Music comprises a diverse category of cognitive phenomena that likely represent both the effects of psychological adaptations that are specific to music (e.g., rhythmic entrainment) and the effects of adaptations for non-musical functions (e.g., auditory scene analysis). How did music evolve? Here, we show that prevailing views on the evolution of music – that music is a byproduct of other evolved faculties, evolved for social bonding, or evolved to signal mate quality – are incomplete or wrong. We argue instead that (...) music evolved as a credible signal in at least two contexts: coalitional interactions and infant care. Specifically, we propose that (1) the production and reception of coordinated, entrained rhythmic displays is a co-evolved system for credibly signaling coalition strength, size, and coordination ability; and (2) the production and reception of infant-directed song is a co-evolved system for credibly signaling parental attention to secondarily altricial infants. These proposals, supported by interdisciplinary evidence, suggest that basic features of music, such as melody and rhythm, result from adaptations in the proper domain of human music. The adaptations provide a foundation for the cultural evolution of music in its actual domain, yielding the diversity of musical forms and musical behaviors found worldwide. (shrink)

Mintz examines seventeenth-century reactions to the political philosophy of Thomas Hobbes.

Written for both the layman and the professional, this may be the long-awaited revolution in physical science.

Job's search for God anticipates the quest for authentic spirituality amid the collective disillusionment and anxiety shared by Generation X. Indeed, the figure of Job as sage offers all of us a model in the painful search for meaningful life.

Sketches a view of the relationship between the interests of the individual and the demands of morality, a view according to which morality and self‐interest stand in a relation of potential congruence. In adopting this view, Scheffler rejects two extreme positions, one that sees morality and self‐interest as ultimately coinciding and another that sees them as diametrically opposed. The complete exposition of Scheffler's view is left for subsequent chapters, but in this introduction he proposes that a proper treatment of the (...) relationship between morality and self‐interest, which must address morality's authority, content, scope, and deliberative role. Scheffler also situates his view in relation to the debate between defenders of contemporary moral theories, such as Kantian and utilitarian outlooks, and critics who claim that these positions neglect important ethical notions, such as virtue. Though he notes certain affinities between his view and the views of the critics, Scheffler denies that the defects in modern moral thought warrant its repudiation in favor of an ethics of virtue. (shrink)

Over the last fifteen years, studies on Sanskrit intellectual history between the fifteenth and eighteenth centuries have produced a body of scholarship that has fundamentally reshaped our understanding of the period. Yet, despite significant advances in the understanding of the social-historical circumstances of authors and disciplines as well as success in elucidating major features of intellectual thought, a main point of difficultly has been in combining both the intellectuality and sociality of Sanskrit scholars. By examining a debate within the discipline (...) of nyāya during the seventeenth century about how one cognizes the universal property ‘Brahman-ness ’ and by connecting it with a social debate that is found in available historical documents of the period, this essay attempts to combine the sociality of the Brahman scholarly community in Vārāṇasī with their intellectuality and offer a larger analysis of nyāya intellectual history for this period. The essay concludes by considering the ways in which the social world impinged upon nyāya argumentation and nyāya argumentation upon the social world. (shrink)

In this essay I consider the question of whether Elliot D. Cohen has justified sufficiently the metaphysical basis for his Logic-Based Therapy as presented in his paper on “The Metaphysics of Logic-Based Therapy (IJPP, this issue). Although Cohen discusses four different foundations of his cognitive theory, I focus only on one. It is the most important basis of his theory, viz., that human beings logically deduce the cognitive-behavior com­ponents of their emotions from premises. First, I question Cohen’s analysis of the (...) emotion rules we use to deduce evaluations of actions from. Second, I challenge Cohen’s view that we deduce our evaluations from emotion rules. Although I do not think my challenges completely undermine Cohen’s theory, they do raise serious concerns for a theory faced with a preponderance of causal therapies. (shrink)

Shortly after the financial crisis of 2008, Wolfgang Streeck emerged as a highly influential and ambitious critical theorist of capitalism and crisis. Streeck's crisis theory of capitalism is built around an account of neoliberal policy reform as a family of responses to economic upheavals that first emerged during the 1970s. Based on an analysis of four major shocks all occurring in that decade, I argue that Streeck's crisis theory is excessively economistic in its understanding of the crisis tendencies that first (...) propelled neoliberal reform and insufficiently attentive to the global context of their emergence. Theorising the significance of this pivotal historical moment requires more attention to the conflictual entanglements between societies of the Global South and North in the context of decolonisation, war and revolution, and a more nuanced appreciation of the political context of economic reform. (shrink)

Three traditions have influenced the idea of the state in India – the Hindu Rajah, the Islamic View and the European Secular State. From biblical and theological considerations, Christians must reject the totalism and ego-centrism of modern states and work for greater accountability and decentralised decision-making.

Excerpt from Essay in PhysicsIn many respects this book does not follow present trends in physics and may therefore prove controversial. I cite those eminent names only in order to express my thanks and not in any degree as invoking their authority in support of the propositions and arguments put forward. These scientists have of course not been asked to sponsor this book either as a whole or in any part. If it is to be criticized as heterodox it must (...) stand on its own feet and speak for itself.About the PublisherForgotten Books publishes hundreds of thousands of rare and classic books. Find more at www.forgottenbooks.comThis book is a reproduction of an important historical work. Forgotten Books uses state-of-the-art technology to digitally reconstruct the work, preserving the original format whilst repairing imperfections present in the aged copy. In rare cases, an imperfection in the original, such as a blemish or missing page, may be replicated in our edition. We do, however, repair the vast majority of imperfections successfully; any imperfections that remain are intentionally left to preserve the state of such historical works. (shrink)

Levites and Priests in Biblical Tradition and History. Edited by Mark Leuchter and Jeremy M. Hutton. Ancient Israel and Its Literature, vol. 9. Atlanta: Society of Biblical Literature, 2011. Pp. x + 257. $31.95.

Cast a backward glance over the last hundred years and it will be seen at once where the greatest advance has been. We cannot claim, I fear, that it has been in philosophy. Nor yet has it been in the sphere of religion; nor in politics; nor in the arts. Plainly enough, it is in science that this age has excelled; and in industrial production through the help of science.

The original work has been a favorite of both scholars and laypeople for its straightforward style, in contrast to other medieval writings on ethics that are largely theoretical and reflective.

An investigation of public support for coastal adaptation options and public finance options in Florida evaluated stakeholder judgments and how they changed through a participatory engagement process. The study found that public finance mechanisms that imposed fiscal burdens on those who directly benefit from hazard reduction were rated as more acceptable than others. Significantly, visualisations and data on local economic damage and return on investment of potential adaptation options further increased acceptability ratings. The question of whether a development fee for (...) adaptation or any other public purpose supported by private funds is a legal issue that depends on a test called the rational nexus. One concern of this article is to explore options for such fees to cover adaptation to climate change. This raises issues about the potential conflict with the community-wide and intergenerational nature of long-term adaptation. We also explore the relevance of environmental attitudes using the ‘new environmental paradigm’ (NEP) scale and political party affiliation. Results have implications for infrastructure improvements that require public approval for financing. (shrink)

First published in 1999. Routledge is an imprint of Taylor & Francis, an informa company.

This essay presents an inquiry into the phenomenological epoche , specifically with a view to the function of the epoche in efforts to interpret sacred or religious meaning. Reflecting on contributions from phenomenology, hermeneutics, and deconstruction, with particular attention to the phenomenology of religion developed by Gerardus Van der Leeuw, I argue that the epoche can be defined in terms of hospitable restraint. By holding the presuppositions of one’s unique historical horizon in abeyance (e.g., presuppositions regarding the historical development of (...) religions or the ontological, theological, or scientific reality of religion), such restraint facilitates dialogue and diplomacy through an understanding of the alterity of the sacred and the alterity of others’ experiences of the sacred. (shrink)

This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work. This work is in the public domain (...) in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work. As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant. (shrink)

Neste artigo, procuramos investigar e discutir a questão da autonomia do educando em dois diferentes momentos históricos: o período clássico e o moderno. O problema do artigo diz respeito à pergunta: Como a questão da autonomia discente foi discutida nos períodos clássico e moderno? Baseamo-nos, sobretudo, nas concepções platônicas acerca da Paidéia e, na concepção educacional pensada por Rousseau e por Kant, no período iluminista, orientada por um novo ideal de formação humana que priorizava o desenvolvimento da razão. Ambas as (...) concepções apontam para a humanização e para o aperfeiçoamento do homem por meio da educação, destacando, nesse processo, a importância da formação autônoma. O método diz respeito à revisão bibliográfica por se tratar de exame realizado no contexto da filosofia da educação. Como resultados, pudemos perceber que a autonomia constitui-se de base fundamental para a educação clássica e moderna. (shrink)

O estudo consiste na discussão da perspectiva larrosiana do conceito de experiência, a partir do livro Tremores. Partiu da pergunta: O conceito de experiência como acontecimento fundamenta a necessidade de uma nova língua educacional? O método tratou de pesquisa bibliográfica que teve o início na revisão de literatura sobre o tema, análise sistemática do livro Tremores, da mesma forma que problematização em torno do conceito de acontecimento em Martin Heidegger e de experiência em Walter Benjamin. Como resultado, o conceito de (...) experiência se expressa como raridade e deve ser pensado como acontecimento capaz de trazer novos sentidos. Para Larrosa, pensar novos sentidos é pensar novas realidades, tendo como base os sentidos gerados pelos mecanismos de subjetivação que existem em cada indivíduo. Sendo o sentido individual e subjetivo, é responsável por mostrar a cada indivíduo uma forma de experiência. Assim, a aposta diz respeito à necessidade de se repensar as linguagens, das quais emergem o mundo de cada indivíduo, e, além disso, de pensar a pedagogia como transformadora do que já existe por meio da linguagem. A linguagem possibilita a compreensão de si e do outro, em uma realidade abstrata que se perdeu das palavras e se distanciou da verdadeira experiência e do mundo real, enquanto acontecimento. Por derradeiro, o estudo demonstrou a necessidade de uma nova língua para a educação em Jorge Larrosa, como necessidade de fortalecimento da potência que habita entre aqueles que escutam e aqueles que falam, dos que não desejam colocar fim à identidade do sujeito, destruí-la, mas dar possibilidades para que a identidade se abra a novas significações, a fim de construir o acontecimento, a abertura e o conhecimento. (shrink)

O conceito de experiência é nuclear para se discutir a relação entre teoria e prática, assim, esse artigo discute os conceitos de experiência e de educação na perspectiva de John Dewey, sem esgotar, evidentemente, estes que podem ser considerados eixos fundantes de sua filosofia da educação. Sendo assim, a pergunta que melhor exprime o trabalho é: como a relação entre teoria e prática se dá no pensamento de John Dewey? O trabalho foi realizado, do ponto de vista do método, por (...) meio de revisão bibliográfica, com destaque específico para a obra Experiência e Educação do teórico norte americano. No contexto do pensamento deweyano, justifica-se a perspectiva pragmatista como referencial teórico, adotando Charles Pierce e William James como autores. Em que pese a preocupação de John Dewey com a experiência docente e sua influência na tentativa de uma ressignificação da relação entre o educador e o educando, visando à construção de uma nova forma de educação, o legado deixado por Dewey se mostra bastante atual, mesmo suas obras datando de mais de setenta anos. (shrink)

Resenha da obra Nietzsche e o Paradoxo, de Rogério Miranda de Almeida. Destinada aos interessados no pensamento de Nietzsche, especialmente os mais rigorosos, a obra analisa os escritos do filósofo a partir do original e o faz com rigor e precisão. Com linguagem sofisticada, o texto de Almeida revela profundo conhecimento da obra de Nietzsche, decifrando a presença do paradoxo em sua filosofia.

This article presents an analysis of James Benning's film, BNSF (2013). It argues that the film comprises a landscape rendered in such a way that the temporal aspects of the processes, both cultural and natural, of which it is composed are brought forth. The article also asserts that, by relating a world that unfolds with a measure of contingency, the film not only manifests the inherent inadequacy of representation, but also it draws attention to the efficacy of the world in (...) the making of its moving image. Finally, the article demonstrates that the qualities of the world delimited by the film impel the viewer to attempt to envision facts of nature that greatly outsize the horizon of her human point of view. (shrink)