L’impasse dans laquelle se trouve aujourd’hui le Venezuela ne peut être abordée sans une prise en compte préalable du chemin démocratique que le pays a parcouru jusqu’à la situation qu’il connaît de nos jours. Cette situation est l’expression d’une division radicale de la population en deux parties, « chavistas » et « anti-chavistas »1. En effet, comment expliquer ce paradoxe..

ABSTRACT We consider in this work the problem of iterated belief revision. We propose a family of belief revision operators called revision with memory operators and we give a logical (both syntactical and semantical) characterization of these operators. They obey what we call the principle of strong primacy of update: when one revises his beliefs by a new evidence, then all possible worlds that satisfy this new evidence become more reliable than those that do not. We show that those operators (...) have a satisfying behaviour concerning the iteration of the revision process. Then we provide four particular operators of this family. (shrink)

In this paper I discuss Rodriguez-Pereyra�s claim according to which analytical philosophy should be published exclusively in English. I focus my reply on three issues: (1) the implicit conception of philosophy and of the philosophical practice that underlies his argument, (2) the myth of the �native speaker� and (3) some values that should guide philosophy and which I propose to highlight.

This paper deals with Marcel's thought about the subject of death. It wants to elucidate a matter that has a preferential place in Marcel'Philosophy and Theatre. The mystery of death is for Marcel the key to understanding the image we have of the human being.

RESUMEN La discapacidad que afecta a la población infantil constituye un problema emergente; diagnosticarla y tratarla de manera integral es parte del trabajo diario del profesional de Enfermería en la atención primaria de salud. Durante el estudio se identificaron carencias en las habilidades profesionales de los licenciados en Enfermería respecto a este saber. Se aplicó un entrenamiento encaminado al desarrollo de habilidades profesionales especializadas para la atención integral a la discapacidad infantil en este personal. Por ello el objetivo del presente (...) trabajo está dirigido a exponer los resultados del entrenamiento. Los métodos y técnicas empleados incluyeron la observación científica, encuesta, entrevista, la técnica de grupo focal y el criterio de expertos. El entrenamiento se sometió al criterio de expertos. Se corroboró su impacto positivo como una vía importante para la preparación y desarrollo de habilidades profesionales en la muestra seleccionada. ABSTRACT The disability that affects the children population constitutes an emergent problem; to diagnose it and to treat it as an integral way is a part of the daily work of the professional of Infirmary in the primary health care. During the study, lacks in the professional skills of the Bachelors of Infirmary with regard to this know ledge were identified. There was applied a training directed to the development of specialized professional skills for the integral attention to the infant disability in this personnel. That is why the objective of the present work is directed to exhibit the results of the training. The methods and techniques used included the scientific observation, polls, interviews, the technique of focal group and the experts' criteria. The training was surrendered to the experts' criteria. It was corroborated its positive impact as an important route for the preparation and development of professional skills in the chosen sample. (shrink)

Se realizó la revisión bibliográfica con el objetivo de que los jóvenes profesionales de la salud conozcan acerca de la historia, origen y significado del distintivo que representa a la Medicina en todos sus campos con un carácter humanista y elevados valores éticos y morales: el emblema de Esculapio, al que se le atribuyen dotes para calmar o apaciguar. Esta imagen del bastón con la serpiente es la que ha quedado como un atributo del dios curativo y ha llegado hasta (...) la actualidad como símbolo de la Medicina. The literature review was made in order to young health professionals know about the history, origin and meaning of the emblem that represents the Medicine in all fields with humanist and high ethical values and moral character : the Aesculapius emblem, the feats attributed to him to calm or appease. This image of the snake with the cane has remained as a healing attribute of God and has come to the present as a symbol of medicine. (shrink)

Journal Name: Cognitive Linguistics Issue: Ahead of print.

A popular accusation against moral relativism is that it goes too far in its vindication of tolerance. The idea behind accusations like this can be summarized in the slogan, frequently attributed to relativism, that “anything goes”. The aim of this paper is to defend moral relativism from the accusation that it is an “anything goes” view; from the accusation that it forces us to suspend our judgment in cases in which we do not think we should even be allowed to. (...) In the end, relativism is not an “anything goes” view because it is not a view about what goes, but about the way things go—about what goes on when we say that something is morally right or wrong. There is indeed a view, sometimes called “relativism”, that forces us to suspend our judgment about practices that do not allow for such comfort, but it is not so much moral relativism as moral contextualism. Apparently, though, the most salient alternative to “anything goes” views such as contextualism is not moral relativism. It is moral objectivism, according to which there is a fact of the matter about moral issues. However, I show that moral objectivism too ends up being an “anything goes” view unless the objectivist takes herself to be endowed with “God’s point of view”, which I prove troublesome. (shrink)

This paper analyzes Davidson´s classical version of the principle of charity,in order to suggest a reformulation from which it is possible to extractsome consequences regarding the nature of understanding. Thus, it is putforward an abandonment of the intencionalist hermeneutics as well as theCartesi..

The objective of this research is to conduct a comparative analysis of the two models of growth and development that were applied in Peru over the past six decades (1961-2021). The objective is to conduct a comparative analysis of the Import Substitution Model (ISM) and the Liberal Model (LM), to determine which of these models has demonstrated superior performance in terms of economic growth and social welfare for the country. In this instance, the documentary and systematic review of the material (...) obtained from both physical and virtual libraries was employed as a method. Consequently, a variety of economic indicators have been examined, including the primary indicator of economic growth, gross domestic product (GDP), to account for the effects of inflation and ensure the accuracy of the data. Furthermore, the principal social indicators have been examined and contrasted to gauge the nation's social well-being. The findings of the study demonstrate that the ML has demonstrably outstripped the MSI in terms of economic growth and the enhancement of social welfare for Peruvian society over the past three decades. However, it would be erroneous to assume that this model has entirely resolved the country's economic and social challenges. (shrink)

L’anthropologue Roy Wagner a défini l’invention comme une manière de contester l’hypothèse selon laquelle la vie ordinaire est en grande partie déterminée. Dans ce texte, nous explorons la notion de handicap comme notion ordinaire et comme notion conventionnelle, en mettant en évidence le contraste avec la notion de normativité vitale proposée par Georges Canguilhem dans la section II du Normal et du pathologique, qui se rapprocherait de la notion d’invention que Wagner développe. Dans cette seconde approche, le concept de normativité (...) vitale décrit les efforts d’adaptation de l’individu, qu’il soit avec ou sans handicap. Alors que dans la première vision du handicap, collective, la normalisation contribue à l’altérisation du handicap (la normalisation contribue à constituer le handicap comme altérité), l’approche de l’invention de Roy Wagner, si elle était appliquée au handicap, mettrait l’accent sur la créativité individuelle. Nous défendons l’idée que cette vision différenciée du handicap, tout comme le concept de normativité vitale de Canguilhem, ouvre de nouvelles voies pour l’émancipation du handicap/des personnes handicapées au-delà du champ des représentations. (shrink)

ResumenEn el presente artículo haremos un breve recorrido por la historia de la metafísica del siglo XIX, partiendo del giro que se produce en la concepción del ser en el pensamiento de Schelling, más concretamente, en su ensayo sobre la libertad (1809). Schelling aparece como el fundador de la nueva metafísica, una metafísica que entiende el ser como voluntad, concepción que subyace al pensamiento de Schopenhauer y Nietzsche. Redescubrir la filosofía de Schelling como la fuente inspiradora de cierto pensamiento filosófico (...) más allá de la figura imponente de Hegel nos permitirá enriquecer nuestra visión de la historia del pensamiento filosófico del XIX.Palabras claveIdealismo alemán, Historia de la Filosofía, Metafísica, Voluntad, siglo XIXAbstractIn the present article we’ll go on a very short walk through the history of metaphysics during 19th century, setting off at the «turn» in the concept of being that took place in Schelling’s thought, more concretely in his essays on liberty (1809). Schelling appears to us as the founder of a new metaphysics, one in which being is understood as will, concept which underlies Schopenhauer’s and Nietzsche’s thought. Rediscovering Schelling’s philosophy as the source of inspiration for these thinkers, beyond the impressive figure of Hegel, will allow us to enrich our vision of history of philosophical thought during 19th century.Key wordsGerman Idealism, History of Philosophy, Metaphysics, Will, 19th century. (shrink)

Within the paradigm of political liberalism, Hobbes’s legal philosophy has the peculiarity that individual property rights are treated as conditional and derived from the State’s absolute property rights, and thus common, State and individual property are explicitly recognised as three different juridical realities. Through determining the place that Hobbes’s few references to common property hold within his legal philosophy, it is possible to turn the thought of this classic author into a very useful theoretical tool for thinking the possibilities and (...) limits of a political strategy betting for common property against State property. (shrink)

Agent Ross's interrogation of Ulysses Klaue doesn't just explain the significance of vibranium, it frames vibranium as “the most valuable metal known to man,” which, in turn, establishes what ends up being a moral dilemma for T'Challa – when Agent Ross gets shot and, later, when T'Challa learns the truth about his father's past. The scene also adds to the fabled mystery that the larger Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU) narrative weaves throughout the other films. Although the metal's uses are fictional, (...) the concept and presence of vibranium in Black Panther and the depiction of Wakanda in the larger MCU narrative present some philosophical issues with regard to vibranium's value. While vibranium's use value is important to Wakandans and its exchange value is important to villains like Klaue, another way to understand the value of vibranium is to examine its cultural value. (shrink)

Las discusiones e investigaciones sobre el terrorismo raramente se centran en la implicación del género en la cuestión. La idea de que las mujeres sólo desempeñan, en todo caso, labores de apoyo, corresponde a unos estereotipos de género que asocian a las mujeres con la ternura, la compasión, la sensibilidad, el cariño, el cuidado, el afecto y la sumisión. Dichos estereotipos extienden la creencia de que las mujeres son apolíticas, que la división del trabajo entre mujeres y hombres se basa (...) en diferencias físicas y en la distinta capacidad de unas y otros para llevar a cabo ciertos actos y en que el propósito y función primaria de una mujer es ser madre y esposa en vez de tener una identidad. Al aceptar esos estereotipos, las mujeres terroristas se convierten en una anomalía, en algo irracional, en especial las terroristas suicidas islamistas. (shrink)

Este manuscrito pretende plantear dos ideas: la primera problematiza el origen de la universidad en tanto creación humana en sentido pragmático (Kant, 1800), para luego abordarlo en perspectiva histórica desde tres momentos: Medieval, Clásico y Ancestral, retomando autores como Rashdal (1895), Haskings (1923), Ureña (1919), Ribeiro (1971) y Dussel (2004); posteriormente se plantea el origen de la universidad más allá de su historicidad, en el interior del ser humano como cultivo de la virtud y el conocimiento poiesis en Platón (380 (...) a.C/1999). La segunda idea implica comprender que desde su origen la universidad como politeia desde la apropiación de algunos planteamientos aristotélicos (s,f/1883) y arendtianos (1997), ha posibilitado pensarse como un escenario de movilización social o continuidad del orden social establecido, donde se reflexiona críticamente en la necesidad de actualización de la universidad entre poiesis y politeia como potencia para recuperar su sentido primigenio, en tanto actitud que brota del interior del ser humano. (shrink)

This article has two main goals: to examine and classify the ways data can be used to advance normative theorizing in political theory, and to demonstrate such usages in the contested disciplinary field of religion–state relations and specifically regarding the hotly debated model of the separation of religion and state. Regarding the former, it is suggested here that the general observation that evaluation of political institutions must rely on proper understanding of such institutions and hence be data-sensitive, can be further (...) detailed or classified, via the following categories: conversion, institutional clarity, theoretical clarity and finally, theory improvement. With regard to the latter we examine how data regarding religion–state relations enables a better understanding (via the noted novel classifications or categories) of two important debates: ‘delineation’ (i.e. the argument that pure separation of religion and state does not exist) and ‘separation-establishment’ (i.e. arguing that models other than separation are permissible in religion–state relations). (shrink)

In many countries consumers have shown an increasing interest to the way in which food products are being produced. This study investigates Chinese consumers’ attitudes towards different pig production systems by means of a conjoint analysis. While there has been a range of studies on Western consumers’ attitudes to various forms of food production, little is known about the level of Chinese consumers’ attitudes. A cross-sectional survey was carried out with 472 participants in 6 Chinese cities. Results indicate that Chinese (...) consumers prefer industrial pig production systems, where traditional pig breeds are raised, over large-scale and small family farms. Farms with maximum attention to food safety, which furthermore can provide lean meat with consistent quality, are also preferred. Imported pig breeds and tasty but variable meat were rejected. A 3-cluster solution found that consumers from cluster 1 focus almost exclusively on the food safety aspect. Consumers from cluster 2 show weak overall attitudes to pig production systems in general. Cluster 3 stands out by being very positive about industrial, large-size farms and consistent quality. From a Chinese consumer’s perspective, the industrial approach seems to represent values such as achievement and evolution, as well as quality and safety, since pig production is moving away from low-cost, low-quality, and low-safety family-scale systems. A complex set of rural and environmental development, quality aspects, and food safety measures are challenges that must be met by the stakeholders of pig production systems in China. (shrink)

We present an axiomatization of non-relativistic Quantum Mechanics for a system with an arbitrary number of components. The interpretation of our system of axioms is realistic and objective. The EPR paradox and its relation with realism is discussed in this framework. It is shown that there is no contradiction between realism and recent experimental results.

Hornsby defiende una interpretación muy particular de la distinción personal-subpersonal tal como fue propuesta por Dennett y de la doctrina filosófica en la que está enraizada esta distinción. Según Hornsby de la aceptación de la distinción y la doctrina se sigue una defensa de la autonomía explicativa del nivel personal. Esta defensa nos compromete con un nivel personal genuino de explicación y la idea de que los hechos subpersonales no explican hechos personales. Hornsby sostiene, además, que mientras que en Dennett (...) se defiende la autonomía del nivel explicativo personal, en Dennett post-1969 al modificarse la doctrina de base cambia la manera de entender la distinción y con ello se reniega de ambos compromisos, de lo cual se sigue un abandono de la tesis de la autonomía del nivel explicativo personal. La tesis que vamos a sostener en este trabajo es que si bien la distinción de Dennett nos compromete con , no nos compromete con . Dado que una defensa de la autonomía explicativa del nivel personal, tal como Hornsby la entiende, abarca ambos compromisos, se sigue que no hay tal defensa. En consecuencia, si bien hay algunas cuestiones que en Dennett no se plantean de manera tan explícita y clara como en Dennett post-1969, no hay un cambio sustancial en su concepción de la distinción.According to Hornsby , Dennett's personal-subpersonal distinction has as one of its consequences a defense of the autonomy of personal level explanation, and this defense is based on two commitments: the personal level is a genuine level of explanation, and subpersonal facts do not explain personal facts. Moreover, Hornsby argues that Dennett post-1969 rejects both commitments, and that he consequently abandons the autonomy thesis. In this paper we shall argue that, although Dennett's distinction is committed to , it is not committed to . Given that a defense of the autonomy, as Hornsby understands it, presupposes both commitments, it follows that there is no such defense. We hold that there is no substantial change in Dennett's conception of the distinction, although some of these issues are not as clear and explicit in Dennett 1969 as in Dennett post-1969. (shrink)

En el tercer milenio, en medio de una conciencia generalizada de crisis como resultado de los espectaculares cambios habidos en las dinámicas sociales, en las formas de relacionarse, en los perfiles de las ideologías y hasta en la disposición del hecho religioso, no es extraño que se asuma la vivencia de vacío abierto y lábil. Se han disociado las grandes "certezas" que han dirigido el desarrollo de la humanidad durante los últimos siglos -"la verdad os hará libres" se está transformando (...) en "la libertad os hará la verdad"-, se han disipado los límites y las referencias guía. Son las dinámicas emergentes, encriptadas y por lo general confusas las que vienen a ocupar ese vacío imponiendo sus propios códigos y reglas. Dinámicas que pueden generar desarrollo personal y scial, o, por el contrario, propiciar sufrimiento y vacío existencial. (shrink)

El presente texto se inscribe dentro de la temática dirigida a la investigación sobre la violencia intrafamiliar. Tiene como objetivo sistematizar aspectos históricos y teóricos inherentes al estudio del maltrato infantil y sus consecuencias en el ámbito social y familiar para su detección y tratamiento en el nivel de atención primaria de los servicios de salud en Cuba. Mediante una revisión bibliográfica se logró concretar un análisis documental de materiales y textos en soporte digital e impreso que condujo a los (...) acercamientos teórico e histórico del fenómeno en el ámbito internacional y nacional, para su conceptualización, la determinación de su tipología y el establecimiento de sus consecuencias; elementos imprescindibles del saber profesional del futuro egresado de las ciencias médicas, en función de su desempeño en los diferentes niveles de atención de salud, en especial, la atención primaria. The text falls within the research on intrafamiliar violence subject matter. Its objective is to systematize historical and theoretical aspects inherent to the study of child abuse and its consequences within the social and domestic scopes for its detection and treatment in the Cuban primary health care services. By means of a bibliographic review, a documentary analysis of electronic and printed form materials and texts was summarized. It led to theoretical and historical approaches to the phenomenon within the national and international scopes for its conceptualization, the establishment of its typology and consequences. They are essential elements of the professional knowledge of future medical sciences graduates towards their performance in different health care levels, especially in primary health care. (shrink)