Nudge is a social innovation developed based on the achievements of behavioral science. According to this approach, when citizens make decisions about their behavior, they often react irrationally, based on heuristic factors related to their lives. Thus, collective goals are difficult to achieve, especially in conditions of unpredictability in social development and the prevailing influence of individualistic ideas. The nudge is a possible tool of modern politics that enables the liberal state to achieve collective goals and protect individual freedom simultaneously. (...) This makes it a valid policy tool, despite the criticisms of individualist theories as well as defenders of traditional democracy. (shrink)

In this paper, we consider the class of four-valued literal-paraconsistent-paracomplete logics constructed by combination of isomorphs of classical logic CPC. These logics form a 10-element upper semi-lattice with respect to the functional embeddinig one logic into another. The mechanism of variation of paraconsistency and paracompleteness properties in logics is demonstrated on the example of two four-element lattices included in the upper semi-lattice. Functional properties and sets of tautologies of corresponding literal-paraconsistent-paracomplete matrices are investigated. Among the considered matrices there are the (...) matrix of Puga and da Costa's logic V and the matrix of paranormal logic P1I1, which is the part of a sequence of paranormal matrices proposed by V. Fernández. (shrink)

The article assumes that the search for legitimacy (politics) and the demand for public governance efficiency and effectiveness (policies) are closely intertwined and cannot be separated either structurally or substantively. The legitimacy of policies is not simply a consequence of the legitimacy of political power, but is created by bringing stakeholders together in the process of policy making and implementing. Therefor policy needs to be managed in order to restrict unpredictability when formulating and implementing collective choices. We argue that the (...) policy initiator should act as policy manager binding the whole process from the idea to the results. (shrink)

The text presents the results of a survey among 58 owners or managers of commercial companies that have sustainably implemented an environmental management system through their ISO 14001 certification. The study of management representatives is based on the understanding that business organizations play the role of intermediaries in environmental policy and the potential change of their behavior multiplies the effects of the interventions on the behavior of others - business partners, employees, and consumers. The data can be used to explain (...) the real processes of pro-environmental policies in the country and improve them taking into account the established barriers and obstacles to the pro-environmental behavior of the studied group. (shrink)

We consider the logics determined by the set of all natural implicative expansions of Kleene’s strong 3-valued matrix and select the class of all logics functionally equivalent to Łukasiewicz’s 3-valued logic Ł3. The concept of a “natural implicative matrix” is based upon the notion of a “natural conditional” defined in Tomova.

The development of recursion theory motivated Kleene to create regular three-valued logics. Remove it taking his inspiration from the computer science, Fitting later continued to investigate regular three-valued logics and defined them as monotonic ones. Afterwards, Komendantskaya proved that there are four regular three-valued logics and in the three-valued case the set of regular logics coincides with the set of monotonic logics. Next, Tomova showed that in the four-valued case regularity and monotonicity do not coincide. She counted that there (...) are 6400 four-valued regular logics, but only six of them are monotonic. The purpose of this paper is to create natural deduction systems for them. We also describe some functional properties of these logics. (shrink)