"Élève-toi, mon éloquence, j'aperçois Platon qui s'élève au-dessus de l'homme! C'est sur sa bouche que les abeilles ont fait leur miel, que les rossignols ont chanté, que la déesse de la persuasion a élu son siège..." Le jésuite Nicolas Caussin témoigne ici pour nous de la mémoire du platonisme qui est celle du XVIIe siècle: un portrait de Platon en philosophe orateur s'y affirme, où la figure du Sage s'allie au prestige de l'écrivain pour consacrer comme modèle rhétorique celui que (...) Longin nomme l'Homère des philosophes. Après avoir chassé les poètes et fustigé les orateurs, le Platon des classiques redevient le théoricien du Phèdre, de l'Ion et des Lois, l'instigateur d'une philosophie éloquente et d'un lyrisme vertueux. Modèle de pensée et d'écriture pour une rhétorique du philosophique d'abord socratique, puis avec les intuitions d'un Claude Fleury, bientôt poétique, le divin philosophe nous invite alors à réfléchir sur le difficile croisement que l'humanisme classique tente d'opérer entre morale et éloquence relevée. Car ce retour d'un platonisme dans la philosophie de la rhétorique s'est effectué au sein de milieux humanistes mondains puis dévots, et a donné lieu à l'élaboration de formes extrêmement raffinées dans l'écriture de la morale. À travers la leçon de Platon, l'éloquence du Sage s'avère désormais séminale pour intégrer dans les belles-lettres une exigence de spirituel et leur accorder ainsi un nouveau prestige. C'est donc un tableau de la littérature morale à la manière de Platon qui, de La Fontaine à La Bruyère et au Fénelon du Télémaque, se trouve ici esquissé. (shrink)

Résumé — L’influence d’Alexandre d’Aphrodise sur la pensée de Plotin reste encore à évaluer avec précision. Le projet de cet article est de confronter ces deux auteurs sur un point déterminé qui est celui de la définition de la matière. Certains passages des Quaestiones d’Alexandre d’Aphrodise semblent avoir exercé une influence directe sur le traité II, 4 de Plotin, intitulé Sur les deux matières. Mais les différences restent profondes entre le péripatéticien et le platonicien. Le premier voit dans la matière (...) une quasi-substance distincte aussi bien de la qualité que de la privation. Le second identifie absolument matière et privation, et rattache la définition de la matière à la question de l’existence du mal.Matière et privation chez Alexandre d’Aphrodise et Plotin— Alexander of Aphrodisias’ influence on Plotinus still remains to be estimated exactly. The aim of this article is to compare these two authors on a precise point : the definition of matter. Some passages of Alexander’s Quaestiones seem to have directly influenced the treatise II, 4 of Plotinus, entitled On two matters. But the differences remain important between the Peripatetic and the Platonist philosopher. Whereas the former considers matter as a quasi-substance different from quality as well as privation, the latter identifies without specification matter with privation, and connects the definition of matter with the question of the existence of evil. (shrink)

The present collection of essays is devoted to the Christian philosophy of the most prolific and most speculatively ambitious of the Cambridge Origenists, Henry More. Not only did More revere Origen, whom he extolled as a "holy sage" and "that miracle of the Christian world", but he also developed a philosophical system which hinged upon the Origenian notions of universal divine goodness and libertarian human freedom. Throughout his life, More subscribed to the ancient theology of the pre-existence of souls and (...) took issue with the early modern philosophies of Thomas Hobbes, René Descartes and Baruch de Spinoza. His vision of God's goodness, experienced in his early school years at Eton, became the cornerstone of an Origenist rationalism which envisaged an extended world animated by divine thought and inhabited by self-moving rational agents. More's philosophy is the crowning attainment of the early modern rediscovery of Origen as well as a neglected major rationalist system in its own right which went on to exert decisive influence upon all subsequent western metaphysics. The essays collected in the first part provide a detailed introduction to More's voluminous writings. After a comprehensive general overview of his metaphysical and ethical system, the essays expound More's historical context and his philosophical development from his early poetry in the 1640s to his mature philosophical and theological prose works of the 50s, 60s and 70s. In addition, the reception of More and Origen in the later Cambridge Origenists and in Isaac Newton is outlined. The second part contains several excerpts from More's influential Latin works first translated into English by the editor. (shrink)

Cet article examine une des thèses fondamentales de Thémistius dans sa paraphrase du De anima d’Aristote, c’est-à-dire le rapport entre l’intellect et ses objets, telle qu’elle figure dans la réception de deux lecteurs de Thémistius au Moyen Âge : Averroès et Thomas d’Aquin. La comparaison entre ces deux philosophes suggère que l’héritage (néo)platonicien présent dans l’interprétation thémistienne du rapport entre l’intellect et ses objets a été influent dans une certaine mesure, mais il a produit chez les deux philosophes des considérations (...) différentes. Un troisième lecteur, anonyme, est évoqué : un petit traité connu sous le nom de « Anonyme de Bâle », écrit entre 1308 et 1323, apporte un témoignage intéressant sur l’influence respective des lectures thémistiennes d’Averroès et de Thomas. (shrink)

L’article commence par mettre en évidence une tendance chez les Platoniciens de l’antiquité tardive à prêter attention aux mots du maître pour savoir s’il prend en compte des niveaux métaphysiques ou s’il s’agit de conséquences métaphysiques. L’auteur réfléchit ensuite sur les passages mathématiques et ésotériques des Lettres, qui présentent, comme on le croit, des doctrines secrètes, et sur la Lettre II en particulier, dont l’influence lui permet de discuter deux triades d’Amélius. La triade première est bien connue grâce aux (...) quelques témoignages de Proclus, la deuxième, à peine reconnue comme triade, correspond aux trois hypothèses du Parménide de Platon, et présente donc, pour les interprètes néoplatoniciens, des significations métaphysiques. Pour toutes les deux, il s’agit d’interpréter les fragments et de se demander si l’une peut avoir un rapport avec l’autre, et quel serait ce rapport. (shrink)

Les pratiques et les discours philosophiques sous l'empire romain ont été largement inspirés par le langage des cultes à mystères. Depuis la période grecque classique, la pensée philosophique antique a assimilé et réélaboré la terminologie de ces cultes afin d'exprimer l'accès au savoir philosophique, le parcours de la connaissance et l'acquisition d'une 'révélation' réservée aux seuls initiés. Au fil des siècles, le langage platonicien, pétri de références aux cultes à mystères, devient le socle commun de la plupart des lettrés, quelle (...) que soit leur appartenance religieuse, païenne ou chrétienne. Dans une approche d'histoire des religions, la réflexion sur les catégories et leurs usages, tant dans les sources que dans l'historiographie, est inséparable de la construction de la discipline elle-même. Quel est dès lors l'impact de l'historiographie dans l'appréciation des rapports entre cultes à mystères et philosophie? Ensuite, dans quelle mesure les discours et pratiques philosophiques ont-ils été nourris par le lexique mystérique et par les rituels de ces cultes? Des textes réputés avoir partie liée avec les mystères, mais passablement négligés jusqu'ici, sont scrutés en détail--les fragments de Numénius, les Oracles Chaldaïques et plus généralement les expressions respectives des écoles philosophiques. Inversement, des pratiques rituelles mystériques sont susceptibles de révéler l'influence des réflexions philosophiques. Au fil des études, ce volume interroge la relation entre cultes à mystères et philosophies selon une double perspective, émique et étique, la seule qui puisse fournir des éclaircissements sur ce problème."--Page 4 of cover. (shrink)

La présente étude vise à tirer du témoignage platonicien la plus large information positive sur le maître de rhétorique Thrasymaque de Chalcédoine. Il s’agit en particulier d’établir la cohérence entre le propos tenu sur Thrasymaque dans le contexte de la présentation de l’histoire de la rhétorique dans le Phèdre et les propos prêtés au personnage de Thrasymaque au premier livre de la République. On avance que les thèses politiques du personnage fictif reflètent une conception de l’art oratoire fondée sur la (...) production d’affections chez l’auditeur, en particulier de la pitié : la description des situations politiques doit faire apparaître en toute circonstance la position peu enviable du dominé, afin de justifier la plainte. Ce résultat est confirmé par la confrontation aux fragments restants de l’œuvre de Thrasymaque. On en tire dès lors une conclusion sur l’influence du Thrasymaque historique sur Platon : si le philosophe abandonne la rhétorique émotionnelle de l’orateur, il en conserve et en amplifie le pessimisme. (shrink)

Peu de textes de Pascal semblent relever de l'expérience ou du discours mystique. Outre le Mémorial, qui garde mémoire d'une expérience de Dieu sur une feuille de papier, outre la Prière pour demander à Dieu le bon usage des maladies, certaines lettres à Mlle de Roannez contiennent des conseils pour se rapprocher de Dieu, et d'autres lettres spirituelles, comme celle écrite après la mort de son père, traitent de l'attitude du chrétien face à la mort. L'Ecrit sur la conversion du (...) pécheur nous livre les difficultés de l'homme à la recherche de Dieu. Cependant, malgré la pauvreté quantitative des textes traitant assez clairement de la mystique, il nous est apparu qu'elle constitue la clé de voûte de l'édifice pascalien, sans laquelle l'oeuvre de Pascal ne fait pas sens. A partir de ce point ultime et transcendant, expliqué en partie par le contexte familial et social de Pascal, on peut relire et comprendre sa démarche scientifique, et la relation entretenue avec la Bible. Ainsi nous proposons une relecture de l'intégralité de l'oeuvre pascalienne, en la replaçant dans l'histoire de la mystique judéo-chrétienne, et en mettant notamment en relief la façon dont Pascal s'est approprié l'esprit et la mystique bibliques, dans une tradition où l'influence du dualisme platonicien n'est pas étrangère. La mystique pascalienne se définit ainsi comme le désir d'une union à Dieu, médiatisée par la figure du Christ, et il en résulte une relation de chaque instant, où l'homme se sent transformé, déifié, dans un sentiment de joie. (shrink)

Dans cet article, je compare les vues de Lautman et Herbrand sur la théorie des nombres et la philosophie de l’arithmétique. Je montre que, bien que Lautman eût avoué avoir été marqué par l’influence de Herbrand, les postures fondationnelles des deux amis divergent considérablement. Alors que Lautman versait dans un réalisme platonicien, Herbrand est resté fidèle au finitisme hilbertien. Il est vrai que Lautman était philosophe et que Herbrand était avant tout arithméticien et logicien, mais il demeure que l’oeuvre de (...) Herbrand a une portée philosophique mieux accordée à la logique et aux mathématiques contemporaines.In this paper, I am contrasting Lautman’s and Herbrand’s views on number theory and philosophy of arithmetic. It is argued that despite the fact that Lautman had acknowledged Herbrand’s major influence on his own work, their foundational stances diverge profoundly. Lautman defended a variety of Platonism and Herbrand advocated a personal version of Hilbertian finitism. Of course, Lautman was a philosopher while Herbrand dealt mainly with number theory and logic. It remains though that Herbrand’s work is more in tune with contemporary logic and mathematics from a philosophical perspective. (shrink)

Le 'Timée' est incontestablement le dialogue de Platon le plus cité dans l'Antiquité, le plu lu et le plus commenté. Tenu pour la "bible" des médio-platoniciens, il a joui d'une faveur extraordinaire, comme en témoignent les multiples commentaires qui ont vu le jour dans la pensée grecque, de Crantor à Proclus. Cette abondance d'études s'explique par deux raisons principales, intimement liées. D'un côté, le 'Timée', récit qui traite de la "création" du monde et de celle de l'homme, est un (...) texte difficile, exemple paradigmatique de l'obscurité que les auteurs anciens attribuaient à Platon, de l'autre, en proposant un modèle d'univers physique, il se présente comme un traité de cosmologie, le premier en fait à nous être parvenu, et offre une véritable somme des connaissances humaines où interviennent également la psychologie et la métaphysique, une encyclopédie scientifique dont la brièveté même exigeait d'emblée des éclaircissements et des explications préliminaires pour qui ne possédait pas une solide culture scientifique. Ce qui ressortit à la cosmogonie et à la psychogonie est en effet associé aux quatre sciences "mathématiques" (arithmétique, géométrie, musique, astronomie), et pour ce qui se rapporte à l'homme et à l'anthropologie le texte platonicien fait intervenir en outre des sciences comme l'optique ou la médecine. On peut donc comprendre que le caractère "mythique" de l'énoncé et sa dimension scientifique aient constitué autant d'éléments de nature à désarçonner un lecteur non averti. L'importance de cet écrit explique par ailleurs qu'on en trouve de très nombreuses traces dans le monde latin, notamment médiéval, où les traductions fragmentaires et les commentaires sur le 'Timée' servent, entre autres, à l'exégèse biblique. De surcroît, à la Renaissance l'Occident retrouve l'héritage hellène, et les humanistes ont à leur disposition les traditions grecque et latine du "dialogue. (shrink)

The influence of Darwinism on philosophy.--Nature and its good: a conversation.--Intelligence and morals.--The experimental theory of knowledge.--The intellectualist criterion for truth.--A short catechism concerning truth.--Beliefs and existences.--Experience and objective idealism.--The postulate of immediate empiricism.--"Consciousness" and experience.--The significance of the problem of knowledge.

Background The principle of respect for autonomy (PRA) is a central tenet of bioethics. In the quest for a global bioethics, it is pertinent to ask whether this principle can be applied as it is to cultures and societies that are devoid of the Western sociopolitical historical pressures that led to its emergence. Relational autonomists have argued for a more inclusive approach to patient autonomy which takes into account factors such as interdependency and social relations. However, at the outset of (...) any relational approach, it is necessary to identify underlying factors that influence patient autonomy in non-Western cultures. Objective To conduct a review of the literature to uncover the mechanisms through which social, cultural, and religious factors influence and impact the application of the PRA in healthcare decision-making in non-Western cultures and societies. Methods We conducted a systematic review through a comprehensive search of three major electronic databases of biomedical sciences. Returned citations were imported to Covidence, full texts were assessed for eligibility, included articles were thoroughly reviewed and data was synthesized. PRISMA guidelines were followed. Results Our search retrieved 590 non-duplicate results, 50 of which were included after screening and full-text eligibility checks. The included studies were predominantly qualitative in nature, with few quantitative, mixed-methods, and review studies included. Our synthesis of data identified nine key factors that influenced patients’ autonomous decision-making through cultural, social, religious, or intersectional pathways. Conclusion Two main conclusions emerge from this review. Firstly, there is a notable dearth of bioethical research examining the influence of diverse factors on patients’ inclination towards different conceptions of autonomy. Secondly, the analysis of prevalent collectivist cultures and deference of autonomy adds value to the solution-oriented relational autonomy debate. This raises questions regarding how decision-making can be truly autonomous in the presence of such large-scale factors, warranting further attention. (shrink)

Investigation into the theme of receptions and influences is one of traditional topics in the historiography of national philosophies. This article analyses the models of reception and influence used by Ukrainian historians of philosophy: the model of “influence without reception” (А. Tykholaz), the model of “studying philosophy” (D. Tschižewskij) and the model of “reception without influence” (V. Horskyi). Resting upon works by J.-L. Viellard-Baron and P. Hadot, the author tried to argue that: а) the place that reception studies occupies in (...) historiography as well as understanding of its phenomenon is traditionally dictated by the perception of the historic-philosophical process, the genre of the historiography of philosophy and specific historiographic attitudes; b) reception is a complex phenomenon, which has totally different configurations and meanings in different periods of the history of philosophy and cannot be put into one formula; c) the application of obvious formulas from the contemporary vision of receptions in separate historical contexts can verify or objection of the originality or even the existence of separate philosophical traditions; d) through the reflection on the phenomenon of reception in all of its complexity it possible to reveal some aspects, research into which notably corrects our perception of the history of philosophy; e) the popular over the past decades idea of the history of philosophy as dialogue among philosophers is a challenge for the historiography, though it can have a positive effect on historic-philosophical research as well as on historic-philosophical discourse in general. Particularly, the research into reception and using dialogue as a regulatory idea can influence the international circulation of ideas and contribute to turning it into “rational dialogue”, promoted by P. Bourdieu. (shrink)

According to the expertise defense, practitioners of the method of cases need not worry about findings that ordinary people’s philosophical intuitions depend on epistemically irrelevant factors. This is because, honed by years of training, the intuitions of professional philosophers likely surpass those of the folk. To investigate this, we conducted a controlled longitudinal study of a broad range of intuitions in undergraduate students of philosophy (n = 226), whose case judgments we sampled after each semester throughout their studies. Under the (...) assumption, made by proponents of the expertise defense, that formal training in philosophy gives rise to the kind of expertise that accounts for changes in the students’ responses to philosophically puzzling cases, our data suggest that the acquired cognitive skills only affect single case judgments at a time. There does not seem to exist either a general expertise that informs case judgments in all areas of philosophy, or an expertise specific to particular subfields. In fact, we argue that available evidence, including the results of cross-sectional research, is best explained in terms of differences in adopted beliefs about specific cases, rather than acquired cognitive skills. We also investigated whether individuals who choose to study philosophy have atypical intuitions compared to the general population and whether students whose intuitions are at odds with textbook consensus are more likely than others to drop out of the philosophy program. (shrink)

There is overwhelming evidence that the opioid crisis—which has cost hundreds of thousands of lives and trillions of dollars (and counting)—has been created or exacerbated by webs of influence woven by several pharmaceutical companies. These webs involve health professionals, patient advocacy groups, medical professional societies, research universities, teaching hospitals, public health agencies, policymakers, and legislators. Opioid companies built these webs as part of corporate strategies of influence that were designed to expand the opioid market from cancer patients to larger groups (...) of patients with acute or chronic pain, to increase dosage as well as opioid use, to downplay the risks of addiction and abuse, and to characterize physicians’ concerns about the addiction and abuse risks as “opiophobia.” In the face of these pervasive strategies, conflict of interest policies have proven insufficient for addressing corporate influence in medical practice, medical research, and public health policy. Governments, the academy, and civil society need to develop counterstrategies to insulate themselves from corporate influence and to preserve their integrity and public trust. These strategies require a paradigm shift—from partnerships with the private sector, which are ordinarily vehicles for corporate influence, to a norm of separation. (shrink)

The influence of liberal political ideology on nursing sciencePrevious notions of science as impartial and value-neutral have been refuted by contemporary views of science as influenced by social, political and ideological values. By locating nursing science in the dominant political ideology of liberalism, the author examines how nursing knowledge is influenced by liberal philosophical assumptions. The central tenets of liberal political philosophy — individualism, egalitarianism, freedom, tolerance, neutrality, and a free-market economy — are primarily manifested in relation to: (i) the (...) individualistic focus of our science; (ii) our view of society as essentially egalitarian and equitable; (iii) our preference for politically neutral knowledge development, and (iv) an economy of knowledge development that supports rather than challenges the status quo. I argue that exposing, rather than ignoring, the liberal ideological values inherent in nursing science will render these assumptions open to debate, stimulate ongoing development of critically oriented knowledge, and increase our capacity to influence the social, political and economic determinants of health. (shrink)

Here is a simple counterexample to David Lewis’s causal influence account of causation, one that is especially illuminating due to its connection to what Lewis himself writes: it is a variant of his trumping example.

Purpose: Discuss the relationship among college students’ media internalized pressure, social physique anxiety, weight control self-efficacy, and sports participation in providing a reference for promoting college students to develop healthy and confident living habits.Methods: Take Southwest University in China as the object, select the subjects by stratified random sampling, and process the data with SPSS19.0 and AMOS21.0 statistical software.Results: Media internalized pressure is positively correlated with social physique anxiety, weight control self-efficacy, and sports participation; social physique anxiety is significantly positively (...) correlated with weight control self-efficacy and sports participation, and weight control self-efficacy is significantly positively correlated with sports participation; media internalized pressure has a direct effect on sports participation, and social physique anxiety and weight control self-efficacy play significant mediating roles in the relationship between media internalized pressure and sports participation, respectively; the chained mediating force of social physique anxiety and weight control self-efficacy also reaches a significant level.Conclusion: Media internalized pressure can influence college students’ sports participation through the direct path as well as indirect paths such as social physique anxiety, the intermediary effect of weight control self-efficacy, and chained intermediary effect of social physique anxiety–weight control self-efficacy, and social physique anxiety is another key factor affecting college students’ sports participation except media internalized pressure. (shrink)

Two aspects of the chromatin repeat length (r t) are discussed: (i) Why is r t, longer for slowly dividing cells than in rapidly dividing cells?, and (ii) Why is the temporal evolution of r ta decreasing function of time (t) in mammalian cortical neurons, whereas it is an increasing function of t for granule cells around the time of birth? These questions are discussed in terms of a hypothesis which assumes a correlation between deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) packaging, transcription, and (...) replication. (shrink)

One of the assets of the simulation theory, as defended by Alvin Goldman in many papers and in his book Simulating Minds, is its ability to explain egocentric bias, and more generally the priority of first‐person mindreading over third‐person mindreading (ascription of mental states to other people). This chapter argues, on the contrary, that the simulationist framework enables confusions between self and others that go both ways: taking one's beliefs for the other's beliefs (egocentric bias) and vice versa, taking the (...) other's beliefs for one's beliefs (altercentric bias). It sees how the risk of such confusion may be disadvantageous from an evolutionary perspective, questioning thus the evolutionary plausibility of the simulation theory. Egocentric errors have been taken as evidence of the priority of first‐person mindreading over third‐person mindreading, which seems in line with the simulation theory. Recent findings on altercentric bias have opened a new promising way to investigate the cognitive basis of third‐person mindreading. (shrink)

Animals are hand-raised in a variety of contexts, including experimental research. This has been criticized frequently as producing animals with species-untypical behaviour. Here we compare life histories of 330 hand-raised and 631 gooseraised Greylag geese from a free-flying flock to determine whether hand-raising affected life history, reproductive variables and behaviour. We found little differences in life histories or reproductive variables of hand-raised and goose-raised geese. However, hand-raised females had lower life expectancies than goose-raised ones, mainly due to predation during breeding. (...) Hand-raised geese were stressed significantly less during social, handling and predator stress, were attacked less by conspecifics and were less vigilant than goose-raised geese. We conclude that hand-raising resulted in geese with species-typical life histories but reduced stress responses. This makes hand-raised geese cooperative partners for research, but also more vulnerable when exposed to predators. Keywords: hand-raising; greylag goose; Anser anser; life-history; reproductive success; stress. (shrink)

본 연구는 광고에 대한 소비자의 윤리적 성향과 광고 메시지의 윤리 의식 필요성에 대한 소비자의 관여, 비(非)성표현 광고와 성표현 광고에 대한 호감도 및 소비자가 느끼는 광고주의 사회적 책임 강화 필요성 인식 간의 영향력을 검증하였다. 광고에 대한 윤리적 성향은 의무론 중심의 성향과 목적론 중심의 성향으로 구분하였고, 성표현 광고와 비(非)성표현 광고에 대한 태도는 호감도로 측정하였다. 연구 결과, 광고에 대해 의무론 중심의 윤리적 성향을 지닌 소비자는, 목적론 중심의 윤리적 성향을 지닌 소비자에 비해 광고 메시지의 윤리 의식 필요성에 대한 관여에 상대적으로 더 유의하게 관련되어 있고, (...) 광고주의 향후 사회적 책임 의식 강화 필요성을 상대적으로 더 높게 인지하는 것으로 나타났다. 또한 광고에 대해 목적론 중심의 윤리적 성향을 지닌 소비자는 의무론 중심의 윤리적 성향을 지닌 소비자 보다 성표현 광고에 대한 호감도가 상대적으로 더 높은 것으로 나타났다. 한편, 광고 메시지의 윤리 의식 필요성에 대한 관여는, 비(非)성표현 광고 호감도 보다 성표현 광고 호감도에 더 유의한 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났고, 소비자가 느끼는 광고주의 사회적 책임감 강화 필요성 인식에도 유의한 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 비(非)성표현 광고에 대한 호감도를 지닌 소비자는 성표현 광고에 대한 호감도를 지닌 소비자에 비해, 광고주의 향후 사회적 책임 의식 강화 필요성을 상대적으로 더 높게 인지하는 것으로 나타났다. 본 연구의 의의는, 첫째, 학제적 측면에서 윤리 이론을 실용 학문 분야인 광고에 적용한 점, 둘째, 광고 현상에 대한 올바른 이해의 정립을 위해, 광고를 기업의 목표 달성을 위한 수단으로 보는 관리적 입장 만이 아닌, 광고를 사회와 상호작용 하는 사회문화적 코드로 보는 사회적 입장까지 고려한 균형적 시각의 필요성을 실증적으로 환기시킨 점, 셋째, 지속적 경영을 위해 꾸준히 제기되고 있는 기업의 사회적 책임 개념을, 광고주의 사회적 책임 개념으로 구체화 하여 접근한 점, 넷째, 산업화와 고도 경제 사회화, 그리고 글로벌 경제 위기 등의 과정을 거치며 생존을 위한 이익 확보를 우선적으로 추구해 온 기업 풍토에, 소비자 입장에서의 광고주의 사회적 책임 강화 필요성 인식 이라는 공생의 가치 지향점을 제시한 점 등을 들 수 있다. (shrink)

이번 연구의 목적은 도덕발달에서 문화의 영향을 고려하고 이를 도덕교육에서 어떻게 활용할 수 있을 것인지를 검토하는데 있다. 도덕교육에서 미래 삶을 이끌어 갈 수 있는 도덕적 인간의 육성이라는 과제는 보다 다양한 상황들을 고려한다. 도덕적 성장과 발달은 일정부분 사회마다 또는 시기마다 요구된 특정한 목적을 지향했던 적도 있지만, 포괄적으로 인류가 경험해 온 삶을 토대로 전개된다. 이는 문화의 발달 경로이기도 하다. 따라서 이번 연구에서는 문화 개념의 다의적 특성에서 발달을 이해하고, 도덕심리학과 도덕철학의 상호연계성을 갖는 콜버그의 도덕발달에서 문화의 다의적 특징을 살펴본 다음, 다양한 문화적 실제들을 극복할 수 (...) 있는 도덕교육의 방법을 살펴보기로 한다. (shrink)

조선후기 일군의 학자들은 도가철학을 인식의 틀로 활용하여 서양과학을 수용하고 이해하였다. 사실 도가의 기철학은 동양의 전통 과학과 천문학이 형성ㆍ발전하는 과정에서 사상적 원류로 기능하여 왔으며, 서양과학 수용과정에서 서양과학에 상응하는 학문으로 인식되었다. 대표적으로 조선후기 이익의 우주론과 서명응의 선천역학, 홍대용의 과학적 세계관은 도가의 기철학을 인식 기반으로 자연 세계에 대한 인식 전환을 시도한 사례들이다. 그리고 자연에 대한 이들의 인식 전환은 현실질서의 변화에 대한 요구로 이어졌다. 특히 성리학적 도덕원리와 도가의 기철학이 절충된 형태인 이익의 우주론에서 서양의 천문과학은 기철학의 주요 개념에 대응하여 설명되어졌다. 이와 같은 이익의 우주론은 과학의 (...) 영역뿐만 아니라 사회, 정치의 측면에도 영향을 미쳤다. 즉 그는 중화의 위상을 보편적인 것으로 인정하면서도, 조선의 상대주의적 주체성을 주장하였다. 그리고 정치에서는 객관적 황로정치의 도입을 주장하는 법치주의적 정치사상을 논의하였다. 도가철학은 서양과학을 이해하는 해석의 틀로서만 기능한 것이 아니라 실학에도 중대한 영향을 미쳤다. 도가 기철학은 탈이념적이고 실증적인 사유에, 인식 상대주의는 탈중화주의와 주체성의 자각에 기여하였다. 홍대용과 북학파의 실학은 이러한 도가철학의 영향을 가장 많이 받은 것이다. (shrink)

이 글은 메를로-퐁티 작업에서 소쉬르의 영향을 추적하고 그것을 통해서 그의 후기 철 학의 주요 개념인 바, 보이는 것과 보이지 않는 것의 얽힘 문제를 구체화시키고자 한다. 이러한 작업은 단지 메를로-퐁티의 기호론적 관점을 드러내거나 언어철학적 측면을 드러 내기 위한 것이 아니라 기호론적 관점에서 그의 정치, 사회철학적인 측면을 명료하게 드러 내기 위한 예비적 시도이기도 하다. 메를로-퐁티의 관점에서 소쉬르의 기호론은 다음처 럼 정리하여 환언할 수 있겠다. 1. 먼저 기호를 기표와 기의의 관계로 한정한 소쉬르 기호 학에 대한 첫 번째 분석은 메를로-퐁티의 현상학적 환원과 그것의 언어학적 (...) 적용을 분명 하게 드러낸다. 2. 두 번째 기호의 임의성 분석은 기호와 의미작용 사이의 관계를 다룬 메 를로-퐁티의 다양하지만 ‘애매한’ 언급들을 분명하게 드러낸다. 3. 세 번째, 의미는 차 이에서 온다는 소쉬르의 체계이론은 아동심리학에서 중요하게 언급되는 거울단계 분석을 통해 구체화되고 메를로-퐁티의 언어에서 기표와 얽히게 되는 보이지 않는 것의 존재를 예시한다. 4. 네 번째 소쉬르에서의 일탈로 언급되는 메를로-퐁티의 파롤의 강조는 소쉬 르의 심리주의적 흔적을 관통하면서 보이는 파롤과 보이지 않는 랑그의 얽힘이나 교차 문 제를 일깨운다. 5. 다섯 번째 소쉬르의 랑그의 확실성과 관련하여 메를로-퐁티의 침묵의 코기토 언급은 보이는 것과 얽혀 있는 보이지 않는 것의 존재와 그 권리를 확실히 한다. (shrink)

1848년 유럽혁명은 마르크스와 키에르케고어 뿐 아니라 많은 유럽 사상가들에게 중요한 해였다. 덴마크에서 1848년의 혁명적 상황은 남성들에게 보편적 선거권을 부여하고 전투적인 덴마크 민족주의를 발흥시키면서 전제군주제로부터 대중지배의 의회 군주제 국가로 변화시켰다. 이러한 변화들 속에서 키에르케고어는 이제껏 자신이 받은 것 중 가장 강한 자기 자신에 대한 인상을 받는다. 1848년의 혁명적 변화 속에서 그는 역사와 그리스도교, 자신의 저작활동에 대한 개관을 완성하려고 애썼다. 1848년은 키에르케고어로 하여금 자기 사상이 새로운 시대가 필요로 하는 것이라고 확신하게 만들었다. 그리스도교와 그리스도교 국가의 차이점을 혁명의 소용돌이 가운데 그는 분명히 인식했다. 이 (...) 차이는 영원성과 시간성이다. 키에르케고어의 작가로서 활동은 이 차이를 독자들이 제대로 알게 만드는 목적을 갖는다. 이 목적을 이루기 위해 키에르케고어는 ‘단 한 사람(en Enkelt)’이라는 범주를 확립한다. 그는 그리스도교와 국가는 서로를 파괴하면서 연합하였다고 당대 덴마크의 그리스도교 국가체제를 비판한다. 정치와 종교가 완전한 종합을 이룰 때 가장 위험하다고 그는 판단했다. 1848년 이후의 세상은 인간의 정신이 영원을 갈구하는 근본적인 요소가 사회 · 정치적인 영역 속에서 다듬어지는 바벨탑을 건설하는 날까지 최고로 야망에 찬 표류를 하고 있다고 키에르케고어는 보았다. (shrink)

『아카데미학파 반박』은 초기 사상의 기준점 역할을 할 뿐만 아니라 아우구스티누스가 앞으로 수행할 철학적 작업의 원리를 설명한다는 점에서 중요성이 있다. 아우구스티누스의 초기 저작은 무엇보다 키케로의 사상 및 저작들에서 많은 영향을 받았다. 최소한 초기 사상에 국한해서 본다면 아우구스티누스 사상에 대한 키케로의 영향은 플라톤을 버금간다고 할 수 있다. 특히 아우구스티누스가『아카데미학파 반박』에서 논의하는 아카데미학파 회의주의는 키케로가 『아카데미학파』에서 연구한 내용을 차용한 것이다. 또한 『아카데미학파 반박』은 『아카데미학파』의 형식에 따라 대화체로 구성되었다. 따라서 『아카데미학파』와 『아카데미학파 반박』이 맺고 있는 상호관계는 아우구스티누스의 초기 저작들의 정확한 성격이 무엇인지에 관하여 실마리를 던져줄 (...) 수 있을 것이다. 아우구스티누스는 『아카데미학파 반박』에서 종교적 권위를 내세우기 이전에 플로티노스와 키케로가 보여준 변증적 논쟁이라는 방법을 전용함으로써 자신의 철학에 학문적 정당성을 부여한다. 아우구스티누스가 『아카데미학파 반박』에서 플로티노스의 형이상학뿐만 아니라, 키케로의 철학을 도입한다는 사실을 인정하는 것은 아우구스티누스 저작 전반에 대한 새로운 해석의 길을 열 것이다. (shrink)

The Oxford University Studies in the Enlightenment series, previously known as SVEC (Studies on Voltaire and the Eighteenth Century), has published over 500 peer-reviewed scholarly volumes since 1955 as part of the Voltaire Foundation at the University of Oxford. International in focus, Oxford University Studies in the Enlightenment volumes cover wide-ranging aspects of the eighteenth century and the Enlightenment, from gender studies to political theory, and from economics to visual arts and music, and are published in English or French.

This article articulates a framework for normatively assessing influence operations, undertaken by national security institutions. Section I categorizes the vast field of possible types of influence operations according to the communication’s content, its attribution, the rights of the target audience, the communication’s purpose, and its secondary effects. Section II populates these categories with historical examples and section III evaluates these cases with a moral framework. I argue that deceptive or manipulative communications directed at non-liable audiences are presumptively immoral and illegitimate (...) for liberal states, as are deceptive operations aimed at an unjust end, or even operations aimed at a just end where secondary effects are forecast to be disproportionate to the proximate end. (shrink)

The influence of conscience on nurses in terms of guilt has frequently been described but its impact on care has received less attention. The aim of this study was to describe nurses' conceptions of the influence of conscience on the provision of inpatient care. The study employed a phenomenographic approach and analysis method. Fifteen nurses from three hospitals in western Sweden were interviewed. The results showed that these nurses considered conscience to be an important factor in the exercise of their (...) profession, as revealed by the descriptive categories: conscience as a driving force; conscience as a restricting factor; and conscience as a source of sensitivity. They perceived that conscience played a role in nursing actions involving patients and next of kin, and was an asset that guided them in their efforts to provide high quality care. (shrink)

Clinical practices are considered one of the cornerstones in nurses' education. This study provides a framework to determine how factors in the academic environment, influence nursing student's satisfaction with their practices. A cross-sectional analytical study was conducted in a convenience sample of 574 nursing students at a private university in Valencia, during the 2016/2017 academic year, 79% were women. Two statistical methodologies were used for data analysis: hierarchical regression models and fuzzy sets qualitative comparative analysis. The HRM indicate that the (...) students' mean score influences all dimensions of satisfaction. Furthermore, in the fsQCA, the type of service and center, as well as the type of management, the preference in the choice of the practice center and the number of students per period per clinical educator influence satisfaction with clinical practices. These results could be used to understand how academic factors influence nursing students' satisfaction with their clinical practices and to create intervention programmes that improve it. This will help prepare students to be the future nursing workforce. (shrink)