure from traditional patterns of professional training, rethinking of pedagogical ideas and postulates in the context of (...) quality assurance, etc. are paramount. The article defines the structure of artistic and pedagogical competence of a fine arts teacher. Its structural elements ) and pedagogical component and ways of their formation are determined. Ways to improve professional training of future fine arts teachers taking into account the postmodern features of higher education development (ensuring continuity of creative education; updating the scope of professional training; the use of information technology in the process of professional training of future fine arts teachers; emphasis of the educational programme on personal and creative development, self-fulfilment of students of artistic specialties. Development of pedagogical conditions for formation of artistic and pedagogical competence in future fine arts teachers and organization of a pedagogical experiment in order to determine their effectiveness seems promising. (shrink)

The article of Volodymyr Moroz ―Normative character of the principles of Social doctrine of Catholic Church: an evolutional way of formation - is devoted to the analysis of Catholic Church’s Teaching over the human dignity. Author explores also the process of settling of the principles of common good, subsidiarity and solidarity in the Teaching of Catholic Church. Mentioned principles are investigated in the case of orientation to provide a reverence to transcendent human dignity. Author sums up that all three (...) principles have normative character. That is to say the principles are called to guarantee certain coordination between the social reality and the verities, which were declared by the Social doctrine of the Church. (shrink)

У статті розглянуто теоретичний доробок відомого сучасного богослова й дослідника Нового Заповіту Річарда Хейза. Показано, що вчений використовує Писання як підставу для етичного дискурсу і трансформації громади народу Божого в наші дні й пропонує проводити творчі аналогії між оповіддю текстів й оповіддю, яку проживає церква в зовсім інших історичних обставинах. Відзначено новаторський підхід Річарда Хейза до опису новозавітної етики на тлі змін у розумінні новозавітних листів, включаючи перехід від екзегетичних спроб витягти затвердження "істини" на підставі листів Павла до дослідження богослов'я (...) Павла як діалогічного перетину з певними історичними обставинами. Тобто автор представляє послання Павла як герменевтичну модель і закликає своїх читачів ставитися до послань апостола, немовби вони адресовані особисто їм. Виявлено декілька напрямків дослідження Р. Хейзом герменевтики послань Павла: наративна підструктура в Писанні, інтертекстуальний підхід до розуміння використання Старого Заповіту на сторінках Нового, вплив герменевтичних підходів у розумінні питань етики Нового Заповіту. (shrink)

The Soviet ideology treated natural science as one of its cornerstones and provided the state support for philosophical studies of science. Their main aims were to prove its intellectual superiority and to demonstrate its scientific character. Do these studies have some positive results and resources for surviving in post-Soviet times? The chapter gives the overview of present situation in Ukrainian analytical studies of science and indicates some perspectives of their developments. Some of these are connected with a careful structure-nominative analysis (...) of real scientific knowledge systems and relations between them. -/- Ideology and philosophical studies of science Complexity of scientific knowledge systems Components and structures of knowledge systems -/- . (shrink)

The paper explicates the stages of the author’s philosophical evolution in the light of Kopnin’s ideas and heritage. Starting from Kopnin’s understanding of dialectical materialism, the author has stated that category transformations of physics has opened from conceptualization of immutability to mutability and then to interaction, evolvement and emergence. He has connected the problem of physical cognition universals with an elaboration of the specific system of tools and methods of identifying, individuating and distinguishing objects from a scientific theory domain. The (...) role of vacuum conception and the idea of existence (actual and potential, observable and nonobservable, virtual and hidden) types were analyzed. In collaboration with S.Crymski heuristic and regulative functions of categories of substance, world as a whole as well as postulates of relativity and absoluteness, and anthropic and self-development principles were singled out. Elaborating Kopnin’s view of scientific theories as a practically effective and relatively true mapping of their domains, the author in collaboration with M. Burgin have originated the unified structure-nominative reconstruction (model) of scientific theory as a knowledge system. According to it, every scientific knowledge system includes hierarchically organized and complex subsystems that partially and separately have been studied by standard, structuralist, operationalist, problem-solving, axiological and other directions of the current philosophy of science. 1) The logico-linguistic subsystem represents and normalizes by means of different, including mathematical, languages and normalizes and logical calculi the knowledge available on objects under study. 2) The model-representing subsystem comprises peculiar to the knowledge system ways of their modeling and understanding. 3) The pragmatic-procedural subsystem contains general and unique to the knowledge system operations, methods, procedures, algorithms and programs. 4) From the viewpoint of the problem-heuristic subsystem, the knowledge system is a unique way of setting and resolving questions, problems, puzzles and tasks of cognition of objects into question. It also includes various heuristics and estimations (truth, consistency, beauty, efficacy, adequacy, heuristicity etc) of components and structures of the knowledge system. 5) The subsystem of links fixes interrelations between above-mentioned components, structures and subsystems of the knowledge system. The structure-nominative reconstruction has been used in the philosophical and comparative case-studies of mathematical, physical, economic, legal, political, pedagogical, social, and sociological theories. It has enlarged the collection of knowledge structures, connected, for instance, with a multitude of theoreticity levels and with an application of numerous mathematical languages. It has deepened the comprehension of relations between the main directions of current philosophy of science. They are interpreted as dealing mainly with isolated subsystems of scientific theory. This reconstruction has disclosed a variety of undetected knowledge structures, associated also, for instance, with principles of symmetry and supersymmetry and with laws of various levels and degrees. In cooperation with the physicist Olexander Gabovich the modified structure-nominative reconstruction is in the processes of development and justification. Ideas and concepts were also in the center of Kopnin’s cognitive activity. The author has suggested and elaborated the triplet model of concepts. According to it, any scientific concept is a dependent on cognitive situation, dynamical, multifunctional state of scientist’s thinking, and available knowledge system. A concept is modeled as being consisted from three interrelated structures. 1) The concept base characterizes objects falling under a concept as well as their properties and relations. In terms of volume and content the logical modeling reveals partially only the concept base. 2) The concept representing part includes structures and means (names, statements, abstract properties, quantitative values of object properties and relations, mathematical equations and their systems, theoretical models etc.) of object representation in the appropriate knowledge system. 3) The linkage unites a structures and procedures that connect components from the abovementioned structures. The partial cases of the triplet model are logical, information, two-tired, standard, exemplar, prototype, knowledge-dependent and other concept models. It has introduced the triplet classification that comprises several hundreds of concept types. Different kinds of fuzziness are distinguished. Even the most precise and exact concepts are fuzzy in some triplet aspect. The notions of relations between real scientific concepts are essentially extended. For example, the definition and strict analysis of such relations between concepts as formalization, quantification, mathematization, generalization, fuzzification, and various kinds of identity are proposed. The concepts «PLANET» and «ELEMENTARY PARTICLE» and some of their metamorphoses were analyzed in triplet terms. The Kopnin’s methodology and epistemology of cognition was being used for creating conception of the philosophy of law as elaborating of understanding, justification, estimating and criticizing legal system. The basic information on the major directions in current Western philosophy of law (legal realism, feminism, criticism, postmodernism, economical analysis of law etc.) is firstly introduced to the Ukrainian audience. The classification of more than fifty directions in modern legal philosophy is suggested. Some results of historical, linguistic, scientometric and philosophic-legal studies of the present state of Ukrainian academic science are given. (shrink)

Po tu storonu zerkala -- Lekarstvo ot voĭny (Pʹesa) -- Zapisnye knizhki nekroveda.

У статті розглядається значення інтелекту, освіти і культури в структурі українського державотворення. Звертається увага на освіту в сучасному інформаційному суспільстві та її проблеми в освітніх системах. Завдяки стрімкому розвитку інформаційного суспільства підвищуються вимоги до системи освіти, де головним завданням є пошук талантів серед підростаючого покоління. Проаналізовано кризові явища освітньої системи, проводиться паралель між поняттями «кваліфікований фахівець» і «компетентний фахівець», порушуються питання про інноваційну систему навчання та виховання. Розглядається програма розвитку політичної культури молоді.

У статті досліджені діючі в Україні режими інвестиційної діяльності. Виконано огляд законодавства України щодо використання інвестиційного потенціалу з урахуванням особливостей галузей економіки країни та регіонів для забезпечення активізації соціально-економічного розвитку.

The article deals with the socio-political processes in Greek villages of Northern Azov region that happened in UNR at the period ofCentral Rada. The author identifies the problem of political struggle which took place among Greek-peasants at the boundary of 1917-1918. The questions of national cultural revival, the problems of agrarian relations in Greek villages community are highlighted.

The article refers to the Bolshevik genocide against prosperous Ukrainian peasantry, which the communist authorities, referring to the category of exploiters deported in the undeveloped eastern and northern regions of the USSR, to reduce resistance to forced collectivization of farmers. In particular archival documents highlighted the course of deportation, painful adaptation to survival in the new environment, heavy losses and attempts to return to their homes of survivors. In particular, on the basis of published and newly discovered archival documents the (...) author argues that the common earlier in historiography reports of deportation from Ukraine about a million rich peasants during collectivization is inflated at least four times and untrue. The actual data is still not installed because some of the families of the deportees remained in place, some had returned from exile under the decision of local councils of the USSR, some fled, and then legalized in the city, often under changed names. (shrink)

Modernity confronts us with a variety of crises. Crises of spouses and families, political and economic crises are all just some of the long list of challenges of the modern era, where the ecological crisis, which manifests itself in destructive human activities in relation to nature, which leads to the destruction of the preconditions for the existence of the person itself, is a special place.

Статтю присвячено дослідженню внутрішніх об'єктивних і суб'єктивних чинників, що зумовили формування та загострення конфліктної ситуації на Сході України. Серед об'єктивних чинників цього конфлікту виділено певні процеси, які суттєво послаблювали єдність і цілісність соціального організму України. Серед суб'єктивних чинників формування конф­лікту в Донбасі виділено роль інтересів еліти регіону, яка скористалася соціокультурними відмінностями населення Донбасу як важелем впливу на державну владу.

Historically there were and there are specific religions, but there was not and there is no "religion at all". In order to explore the diverse world of religious phenomena, an appropriate notion is being developed in science, and its definition is undoubtedly of great heuristic significance. This concept is a product of the long-term development of cognition; in its diverse interpretations, it helps to comprehend the religious processes of both modernity and the past.

The article is devoted to the review of history of homiletics as a science in the Kyiv theological tradition. On the basis of the analysis of the first domestic work on the theory of the sermon, made by Yoanykyi Haliatovskyi, process of influence of the Catholic baroque sermon on original homiletics in Kyiv in 17th century is shown. The article also analyzes homiletic views of an archbishop Theofan Prokopovych, who sought to reform the domestic church sermon, depriving it of the (...) extremes of Baroque literature. The author discusses contribution of professors Yakiv Amfiteatrov and archpriest Nazariі Favorov to homiletics as a science in Kyiv Theological Academy in 19th century. Special attention is paid to the analysis of the Professor Vasyl Pevnytskyi’s views who criticized the traditional approaches in Orthodox homiletics. In particular, Professor Pevnytskyi rejected the view on homiletics as a purely practical discipline, designed to provide students with knowledge about the preparation and delivery of the sermon. He believed that homiletics should not teach the method of preparing a sermon, but morally educate preachers. Pevnytskyi offered to rename homiletics to “spiritual literature” and introduced a historical method in its teaching. The course of “spiritual literature” had to show students how the living word influenced people and changed the world. Consequently, homiletics should turn into an analytical history of spiritual literature. The poetics shares the opinion of a number of Protestant theologists that success of the sermon does not depend on the perfection of its external form, but on how deeply a preacher captures the truth. He attributed the decisive feature of the preaching word not to abstract rules of drafting and preaching, but to a special inner inspiration of the preacher. Similar opinions were observed, in particular, in Protestant thinkers such as Philip Jacob Schpener, Franz Theremin, and Friedrich Schleiermacher. Prof. Pevnytskyi tried to creatively rethink their ideas. An alternative to scholasticism he saw in the holy tradition. It was on the foundation of patrician homiletic heritage that Pevnytskyi aimed to build a new course in homiletics. (shrink)