“A stubborn problem of Catalonian urban history” is how Stephen Bensch recently characterized the question of why Catalonia's first communal magistracies were created so late and lasted so briefly. While consulates appeared in Italian towns circa 1100 and in the Midi circa 1130, the first sure attestations to Catalonian consulates date to the 1180s. Charters recording the establishment of consulates exist for Cervera , Perpignan , and Lleida . Barcelona's consuls are first mentioned in 1183, but, since no consular charter (...) survives for Barcelona , the date and the circumstances of the consulate's creation there remain unknown. There was an attempt to establish a consulate at Vic between 1175 and 1185, probably at a date closer to the latter year than the former. As Philippe Wolff has pointed out, the lapse of approximately half a century between the arrival of the consulate in the Midi and in Catalonia cannot be attributed to earlier and more complete urbanization in the Midi. Commercial development proceeded more quickly at Barcelona than at Toulouse, yet the consulate appeared at Toulouse before Barcelona. André Gouron has argued influentially that the chronology of the spread of Roman law determined the chronology of the consulate's diffusion. (shrink)