We study the origin of quantum probabilities as arising from non-Boolean propositional-operational structures. We apply the method developed by Cox to non distributive lattices and develop an alternative formulation of non-Kolmogorovian probability measures for quantum mechanics. By generalizing the method presented in previous works, we outline a general framework for the deduction of probabilities in general propositional structures represented by lattices (including the non-distributive case).

The aims of this paper are twofold. First, I offer a new insight into Shepherd’s theory of mind by demonstrating that she distinguishes a threefold ‘Variety of Intellect’, that is, three kinds of minds grouped according to their cognitive limitations. Following Shepherd, I call them (i) minds afflicted with idiocy, (ii) inferior understandings, and (iii) sound understandings. Second, I show how Shepherd’s distinction informs her theory of education. While Shepherd claims that her views serve to improve educational practices, she does (...) not explain how her threefold ‘Variety of intellect’ does so. I argue that Shepherd’s distinction contributes to her aim by providing pedagogues with a more comprehensive grasp of the various cognitive limitations of the people in their care. This allows the former to adjust their expectations and to provide need-oriented guidance. (shrink)

The purpose of this paper is to identify the upholders of the thesis reported by Plutarch, De Stoicorum repugnantiis 23, aimed to reject Stoic determinism. A brief introduction will be devoted to the relationship between this text and the more general context of the Stoic philosophy. Then, I will take into account the objection against Stoic determinism raised by some anonymous philosophers: according to it, causal determinism would be inconsistent with the choice among indistinguishables. Chrysippus replied that if that choice (...) were not determined, it would occur without causes; and this would be absurd. Then I will summarize the most likely hypotheses about the identification of Chrysippus’ opponents, and I will opt for Academics. Finally, I will try to conjecture the link between Plutarch’s passage and the debate among Stoics and Academics about indistinguishables, as we know it from other sources. (shrink)

The Bayesian brain hypothesis, predictive processing, and variational free energy minimisation are typically used to describe perceptual processes based on accurate generative models of the world. However, generative models need not be veridical representations of the environment. We suggest that they can be used to describe sensorimotor relationships relevant for behaviour rather than precise accounts of the world.

En 1956, se introdujo el término de inteligencia artificial (IA) para referirse a una tecnología que es capaz de emular las operaciones cognoscitivas del ser humano mediante el uso de sistemas computacionales y programas informáticos, con el fin de ayudar a la toma de decisiones en distintas áreas de conocimiento.Sin embargo, se ha llegado a cuestionar si debe emplearse el calificativo de inteligencia a esos usos de la tecnología digital. También, se ha generado preocupación sobre sus implicaciones éticas, debido a (...) que la inteligencia artificial consiste en sistemas no autónomos que no son capaces de actos libres y responsables, lo cual exige que sean guiados por personas. Por tanto, el presente trabajo tiene como objeto presentar algunos fundamentos de la filosofía realista de santo Tomás de Aquino que nos permitan hacer una valoración de la inteligencia artificial. (shrink)

The way digital information technologies work and, more specifically, the possibilities for action that technological devices offer to us affect our processes of political belief formation. In particular, there seems to be a close connection between our digital affordances and the increase of the sort of polarization that threatens the proper functioning of democracy. In this paper, we analyze whether the type of polarization linked to the use of digital technologies, and which endangers the health of public deliberation, has to (...) do with the adoption of beliefs whose contents are increasingly extreme—extremism—or, on the contrary, has more to do with increasing our credence in the core beliefs of our political identity—radicalism. (shrink)

En la literatura jurídica existe un acuerdo generalizado en que los topes máximos de la pena establecidos la legislación son un límite infranqueable por los jueces. Sin embargo, al abordar el límite mínimo los desacuerdos comienzan a surgir. El objetivo del presente trabajo será el de defender que los mínimos penales, si bien son vinculantes para los jueces, pueden ser dejados de lado cuando las circunstancias particulares del caso lo ameriten. El método empleado será análisis conceptual, más precisamente, al contructivismo (...) interpretativista propuesto por Ronald Dworkin, aplicado al estudio de la jurisprudencia y la doctrina argentina. El resultado final será una justificación – apoyada en la concepción comunicativa del castigo – según la cual los límites mínimos pueden ser dejados de lado en casos concretos y excepcionales, como cuando la culpabilidad del acusado o la lesividad de su conducta se muestran desproporcionadas con el límite mínimo. De esta manera se busca dar respuesta a un problema que se encuentra presente en la práctica jurídica y, sobre todo, brindar herramientas argumentativas para que los operadores judiciales puedan resolver aquellos casos donde este límite se encuentre en discusión. (shrink)

The debate around “strong” paraconsistency or dialetheism (the view that there are true contradictions) has – apart from metaphysical concerns - centred on the questions whether dialetheism itself can be definitely asserted or has a unique truth value, and what it should mean, if it is possible at all, to believe a contradiction one knows to be contradictory (i.e. an explicit contradiction). And what should it mean, if it is possible at all, to assert a sentence one knows to be (...) contradictory? (shrink)

Annotation. This edited collection is the first to explore the implications of "Quantum Aesthetics" for social life. Contributors, who represent various disciplines, apply this philosophy to their respective fields of study.

Estudio Bibliográfico de / A Bibliographical Study of: José M. Sevilla, Ragione narrativa e ragione storica. Una prospettiva vichiana su Ortega y Gasset. Introducción de Giuseppe Cacciatore. Guerra Edizioni, Perugia, 2002, pp. 269. I.S.B.N. 88-7715-615-5.

Estudio bibliográfico y crítico de / A bibliographical and critical study of: Vincenzo Vitiello, La favola di Cadmo. La storia tra scienza e mito da Blumenberg a Vico, Laterza , Bari, 1998. pp. 180.

El filósofo francés en su obra _Réduction et donation_ nos propone un nuevo principio –“_autant de réduction, autant de donation_”–, a partir del cual planteará una tercera reducción en el campo de la fenomenología. La pretensión de este artículo consiste en mostrar cómo este principio señala que la reducción, cada vez más radicalizada, no solo reduce en un sentido restrictivo, sino, más bien, abre o amplía el horizonte de la donación, puesto que permite penetrar cada vez más en el hecho (...) mismo de la donación como tal. De este modo, concluiremos que tras la reducción fenomenológica-transcendental y la reducción ontológicaexistencial se ejerce la reducción _a_ y _de_ la llamada, la cual subyace como el esquema fundamental de las dos reducciones anteriores. Esta será concebida como la estructura originaria de la donación. (shrink)

We review some results in the theory of non-relativistic quantum unstable systems. We account for the most important definitions of quantum resonances that we identify with unstable quantum systems. Then, we recall the properties and construction of Gamow states as vectors in some extensions of Hilbert spaces, called Rigged Hilbert Spaces. Gamow states account for the purely exponential decaying part of a resonance; the experimental exponential decay for long periods of time physically characterizes a resonance. We briefly discuss one of (...) the most usual models for resonances: the Friedrichs model. Using an algebraic formalism for states and observables, we show that Gamow states cannot be pure states or mixtures from a standard view point. We discuss some additional properties of Gamow states, such as the possibility of obtaining mean values of certain observables on Gamow states. A modification of the time evolution law for the linear space spanned by Gamow shows that some non-commuting observables on this space become commuting for large values of time. We apply Gamow states for a possible explanation of the Loschmidt echo. (shrink)

Este libro cuenta la historia de pensamiento filosófico y científico español e hispanoamericano desarrollado a lo largo del recién pasado siglo XX. Su propósito es ser un companion, una guía o compañero, que introduzca y oriente en esta materia de una manera eficaz, atractiva e interesante. La primera de sus cuatro partes se ocupa de la llamada Edad de Plata de la cultura española, que comienza en los últimos años del siglo XIX y termina con el estallido de la Guerra (...) Civil. La segunda abarca el cuarto de siglo comprendido entre el principio de la Guerra Civil y la década de los sesenta, el periodo que corresponde a la dictadura franquista y en el que resulta obligado contemplar separadamente el pensamiento de la España residente en el territorio nacional y en el exilio. La tercera parte se ocupa del estudio de los últimos cuarenta años del siglo XX, cuyas dos primeras décadas, fueron revolucionarias y rupturitas. La cuarta y última parte contiene una historia sintética del pensamiento hispanoamericano del siglo XX, escrita por filósofos hispanoamericanos interesados en comprender la historia intelectual de sus respectivos países. Hemos querido de esta forma renovar la memoria y profundizar en el recuerdo de que buena parte de los herederos culturales de la Edad de Plata española fueron exiliados en esos países para devenir ciudadanos suyos. (shrink)

Michael Bratman's work has been unusually influential, with significance in disciplines as diverse as philosophy, computer science, law, and primatology.The essays in this volume engage with ideas and themes prominent in Bratman's work. The volume also includes a lengthy reply by Bratman that breaks new ground and deepens our understanding of the nature of action.

In this paper, I argue for a novel interpretation of Shepherd's notion of selfhood. In distinction to Deborah Boyle's interpretation, I contend that Shepherd differentiates between the mind and the self. The latter, for Shepherd, is an effect arising from causal interactions between mind and body—specifically those interactions that give rise to our present stream of consciousness, our memories, and that can unite these two. Thus, the body plays a constitutive role in the formation of the self. The upshot of (...) this interpretation is that it can dissolve the problem of individuating mind that Boyle identifies. Briefly, the problem consists in Shepherd seemingly individuating minds in terms of their associated bodies and bodies in terms of the minds they are united with. My interpretation, however, allows to see that Shepherd neither wants nor needs to individuate the mind in isolation of the body and to read the passages, in which the problem seems to arise, as being about what makes living beings individual—with mind and body both playing a crucial role in this context. (shrink)

Desde mediados de 1974 mi familia, padres y hermanos de origen argentino, estábamos ya instalados en la Ciudad de México. Para entonces había decidido estudiar filosofía, y por diversas circunstancias, ingresé en una universidad jesuita, la UIA, donde concluí los estudios de licenciatura y maestría. En ese periodo concentré mi atención en la filosofía clásica y medieval, y en áreas teóricas como la epistemología y la metafísica. Había iniciado, también en la UIA, la licenciatura en Derecho...

Psychotherapy is a well-established, efficacious, and fully accepted treatment for mental disorders and psychological problems. Psychotherapy is an interpersonal practice engaging patient values, interests, and personal meanings at every step. Thereby, psychotherapy abounds with moral issues. In psychotherapy ethics, numerous moral issues converge, including self-determination or autonomy, decision-making capacity and freedom of choice, coercion and constraint, medical paternalism, boundaries between health and illness, insight into illness and the need for therapy, dignity, under- and overtreatment, and much more. The Oxford Handbook (...) of Psychotherapy Ethics covers the whole range of ethical issues in the heterogenous field of psychotherapy, closing a commonly perceived gap between ethical sensitivity, technical language, and knowledge among psychotherapists. The primary audience is psychotherapists in clinical practice. Furthermore, the Oxford Handbook of Psychotherapy Ethics addresses the whole range of professionals providing mental health services beyond psychology and medicine including counselors, social workers, nurses, or ministers. The Oxford Handbook of Psychotherapy Ethics is not only intended for a clinical audience but also for a philosophical/ethical audience. The goal of the is to explicitly link the two disciplines by fostering a productive dialogue between them, enriching both the psychotherapeutic encounter and the ethical analysis and sensitivity within and outside the clinic. (shrink)

Talking about ‘suffering’ in relation to ‘old age’ implies reflecting on its semantic fields, its various references and the relationship between the two in a dynamic way. We therefore propose to reflect first of all, in a philosophical way, on ‘suffering’ and its specificity in relation to other terms such as ‘pain’; then we will look at the meaning of ‘old age’ and its semantic field: ‘old age’, ‘third age’, ‘senectitude’; we will continue with the question of the relationship between (...) suffering and elderly people to detect if there is a determination and connection between both realities; to, finally, propose, in continuity with our conclusions, a practical look from the human activity in a humanistic paradigm of Occupational Therapy. (shrink)

Este artículo apunta a describir los significados que un grupo de universitarios ha construido sobre la experiencia de enseñar español a migrantes haitianos. La metodología corresponde a un estudio de caso cualitativo. El caso es un proyecto de responsabilidad social universitaria gestionado por académicos de la Universidad de Santiago de Chile, quienes forman, orientan y acompañan a un grupo de universitarios en su labor como monitores. La muestra estuvo conformada por 9 estudiantes, con un año de experiencia en el proyecto, (...) distribuidos en dos grupos de conversación. El análisis fue de carácter inductivo. Los resultados indican que los monitores experimentaron un proceso de ajuste de expectativas en torno a la enseñanza de una lengua, las situaciones emergentes, el grado de autonomía, la interacción didáctica, los aprendices y sus propias habilidades como docentes, entre otros. Se concluye que el modelo de intervención basado en el aprender haciendo y el aprendizaje cooperativo es válido para la formación de especialistas en enseñanza de ELE, aunque se requiere repensar el proceso de acompañamiento en aula por parte de los académicos encargados del proyecto. (shrink)