Artykuł przywołuje poglądy liderów polskiej myśli oświeceniowej na temat sprawiedliwości i równości. W dobie oświecenia dokonał się niewątpliwy awans tej problematyki, co wyrażało się nie tylko w wydatnym wzroście ilościowym wypowiedzi na temat sprawiedliwości, a zwłaszcza równości, ale także w ujawnianiu bogactwa konstytuujących je zagadnień oraz w merytorycznej dojrzałości ich interpretacji i analiz. Przegląd poglądów na ww. zagadnienia zaczynamy od wypowiedzi Stanisława Leszczyńskiego, w których pojawiły się idee prooświeceniowe, następnie przedstawiamy poglądy przedstawicieli philosophiae recentiorum: Stanisława H. Konarskiego, Antoniego Wiśniewskiego, Józefa (...) K. Skrzetuskiego, z kolei dojrzałą fazę myśli oświeceniowej reprezentują tu jej liderzy: Stanisław Popławski, Franciszek S. Jezierski, Hugo Kołłątaj, Hieronim Stroynowski (Strojnowski), Stanisław W. Staszic. Przedstawiony zestaw poglądów wymienionych wyżej myślicieli na temat sprawiedliwości i równości wymownie zaświadcza o tym, że problematyka ta budziła żywe zainteresowanie ówczesnych elit intelektualnych, które wypowiadały się na ich temat z dużą kompetencją, zaangażowaniem i znawstwem, co w konsekwencji sprawiło, że ich znaczenie znacznie wybiegało poza epokę,która je zrodziła. (shrink)

The book by professor Stanisław Kowalczyk, renowned scholar in the field of social philosophy, is, without doubt, one of the most important studies on the idea of freedom. The concept of freedom is as old as mankind. It has many meanings and has been interpreted in many different ways. For instance, we also have the word „liberty," which means „freedom or right" and is synonymous with the word freedom, which means „the condition of being free." The author indicates that (...) in our times the notion of freedom is most frequently used; however, it is often misused or deceptive. Mass media and people of all walks of life talk of liberty; everyone talks of freedom and, for many, it is the highest value. Longing for freedom is rooted in the heart of every human being, for freedom is an existential correlate and the fulfilment of the rational human being. The semantic confusion about the notion of freedom leads to many misuses of the concept. Personalism, as a philosophical concept in which a person stands in the centre of all discussion, serves as a framework for the author's delineation on the concept of freedom. He further states that the appropriate understanding of this value is possible in the context of the personalistic interpretation of a human being. This is the focus of this informative and insightful book. (shrink)

The article reviews the book Philosophia Vitam Alere. Prace dedykowane Profesorowi Romanowi Darowskiemu SJ z okazji 70-lecia urodzin, edited by Stanisław Ziemiański S.J.

In order to achieve a desired effect of tax legal interpretation, its linguistic mechanisms are frequently insufficient. Elements of paralinguistic interpretation are more and more often indispensable. It applies inter alia when domestic tax law regulations must be verified in the light of the EU tax law. However, the study depict interpretative problems regarding the institution of remuneration of excess payments, which is regulated in Polish tax law. Considerations presented in this article confirm that legal interpretation of tax law is (...) a complicated process. It is important to establish correct system connection between the analyzed legal regulations and other provisions, often contained in other legal acts. Moreover, it seems necessary to refer to the purpose-oriented interpretation of the law. Only then a chance for a satisfactory final result of the provision’s legal interpretation can be guaranteed. What is more, such an effect will create an element being a part of a logically composed and arranged unity. (shrink)

INDUS-EM is India’s only level one conference imparting and exchanging quality knowledge in acute care. Specifically, in general and specialized emergency care and training in trauma, burns, cardiac, stroke, environmental and disaster medicine. It provides a series of exchanges regarding academic development and implementation of training tools related to developing future academic faculty and residents in Emergency Medicine in India. The INDUS-EM leadership and board of directors invited scholars from multiple institutions to participate in this advanced educational symposium that was (...) held in Thrissur, Kerala in October 2013. (shrink)

There have been many papers on the Jesuit relationship with the State and with the civil powers in the Western Countries. But there are no such elaborations concerning Poland. However, it was not a central aim, the Jesuits had to engage in the political situation of the country where they did His apostolic work though they did not commit themselves personally in the policy. The Jesuits had their own concept of the State and the state policy. And they showed great (...) caution in preparing the policy treaties in order to save impartiality. (shrink)

Sport plays today an eminent role in man's life and in societies. Various sciences have made it the subject-matter of their reflection, i.e. psychology, sociology, the natural and humanistic sciences, art, philosophy, and theology. The present work seeks to answer some fundamental questions connected with the phenomenon of sport: what is it for man? whether and when does it serve the social integration of a community? what are the premises and principles of the ethics of sportive activity? what is the (...) aesthetic dimension of sport? what are the relations between sport and religious faith? The philosophical profile is dominant in the book, taking into consideration various aspects of sport: anthropological, social, axiological, and theological. (shrink)

In this paper we argue that the human form should be seen to exist, in a longitudinal way, throughout the continuum of human growth and development. This entails that the moral value of that form, which we link analytically to the adult, interacting, social and rational being, attaches to all phases of human life to some extent. Having established this we discuss the consequences it has for the moral status of the human embryo. We then apply this argument, and the (...) resulting moral status, to the area of reproductive technology. In doing this we show that there are certain regulations and controls which ought to apply to the use of these infertility treatments. (shrink)

Feliks Młynarski ciągle jeszcze nie należy do kanonu lektur z polskiej myśli filozoficznej, chociaż coś takiego zasugerował już Władysław Tatarkiewicz w swojej Historii filozofii. Łączył go tam, jeśli chodzi o orientację, z Florianem Znanieckim, tj. przede wszystkim z jego wczesną, filozoficzną właśnie, twórczością. Obaj autorzy, Znaniecki i Młynarski, budowali swój filozoficzny światopogląd na przekonaniu o wielkiej roli swoistości świata społecznego, często ignorowanego przez profesjonalnych, akademickich filozofów. Zwięzła charakterystyka Tatarkiewicza jest jak gdyby wyciągiem z autoprezentacji samego Młynarskiego, napisanej w r. 1949, (...) w której nasz autor podkreślał takie momenty, jak konieczność odróżniania rzeczywistości społecznej od przyrodniczej, w szczególności w kwestii innej realności tworów społecznych opartych na powtarzalności „aktów obcowania”, a także w fundamentalnej kwestii „uznania cudzej świadomości”. Poza tym zwracał uwagę na rolę mowy w tworzeniu tradycji, a także na radykalny pomysł, aby z metafizyki odrzucić wszystkie pojęcia pochodzące z praktyki społecznej i dostrzec jej istotę wyrażalną w języku matematycznym. […]. (shrink)

Memory as a constantly fascinating researcher is a mystery and a mystery, which is so completely, not easy to penetrate, despite the passage of so many thousands of years of human reflection. Traces of attempts to penetrate this mystery are already noticeable in pre-philosophical Greek philosophical thought. Many great and admired to this day, philosophers, this measure, what, Plato and Aristotle, struggled with her. The article would like to reveal something about these extraordinary struggles of antiquity regarding the issue of (...) memory. (shrink)