O conceito de outrem (autrui) não recebeu a devida atenção no conjunto da filosofia de Deleuze até recentemente (VENTURA, 2020; FERREIRA, 2021). Outrem aparece na obra deleuziana em alguns momentos de Diferença e Repetição, em O que é a filosofia? – obra escrita juntamente a Félix Guattari – mas, sobretudo, num texto presente no apêndice de Lógica do sentido intitulado “Michel Tournier e o mundo sem outrem”, no qual ele comenta o romance de M. Tournier, Sexta-feira ou os limbos (...) do pacífico. Outrem nada mais é do que a expressão de um mundo possível, ou ainda, uma estrutura que organiza a percepção e assegura as margens e transições do mundo. Quando esta estrutura se dissolve, os simulacros ascendem às superfícies, destruindo as formas e libertando as forças e intensidades. Acreditamos que o agente dessa dissolução é Sexta-feira, cuja vinda desarranja a ordem forjada por Robinson em sua ilha. Sexta-feira já não funciona como a estrutura outrem, visto que ele é um outro de outrem, que vai possibilitar o acesso a um campo transcendental impessoal, pré-individual, povoado de singularidades livres. Os conceitos de Emmanuel Lévinas de “rosto” e “absolutamente outro” (tout autre) auxiliará nesse movimento a fim de compreender o outro de Deleuze, embora seja necessário apontar a sua pertinência e as suas limitações. (shrink)

o amor e 0 6dio, dois sentimentos fundamentais do ser humano, estao ligados as fases evolutivas do desenvolvimento sexual infantil, as quais, por sua vez, sao sobredeterminadas pelas relacees intersubjetivas que a crianc;:a experimenta. Tentando precisar 0 significado do amor como 0 sentimento de unidade entre dois seres diferentes, no qual 0 amado assume uma importancia vital para 0 amante, somos levados a definir 0 6dio como 0 sentimento de oposicao entre diferentes seres que estao afetivamente ligados, onde 0 ser (...) odiado representa aquilo que deve ser eliminado, expulso, destruido. Se 0 amor liga-se a fase oral, ao 6dio compulsivo parace ligar-se em determinadas pessoas a uma certa consfituicao da fase anal, onde 0 comportamento transgressor surge como uma forma<;ao de compromisso entre a repeticao de uma viol!ncia sofrida e a tentativa de libertar-se dela. PALAVRAS-CHAVE: amor, 6dio, libido. (shrink)

Se trata de mostrar que los intentos por acceder a la experiencia psiquiátrica y determinarla a partir de posiciones naturalistas y psicologistas, que son las dominantes, conllevan inestabilidad y que esta caracteriza precisamente el campo de la psiquiatría históricamente. Asumiendo las implicaciones filosóficas que supone el abordaje de ese campo empírico abierto, se postula que sólo la psicopatología, en su ejercicio como procedimiento a la vez lógico e intelectivo, permite relacionar los distintos planos de realidad en que se desenvuelve y (...) tratar de cerrar su campo para dotar a la psiquiatría de la necesaria estabilidad requerida de cara a su praxis clínica. (shrink)

In this article it is defended that the notion known as “The mark of the cognitive” is better characterized as a process that performs the function of generating intelligent behavior, in a flexible and adaptive way, capable of adapting to circumstances, given it is a context sensitive process. For that, some relevant definitions of cognition are examined. In the end, it is pointed out that the definition of the mark of cognition as a context-sensitive process takes into account several factors (...) that were added as constitutive parts of cognitive phenomena over the years, especially the 4E Cognition, which cannot be satisfactorily accommodated alongside the preceding notions of cognition. Accordingly, this essay shouldn’t be mistaken merely as an exercise in intellectual history, but as a brief and accessible attempt to advance the debate. (shrink)

This work provides an original account of Francis Bacon's conception of natural inquiry. P'erez-Ramos sets Bacon in an epistemological tradition that postulates an intimate relation between objects of cognition and objects of construction, and regards the human knower as, fundamentally, a maker. By exploring the background to this tradition, and contrasting the responses of major philosophers of the 17th century with Bacon's own, the book charts Bacon's contribution to the modern philosophy of science.

O artigo examina a afirmação, feita por Heidegger em Ser e tempo, segundo a qual o nascimento de um existente humano é um outro fim para o Dasein. A afirmação é analisada a partir do conceito de possibilidade existencial. Assim como a morte é interpretada existencialmente, também o nascimento ganha uma análise em termos de possibilidade. Na medida em que a possibilidade existencial é definida pela instauração de ser, e a finitude do ser-para-a-morte qualifica a morte existencial como um fim (...) , o mesmo pode ser dito do nascimento. Ou seja, o nascimento é um fim, no sentido de que determina a qualificação finita do estar em possibilidades. Natalidade e mortalidade não são apenas características de um ente vivo, mas qualificações superiores da possibilidade existencial.The paper examines Heidegger's statement in Being and Time, according to with the birth of a human existent is another end to Dasein. The statement should be analized through the concept of possibility. In the same way that death is existential interpretaded, so becomes birth an analysis by the notion of possibility. In the extent that existential possibility is definid by instauration of being, and the finitude of Sein-zum-Tode qualifies existential death as an end , the same can also be held of birth. That is, birth is an end in the sense of the finite qualifying of being thrown into possibilities. Natality and mortality are not only marks of a living being, but higher qualifications of existential possibility. (shrink)

Neste artigo, o autor examina a abordagem da ciência e da técnica que foi apresentada por Martin Heidegger no seu curso de inverno de 1928, intitulado Introdução à filosofia. A tese central examinada é a de que a ciência e a técnica mostram a impotência originária do ente humano. O conceito de impotência é circunscrito pela determinação concreta da transcendência do Dasein, a cujas determinações negativas acrescenta-se, ainda, aquela que resulta da interpretação ontológica do conceito de jogo.In this paper the (...) author examines Heidegger's account of science and technology, that is presented in Winter course of 1928 Introduction to Philosophy. The main examined thesis says that science and technology display the primordial impotence of human being. The concept of impotence is circumscribed by the concrete determination of transcendence of Dasein, to which negative determinations adds, yet, that resulting from the ontological interpretation of concept of game. (shrink)

SÍNTESE - Este artigo apresenta uma análise da passagem sobre a voz do amigo, no § 34 de Ser e tempo, aproximando-a da temática da voz da consciência, tal como apresentada nos §§ 54 a 60. São destacados os pontos relevantes nas duas temáticas, que são aproximadas pelo papel central atribuído ao fenômeno do ouvir, enquanto forma essencial dó compartilhamento da própria existência com os outros existentes humanos. Tanto na voz da consciência, quanto na voz do amigo, está presente a (...) possibilidade de abertura do Dasein para o seu poder-ser mais próprio. Se a voz da consciência chama a vida humana diante de sua possibilidade autêntica, o ouvi-la, na forma do ouvir a voz do amigo, faz cada existente em particular aberto para tal possibilidade. Por isso, o central nesta voz não seria tanto o seu caráter amigável, mas o compartilhamento: um compartilhamento que não exclui o confronto. A conclusão central consiste em que esta afirmação sobre a voz do amigo pertence ao cerne da analítica da existência, não podendo ser vista como uma simples evocação poética. (shrink)

This chapter delves into the intricate relationships among engineering, technology, ethics, and morality, highlighting their interconnected nature as they shape and are shaped by individual and collective human existence. Exploring the profound philosophical and religious underpinnings that underlie ethical and moral contemplation, the chapter also introduces seven distinct ethical systems, emphasizing three non-Western paradigms: South American Buen Vivir, African Ubuntu, and Asian Confucianism. These ethical systems are examined in the context of their implications for technology and engineering. This exposition illuminates (...) the significance of studying ethics and the philosophy of engineering or technology, particularly in using engineering to help marginalized individuals and communities empower and liberate themselves, fostering alternative social structures and existential meanings. (shrink)

This book promotes the research of present-day women working in ancient and medieval philosophy, with more than 60 women having contributed in some way to the volume in a fruitful collaboration. It contains 22 papers organized into ten distinct parts spanning the sixth century BCE to the fifteenth century CE. Each part has the same structure: it features, first, a paper which sets up the discussion, and then, one or two responses that open new perspectives and engage in further reflections. (...) Our authors’ contributions address pivotal moments and players in the history of philosophy: women philosophers in antiquity, Cleobulina of Rhodes, Plato, Lucretius, Bardaisan of Edessa, Alexander of Aphrodisias, Plotinus, Porphyry, Peter Abelard, Robert Kilwardby, William Ockham, John Buridan, and Isotta Nogarola. The result is a thought-provoking collection of papers that will be of interest to historians of philosophy from all horizons. Far from being an isolated effort, this book is a contribution to the ever-growing number of initiatives which endeavour to showcase the work of women in philosophy. (shrink)

The NIH-funded Brain Research through Advancing Innovative Neurotechnologies® (BRAIN) Initiative has led to significant advances in what we know about the functions and capacities of the brain. This multifaceted and expansive effort supports a range of experimentation from cells to circuits, and its outputs promise to ease suffering from various neurological injuries, diseases, and neuropsychiatric conditions. At the midway point of the 10-year BRAIN Initiative, we pause to consider how these studies, and neuroscience research more broadly, may bear on human (...) characteristics and moral concepts such as identity, agency, and others. This midway point also offers us an opportunity to evaluate the sociology and impacts of BRAIN Initiative-funded investigations to ensure that ethical standards of fairness and justice pervade the scientific process itself. Neuroethics inquiry provides a mechanism to invite relevant, novel expertise from the wide array of disciplines that intersect with biomedicine in neuroscience research. As the BRAIN Initiative and the broader field of neuroscience proceed, neuroethics serves as a central component of neuroscience inquiry to i) foster necessary and beneficial collaborations for responsible discovery; ii) ensure a rigorous, reproducible, and representative neuroscience research process; and iii) explore the unique nature of study of the human brain through accurate and representative models of its function and dysfunction. (shrink)

Background The practice of health advocacy in nursing has been defined as a process aimed at promoting the independence and autonomy of users of health services, in addition to providing information on healthcare decision-making and offering support for decisions taken. Ethical considerations Ethics approval was not required to conduct this review. Aim This integrative review aims to synthesize evidence in the literature on health advocacy in professional nursing practice. Methods An integrative review methodology guided by Whittemore and Knalf was used. (...) Studies were identified by conducting searches on PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, CINAHL, and LILACS databases. Of 2179 records, 34 studies matched the inclusion criteria. Results The main aspects involved in the practice of health advocacy by professional nurses are related to the ethical principles of the nursing profession, such as protecting patients seeking autonomy and care. Furthermore, the practice of health advocacy by nurses requires an empathetic attitude, responsibility, and assertive communication. Conclusion The diverse possibilities for the practice of advocacy synthesized in this study allow nurses to approach and become familiarized with the topic, being able to acquire and complement knowledge that will reflect on their professional practice in different work environments such as the educational field, in hospital practice, or basic health care. (shrink)

A teoria da Motricidade Humana criada na década de 1980 pelo português Manuel Sérgio é uma presunção que tenta dar bases epistemológicas para criar um novo paradigma a fim de pautar as práxis da Educação Física. As bases da teoria se assentam numa perspectiva de corpo centrada na filosofia e ciências humanas para contrapor e somar as bases históricas das práxis da Educação Física historicamente fundadas no corpo anatomo-biológico. Neste sentido, o presente artigo tem como objetivo discutir a centralidade do (...) corpo para a construção de uma base ética na teoria da Motricidade Humana. Para argumentar tal centralidade os autores estabelecem fundamentalmente um diálogo tensivo entre Nietzsche e Merleau-Ponty para fazer um paralelo de como Manuel Sérgio se apropria da filosofia de ambos para conceber o corpo enquanto dimensão ética na sua teoria. La teoría de la motricidad humana criada en la década de 1980 por el portugués Manuel Sérgio trata de elaborar las bases epistemológicas de la creación de un nuevo paradigma que tiene como objetivo fundamentar la praxis de la Educación Física. Las bases de esta teoría se apoyan, principalmente, en una perspectiva del cuerpo de la filosofía y ciencias humanas para se contraponer y sumar a las bases históricas de la praxis de la Educación Física históricamente fundamentada en el cuerpo anatómico-biológico. El artículo tiene como objetivo discutir el carácter central de cuerpo en la construcción de una base ética de la teoría de la Motricidad Humana. Pretendiendo argumentar ese carácter central en el artículo se realiza un diálogo entre Nietzsche y MerleauPonty buscando colocar que Manuel Sérgio se apropria de la filosofía de ambos con el objetivo de concebir el cuerpo como dimensión ética en su teoría. (shrink)

Pretendo mostrar que, no diálogo Leis, Platão apresenta um lado útil e benéfico da comédia, que é quando ela opera com o que chamo de riso lúdico, isto é, um tipo de riso que é uma brincadeira, que não se radica na animosidade ou na inveja. Uma comédia que seja capaz de oferecer esse tal riso lúdico revelar-se-á importante para a educação da cidade, uma vez que capacita os cidadãos a identificar o que é o ridículo, de modo a evitá-lo, (...) pois é somente conhecendo o ridículo que se é capaz de apreender o que é sério. Palavras-chave: Platão; Educação; Riso lúdico; Comédia. (shrink)

Como pensar o amor individual e seus efeitos sobre a estrutura psíquica, no jogo erótico entre Sócrates e Alcibíades, no Banquete? Minha proposição parte do imbricamento entre a esfera política, representada por Alcibíades e a filosófica, por Sócrates. O contexto político da questão proposta, no cenário do simpósio na casa de Agaton, compreende o desejo de Alcibíades em dominar Sócrates, temendo ser ridicularizado por expressar sua paixão ardorosa ao amado, a ponto de sua narrativa apresentar uma inversão dos papéis predominantes (...) em uma tradicional relação de pederastia, ultrapassando a condição de amado (erómenos), agente passivo, para o de amante (erastés), agente ativo. Palavras-chave: Desejo; Poder; Medo; Alcibíades; Platão. (shrink)

Hong Kong’s non-white ethnic minorities – including its Filipina residents – are often described in media and policy discourses as a unified group. Speaking back to this misconception, in this article we describe the gendered experiences of two 23-year old Filipinas born and raised in Hong Kong through what Claudia Mitchell has described as girl method – research with girls for girls and about girls’ concerns – in our case producing visual depictions of girlhood in cellphilms and collaborative writing. We (...) write together as co-researchers to extend participatory approaches to research dissemination as we make sense of the changing political situation in Hong Kong in the years since our first collaboration in 2015. Through a polyvocal – many voices writing together – reflection on a cellphilm production project on identities and belonging four years later, we argue that Filipina identity in Hong Kong is complex and multifarious, and we aim to disseminate knowledge by and for Filipina Hong Kongers that speaks back to the erasure of their experiences within larger discourses about Filipinas, gender, and activism in Hong Kong. (shrink)

In what follows I seek to answer the question on whether it is possible to integrate two different lines of research on human rationality: on the one hand, some philosophical lines of research of a cognitivist nature, and, on the other, lines of research on the logical reasoning of human agents and normative criteria. My answer to such questioning will be affirmative. To defend my point, I shall proceed as follows: first, in sec. 2 I offer the antecedents and characteristics (...) of the cognitivist notion of “intelligence” that has greater acceptance today, the general theory of intelligence, also known as the g factor. Throughout sec. 3 I present the elements thanks to which it has been considered that although g factor manages to satisfactorily evaluate the phenomenon of intelligence, it ignores relevant characteristics from the perspective of what rationality has been considered to be. Then, in sec. 4, I present some notions of rationality available in literature on the philosophy of logic, and I evaluate what are the distinctive elements of each of these characterizations. In sec. 5, I defend that it is possible to improve our understanding of cognitive styles from the elements of the philosophy of logic exposed in section four. (shrink)

The main purpose of this paper is the formulation of a hypothesis about the internal link between the laughing and the thinking of Being, offering some guidelines for a systematic treatment of the issue of the comical in Heidegger's work. I conclude the paper with a remark on the relation between the comical, the tragic and the thinking, having Heidegger's interpretation of Heraclitus as a starting point.

The literature on social interactions has shown that participants coordinate not only at the behavioral but also at the physiological and neural levels, and that this coordination gives a temporal structure to the individual and social dynamics. However, it has not been fully explored whether such temporal patterns emerge during interpersonal coordination beyond dyads, whether this phenomenon arises from complex cognitive mechanisms or from relatively simple rules of behavior, or which are the sociocultural processes that underlie this phenomenon. We review (...) the evidence for the existence of group-level rhythmic patterns that result from social interactions and argue that the complexity of group dynamics can lead to temporal regularities that cannot be predicted from the individual periodicities: an emergent collective rhythm. Moreover, we use this interpretation of the literature to discuss how taking into account the sociocultural niche in which individuals develop can help explain the seemingly divergent results that have been reported on the social influences and consequences of interpersonal coordination. We make recommendations on further research to test these arguments and their relationship to the feeling of belonging and assimilation experienced during group dynamics. (shrink)

Mediante el análisis de las categorías: educación bancaria, educación liberadora y método pedagógico, planteadas por Paulo Freire, se reconoce que la primera deshumaniza a los sujetos que requieren ser emancipados, la segunda constituye el espacio para el desarrollo de una conciencia crítica, y mediante la tercera es posible la concientización en aras de una verdadera transformación social.

. The semantic collapse problem is perhaps the main difficulty associated to the very powerful mechanism for combining logics known as fibring. In this paper we propose cryptofibred semantics as a generalization of fibred semantics, and show that it provides a solution to the collapsing problem. In particular, given that the collapsing problem is a special case of failure of conservativeness, we formulate and prove a sufficient condition for cryptofibring to yield a conservative extension of the logics being combined. For (...) illustration, we revisit the example of combining intuitionistic and classical propositional logics. (shrink)

The processes of globalization, embraced with such eagerness in the 1990s, started being reviewed a decade later, having revealed a vicious underside. Behind the diverse masks of globalization hide murderous identities that promise different types of violence. During Brexit, the referendum in June 2016 that was to decide whether the United Kingdom left the European Union or stayed in it, Britain rejected what the EU represents—a common identity—to pursue a road on its own—a separate identity.1 Significantly, one of the elements (...) that analysts regarded as central to Brexit was immigration. According to a recent book by Nidesh Lawtoo, immigration is one of the main rhetorical tropes of the new political... (shrink)

In this article, we formally define and investigate the computational complexity of the definability problem for open first-order formulas with equality. Given a logic $\boldsymbol{\mathcal{L}}$, the $\boldsymbol{\mathcal{L}}$-definability problem for finite structures takes as an input a finite structure $\boldsymbol{A}$ and a target relation $T$ over the domain of $\boldsymbol{A}$ and determines whether there is a formula of $\boldsymbol{\mathcal{L}}$ whose interpretation in $\boldsymbol{A}$ coincides with $T$. We show that the complexity of this problem for open first-order formulas is coNP-complete. We also (...) investigate the parametric complexity of the problem and prove that if the size and the arity of the target relation $T$ are taken as parameters, then open definability is $\textrm{coW}[1]$-complete for every vocabulary $\tau $ with at least one, at least binary, relation. (shrink)

Aim: To analyze the empathizing and systemizing profiles of Brazilian and Portuguese nursing undergraduates. Background: Empathy is a fundamental skill for nursing practice and should be analyzed during the student’s education. Methods: Descriptive study with cross-sectional design. Participants were 968 undergraduate students, including 215 (22.2%) Brazilians from a university in the state of São Paulo and 753 (77.8%) Portuguese students from a higher education institution in central Portugal. The Portuguese and Brazilian versions of the Empathizing/Systemizing Quotient have good internal consistency (...) and reliability. Ethical considerations: In Brazil, approval for the study was obtained from the Research Ethics Committee of the University of São Paulo at Ribeirão Preto College of Nursing (protocol 191/2016) and in Portugal, from the Ethics Committee of the Health Sciences Research Unit: Nursing, Coimbra Higher School of Nursing (protocol P362-09/2016). Results: Most (86%) participants were female and aged between 20 and 24 years. In the general profile analysis between both groups, the domains “Social Skills,” “Contents,” and “Processes” scored higher. Gender differences exist for the feeling of empathy and systemizing, as women scored better on the short version of the Empathy Quotient and men on the Systemizing Quotient. Conclusion: As demonstrated in the domain scores for “Social Skills,” “Contents,” and “Processes,” the undergraduate nursing students analyzed have the ability to deal intuitively and spontaneously with social situations; they are also characterized as methodical people, who like to follow rules, and experience practice better than theory, and the women have a higher empathetic level than men, who in turn are more systemizing. (shrink)

En este trabajo, se propone una clasificación epistemológica teórica para el discurso astrológico a partir de evidencia empírica a fin de abordar el problema de cómo determinar específicamente qué es lo que lo hace ilegítimo. A partir de esta clasificación, se diseñó una intervención didáctica, enmarcada en el enfoque de Enseñanza de las Ciencias Naturales en Contexto (ECNC), con el objetivo de fomentar, en estudiantes de nivel secundario, la capacidad de distinguir enunciados cognoscitivamente ilegítimos -por infalsables o por falsos- respecto (...) de aquellos que pueden constituir genuino conocimiento científico. La secuencia didáctica se implementó con un grupo de 51 estudiantes de 14 a 17 años. Se evaluó su impacto por comparación entre un pretest y un postest. Los resultados mostraron que su capacidad de discernimiento entre enunciados falsables y no falsables se incrementó apreciablemente. (shrink)

O artigo examina teorias contemporâneas que privilegiam o tema da diversidade social em relação à questão nacional. Em geral, o questionamento central dessas teorias volta-se contra suposições de homogeneidade que marcaram os arranjos sociopolíticos da modernidade, que tenderiam a gerar desigualdades e opressões a determinados grupos sociais. Para analisar as implicações de tal crítica, o artigo faz uma comparação entre conceitos e direções de duas linhagens teóricas, em particular: o comunitarismo e o multiculturalismo. O argumento desenvolvido sustenta que, embora essas (...) teorias assumam exitosamente o desafio de apontar, desde o último quarto do século XX, para as particularidades de grupos socioculturais e para desigualdades geradas por visões nacionais tradicionais, tendem a expressar algumas tensões quando não se enfoca o caráter constituinte dos debates públicos. (shrink)

In this paper I approach the hermeneutic of living nature as suggested by Martin Heidegger in The Fundamental Concepts of Metaphysics. On the basis of complex hermeneutic procedures, Heidegger held the well-known thesis about the animal’s poverty of world. My hypothesis is that the relevance of this thesis should be minimized for the sake of the acknowledgment of a poverty in the world proper to human beings. Poverty in the world refers to the main result of a comparison between the (...) structure of the intentionality of animals and the transcendental-formative structure of human existence. Such a comparison does not only point out the lack of the “something as something-structure” in the intentionality of animals, but also the necessary fragmentation in the human sharing of life’s intentionality. From here results a very important semantic limitation, for every meaningful speech about animal life should take into account the incompleteness in the sharing of the intentional spheres of living beings and humans. I conclude suggesting a set of questions that should be focused in a constructive hermeneutic of living nature. Key words: Heidegger, hermeneutic of nature, lfe, intentionality. (shrink)

O artigo retoma a presença de Diotima, inserida no contexto do Banquete de Platão, por meio do discurso rememorativo de Sócrates, dos ensinamentos recebidos da mulher de Mantineia, quando era ainda muito jovem. O jogo cênico de um discurso masculino que faz alusão aos ecos de fala de uma figura feminina, cujo conteúdo resguarda valores masculinos, me instiga a pensar o estatuto do feminino e do masculino, sob a perspectiva da relação entre o parto no corpo e o parto na (...) alma. Ao longo da análise, pretendo cotejar algumas representações da natureza feminina nos diálogos platônicos, observando o tratamento diferenciado como Platão pensa a questão do feminino, sob perspectivas variadas, como a tese da natureza similar de mulheres e homens, e a polêmica comunidade de mulheres e crianças, contidas, respectivamente, na primeira e na segunda ondas em República V; ou a tese da diferença de gêneros do Timeu. O viés interpretativo consiste em revisitar o contexto da considerada “questão de gênero” em Platão, a partir das metáforas do parto e da maternidade. Palavras-chave: Parto; Maternidade; Masculino, Feminino; Imortalidade. The feminine and masculine in Diotima's metaphor of childbirth Abstract: This article revisits the presence of Diotima within the context of Plato’s Symposium through Socrates’ recollective discourse on the teachings he received from the woman of Mantineia when he was still very young. The theatrical interplay of a masculine discourse that alludes to the echoes of a female figure’s speech, whose content embodies masculine values, prompts me to consider the status of the feminine and the masculine from the perspective of the relationship between physical childbirth and spiritual childbirth. Throughout the analysis, I intend to compare some representations of feminine nature in the Platonic dialogues, noting the differential treatment in how Plato addresses the question of the feminine from various perspectives. This includes the thesis of the similar nature of women and men and the controversial community of women and children, contained respectively in the first and second waves in Republic V; or the thesis of gender differences in the Timaeus. The interpretative approach consists of revisiting the context of the so-called “gender question” in Plato through the metaphors of childbirth and motherhood. Keywords: Birth; Motherhood; Masculine; Feminine; Immortality. Le féminin et le masculin dans la métaphore de l'accouchement de Diotime Résumé: L'article reprend la présence de Diotime, insérée dans le contexte du Banquet de Platon, à travers le discours remémoratif de Socrate, des enseignements reçus de la femme de Mantinée, quand elle était encore très jeune. Le jeu scénique d’un discours masculin qui fait allusion aux échos des paroles d’une figure féminine, dont le contenu préserve les valeurs masculines, m'incite à réfléchir sur le statut du féminin et du masculin, sous l'angle du rapport entre l'accouchement dans le corps et l'accouchement dans l'âme. Tout au long de l'analyse, j'entends comparer certaines représentations de la nature féminine dans les dialogues platoniciens, en observant le traitement différencié dans lequel Platon réfléchit à la question du féminin, à partir de différentes perspectives, comme la thèse de la nature similaire des femmes et des hommes et la controversée communauté des femmes et des enfants, contenues respectivement dans la première et la deuxième vagues de la République V ; ou la thèse de la différence entre les genres du Timée. Le biais interprétatif consiste à revisiter le contexte de ce qui est considéré comme la « question du genre » chez Platon, à partir des métaphores de l’accouchement et de la maternité. Mots-clés: Accouchement; Maternité; Masculin; Féminin; Immortalité. Data de registro: 02/08/2024 Data de aceite: 25/09/2024. (shrink)

The modern view of logical reasoning as modeled by a consequence operator has allowed for huge developments in the study of logic as an abstract discipline. Still, it is unable to explain why it is often the case that the same designation is used, in an ambiguous way, to describe several distinct modes of reasoning over the same logical language. A paradigmatic example of such a situation is ‘modal logic’, a terminology which can encompass reasoning over Kripke frames, but also (...) over Kripke models, and in any case either locally or globally . Herein, we adopt a novel abstract notion of logic presented as a lattice-structured hierarchy of consequence operators, and explore some common proof-theoretic and model-theoretic ways of presenting such hierarchies through a collection of meaningful examples. In order to illustrate the usefulness of the notion of hierarchical consequence operators we address a few questions in the theory of combined logics, where a suitable abstract presentation of the logics being combined is absolutely essential. We show how to define the operation, in general, and we achieve a number of interesting preservation results for fibring within the context of 2-hierarchies. (shrink)

I analyze an argument by Aquinas on God’s will mutability (Summa Theologica), which presupposes the collective predication on the term ‘man’. This explains why God repents of having made the collection of men, but not some men. The argument is valid, but its second premise and its conclusion are false.

La educación y cómo educamos, siempre son temas actuales. De diversas maneras se ha enfatizado que el conocer y memorizar hechos y datos no son causas suficientes para una formación integral de la persona. Friedrich Nietzsche (1844-1900) ya había combatido contra una concepción educativa basada en la erudición coleccionista, objetiva, desprendida de las emociones, y frente a la cual propuso una especie de pedagogía vitalista: los hechos del pasado, del presente, los datos, las descripciones, deben recogerse y tratarse selectivamente teniendo (...) como meta la construcción, la vivificación del individuo, la búsqueda de la unidad y el sentido de aquello que estudiamos. El presente trabajo se orienta a identificar y explicar las concepciones de la educación y de la cultura a las que se enfrentó Nietzsche y cómo se puede caracterizar la pedagógica que él propone para estudiar el pasado. (shrink)

¿En qué consiste la aplicación más justa de la ley, en aplicarla al pie de la letra en todos los casos o permitir al juez cierto margen para interpretarla? A lo largo de este texto presentaremos cómo no han sido pocos los partidarios de un “literalismo” a la hora de aplicar la ley, y para ello explicaremos lo sucedido durante la Revolución Francesa. Basados en la opinión de Rousseau, los ilustrados franceses creían que el legislador, en tanto que creador de (...) la ley, era el que mejor conocía el espíritu de la misma, luego la interpretación de la ley por parte del jurista era arbitraria. Dicho de otra manera: la labor del juez se entendía nada más como la inferencia de una conclusión a partir de ciertas premisas (la ley y el caso). Aristóteles, sin embargo, ya había previsto este problema. Entonces, el propósito de este escrito es (1) explicar qué ha llevado a querer aplicar la ley al pie de la letra, (2) cuáles son sus riesgos y (3) la solución que Aristóteles propone a este asunto, en donde hablaremos sobre la prudencia y el juez como «ley dotada de vida». (shrink)

El cuño técnico de la cultura actual ha desordenado el marco tradicional en el cual la imagen podía persistir. El ojo ordenador y la representación contemplativa tradicional fracasan ante la velocidad vertiginosa con que nos inundan hoy las imágenes: el ojo ya no ve, sólo vibra. El autor propone una Estética del vértigo, cuyo propósito es volver a lograr un encuentro entre la concepción tradicional de las imágenes, lo cual significa hoy una defensa de la pintura, y la presencia evanescente (...) propia del vértigo técnico de las imágenes actuales. Esa Estética del vértigo aboga de nuevo por una facultad de juzgar rejlexionante, capaz de afrontar la finitud con sobriedad y pragmatismo. (shrink)

A cidade nas práticas artísticas [The city in artistic practices] is the result of the work developed, of the presentations and the debates held within the cycle of seminars “The experience of the city between art and philosophy”, held between 3 March 2020 and 16 June 2021 (calendar dramatically compromised by the challenges of the COVID 19 pandemic), one of the main activities of the OBRA project — Fragmentation and Reconfiguration: experiencing the city between art and philosophy, based at IFILNOVA (...) — Philosophy Institute of NOVA, in Lisbon. The book is divided into five parts, relating to each of the artistic disciplines to which the seminars were dedicated – cinema, photography, sound arts, literature and architecture —, which are edited by the organizers responsible for each of them — respectively, Susana Viegas, Humberto Brito, Nuno Fonseca João Oliveira Duarte and Susana Ventura — and composed of the respective narrated accounts of each seminar and of short essays, some merely textual, others graphical or even photographic, which are either in-depth versions of the reflections and positions that were presented and debated by the participants and guests, or works that motivated and inspired the work of the seminars. The seminar cycle and the book now presented here intend to reflect on the role of artistic practices in the representation and reconfiguration of urban experience, trying to understand their different attempts to apprehend and express the fragmentation of aesthetic experience in modern and contemporary cities, as well as to evaluate their contribution to an eventual symbolic and imaginative reconfiguration of that experience. Each section tries, in its own way, to answer questions such as: How do these arts think and reinvent the city? What do they make us feel? And what is their social and political role? For reasons that are easy to understand, Lisbon was the starting point, but other cities were also part of the journey. (shrink)

O presente artigo pretende apresentar, a partir da filosofia de Günther Anders, a mudança de nosso estatuto metafísico com o advento do antropoceno, o qual borrou os contornos que distinguiam a história natural e a história humana, em razão das mudanças climáticas. Tornamo-nos seres de um novo gênero, mas, também, apocalípticos de um novo gênero, a saber, apocalípticos profiláticos. O eixo apocalíptico já não é mais aquele da bomba, antes, é o do aquecimento global. A ideia progresso – que no (...) século XX perdeu sua dimensão emancipatória – tornou o desenvolvimento técnico cúmplice da catástrofe, na medida em que o progresso oferece uma compreensão distorcida da história e do tempo. Seria preciso reeducar a nossa imaginação moral para adiar o fim do mundo. (shrink)