El cambio climático es uno de los mayores desafíos a los que nos enfrentamos en el siglo XXI. Los niños, niñas y adolescentes son especialmente vulnerables a sus efectos y han levantado su voz exigiendo justicia climática y un mayor reconocimiento en esta lucha ante la falta de atención de los estados. Aunque se han mejorado sus derechos para participar en la toma de decisiones, todavía no se han visto acciones concretas, especialmente en el sur global. En este artículo se (...) propone el concepto de «reconocimiento recíproco de capacidades» como una manera de empoderar a los niños, niñas y adolescentes. Se concluye que es fundamental abordar este reconocimiento a nivel micropolítico. (shrink)

A discussão sobre representação é transversal ao estudo teórico da política. Aquilo que nos propomos neste ensaio é levar a cabo uma análise da concepção de representação política presente na filosofia de Eric Weil. Para tal, tomaremos em consideração as categorias enunciadas por Hanna Fenichel Pitkin, em relação às quais colocaremos em confronto o pensamento político weiliano respeitante à representação. Desta confrontação emergirá uma concepção da representação política enquanto domínio de passividade e uma concepção do governo enquanto domínio de acção. (...) Como consequência deste entendimento, a cidadania aparecerá como massa despolitizada e sujeita à acção educativa do governo. (shrink)

Der vorliegende Aufsatz stellt das Erbe der Kantischen Theorie der Konstitutions- und Regulationsleistung der Erfahrung – die Analytik der Grundsätze – dar, das unserer Auffassung nach zur Begründung der rein spekulativen Philosophie Hegels führt. In diesem Zusammenhang werden einerseits die transzendental-konstitutiven Grundsätze – Axiome der Anschauung und Antizipationen der Wahrnehmung – und andererseits die transzendental-regulativen Grundsätze – Analogien der Erfahrung und Postulate des empirischen Denkens überhaupt – als grundlegendes Material der Exegese benutzt. Als Resultat der Deutung erscheint das Problem des (...) Doppel-Verhältnisses zwischen Erfahrung und Verstandesgrundsätzen. Ein solches Verhältnis entfaltet sich nicht nur als die erfahrungsmäßige Verwirklichung der Grundsätze, sondern auch als die grundsätzliche Ermöglichung der Erfahrung. Der notwendige Charakter der Wahrheit in transzendentaler Hinsicht begründet sich dabei durch die allgemeine Beziehung der transzendentalen Grundsätze des reinen Verstandes zur Gesamtheit der Erfahrung. Es wird die These vertreten, dass die Auffassung der Natur – d.h. die das Dasein der Erscheinungen in der Zeit ermöglichende Einheit – das Hauptvermächtnis Kants für den Deutschen Idealismus im Allgemeinen und für Hegels Philosophie im Besonderen darstellt. (shrink)

The article delves into the realm of child environmental activism, portraying it as a concerted response aimed at challenging the prevailing social and political status quo, which systematically underestimates the role of children in decision-making within political and social spheres. It highlights the paramount importance of the epistemological framework that encompasses children's experiences, emphasising how their exclusion from political and social discourse leads to epistemic marginalisation. This exclusion not only prevents children from assuming the role of epistemic agents but also (...) deprives them of agency and perpetuates existing inequalities. From a philosophical perspective, the article proposes a thorough analysis of children's epistemic agency, introducing the concept of 'epistemic capability'. It argues that, despite their social marginalisation, knowledgeable children can equip themselves with epistemic resources to interpret their reality and effect change. Furthermore, it posits that environmental activism plays a crucial role as an epistemic resource for children, facilitating the expression of their ideas, challenging dominant narratives, and addressing environmental and social issues head-on. The article emphasises the transformative potential of activism as an epistemic resource, enabling substantive participation and empowering children to navigate and transcend such marginalised circumstances. In conclusion, it highlights how child environmental activism not only challenges the status quo but also provides children with crucial tools for their development as epistemic and social agents, promoting significant change in power dynamics and in the fight for social and environmental justice. (shrink)

Knafo and Teschke’s 2020 article, ‘Political Marxism and the Rules of Reproduction of Capitalism: A Historicist Critique’, is an important contribution to the debate between structuralist and historicist interpretations of Marxism. As such, it presents important implications for how Marxism is presented in broader academic debates. My aim is to highlight the contribution of its radical historicism and its methodological emphasis on agency for questioning Eurocentric macro-narratives, through an engagement with the ways in which Marxism (and the problem of Eurocentric (...) structuralism) is presented in Post- and Decolonial traditions. I end by drawing briefly upon examples from my previous work on Brazilian state-formation and development. (shrink)

Information Retrieval systems benefit from the use of long queries containing a large volume of search-relevant information. This situation is not common, as users of such systems tend to use very short and precise queries with few keywords. In this work we propose a modification of the Latent Dirichlet Allocation (LDA) technique using data from the document collection and its vocabulary for a better representation of short queries. Additionally, a study is carried out on how the modification of the proposed (...) LDA weighted vectors increase the performance using relevant documents as feedback. The work shown in this paper is tested using three biomedical corpora (TREC Genomics 2004, TREC Genomics 2005 and OHSUMED) and one legal corpus (FIRE 2017). Results prove that the application of the proposed representation technique, as well as the feedback adjustment, clearly outperforms the baseline methods (BM25 and non-modified LDA). (shrink)

We analyze central mythical material in the ideology of female mapuche textile masters and the initiation ritual that the aspirants to the title of textile master undertake. These myths refer to foundational mythical narratives that explain the key categories upon which the ideology of the female textile masters is built. The myth establishes the contextual and practical frame of the performative aspects of the ritual and the essential categorical system that every novice weaver must dominate. Likewise, textile initiation practices are (...) coated by a thick aesthetics based in the spiders and women’s web; textures, colors, icons and folds that visually complement the meaning of the myths and rites. (shrink)

Este artículo presenta un análisis entre el activismo ambiental encabezado por niños, niñas y adolescentes y la democracia deliberativa. Sostengo que ya no basta solo con reconocer la importancia de las voces de los menores de edad, sino que es necesario un reconocimiento político. De este modo, se pone en primer plano la naturaleza transformadora de la democracia deliberativa entre adultos y los niños, niñas y adolescentes. Para comprender el impacto del activismo ambiental en la democracia deliberativa, es necesaria una (...) comprehensión no solo de los derechos, sino también de las capacidades y la agencia de los niños, las niñas y adolescentes. Para ello propongo abordar este asunto desde el enfoque del children’s capabilitarianism y el childism. El primero enfatiza la importancia de las capacidades de los niños, las niñas y adolescentes para participar activamente en los procesos de toma de decisiones mientras que el segundo hace hincapié en modificar la comprensión tradicional de las estructuras sociales adultocéntricas, abogando por un enfoque que incluya las experiencias vividas de los niños, las niñas y adolescentes. (shrink)

O artigo comenta proposições recentes, de várias disciplinas acadêmicas, sobre o papel de práticas e produções narrativas na explicação da evolução cultural humana, com foco nas consequências práticas de crenças e padrões de comportamento fundamentados em estórias compartilhadas. De Daniel Dor, Robin Dunbar, Michael Tomasello, Dennis Dutton, Nick Enfield, Daniel Hutto e António Damásio, discutimos ideias cujas implicações para a explicação da vida social são sequenciadas, no artigo, num nível ascendente de complexidade, partindo das funções elementares da linguagem humana para (...) chegar à aceleração cultural que tem caracterizado a história da nossa espécie. Para organizar a discussão, parte-se do conceito de narrativa proposto por Richard Walsh, que busca estabelecer estruturas lógicas e formais presentes nas inúmeras funções e manifestações do fenômeno ao longo do tempo. Ordenada a discussão pelo conceito de Walsh, apresenta-se ideias sobre a evolução cultural humana que são colocadas numa relação de complementaridade, formando um conjunto de proposições que sugerem os modos pelos quais as funções originais das práticas narrativas explicam aspectos centras das várias funções e características que essas práticas assumiriam ao longo da história. (shrink)

The methodological differences of understanding, versus explaining, have been at the centre of a century-long methodenstreit debate (and disagreement) among philosophers and scientists. Karl Jaspers managed to import this discussion to the realm of psychiatry and psychopathology in a significant, but unresolved, manner. Side-tracked by the advent of various changes in psychiatry during the 20th century, phenomenology and philosophy of psychiatry have made a comeback in the last decades and, since then, developed new contributions to this subject. Quite similarly, the (...) study of time experience, standing on the shoulders of notorious philosophers, has too witnessed a similar renaissance, with groundbreaking developments across several conditions, including depression. The present essay is essentially exploratory, but during its development, after addressing the concepts of the methodenstreit debate, and tackling both meaningful and causal connections behind time dysperception in depression, I argue that understanding, at least in this context and at present time, is not entirely reducible to causal explanations, for some things are only gained in understanding, such as the feeling of being understood and the implications it carries for a therapeutic relationship and the treatment plan. (shrink)

Davidson claims that the basis for all semantic notions is the successful communication. This paper aims at exploring the consequences that this statement has for the notions of both meaning and language. And as a result, it explains why communication is not grounded on conventions or norms.

Nesta obra, Patrick J. Geary, professor emérito de História na Universidade da Califórnia, que dedicou a sua vida académica ao estudo da História Medieval, apresenta-nos as suas “reflexões sobre a relação entre os mitos dos povos europeus e as realidades do nacionalismo contemporâneo” (p. 7). A narrativa que Patrick J. Geary nos oferece tem um objectivo claro e assumido: desmontar os mitos nacionalistas e contribuir para a prevenção do seu reaparecimento e/ou fortalecimento. Esta obra acaba p...

Estos Apuntes o Esbozos (Sketchs, Skizzen) se proponen esclarecer el concepto romántico de poesía a partir de un texto kantiano sobre la obra creadora del genio (CJ, pr. 49), que instaura el libre juego de imaginación y razón, por el que se alumbran las ideas estéticas. En el diálogo creativo del genio con la Naturaleza se analiza el ideal romántico de la verdad/belleza, expresado en la sentencia de Heráclito, «lo Uno diferente en sí mismo» (hen diapheron eauto), retomada por Hölderlin, (...) y a partir de ella, se deducen los conceptos de símbolo y mito, y el empeño romántico en la búsqueda de una mitología de la razón=libertad o de la subjetividad moderna. Sobre esta base, se comenta el programa de Friedrich Schlegel de una poesía trascendental, universal y progresiva (Lyc, 115 y Ath., 116), como un movimiento infinito de autorreflexión en la imagen, en réplica analógica al idealismo trascendental kantiano/fichteano. Se trata de buscar el metagénero o género originario de todos los géneros literarios, capaz de ponerlos en una interrelación productiva. Para F. Schlegel tal metagénero es la novela moderna en cuanto imagen de una historia subjetiva y espejo del mundo, conjuntamente, donde caben y conviven todos los géneros literarios, la narración, el discurso retórico, el refrán, el aforismo, la crítica social y política… Por último se analiza la propuesta de Fr. Schlegel acerca de la conjunción de poesía y filosofía como totalidades abiertas en distintas direcciones u orientaciones, complementarias entre sí, que se diferencian a partir de un punto originario. (shrink)

Martín de Azpilcueta and his fellow Spanish Scholastics writing and teaching at the University of Salamanca during Spain’s Golden Age are rightly pointed to by historians of economic thought as being major contributors toward, if not outright founders of modern economic theory. Among these is the theory of time-preference for which Azpilcueta has repeatedly been given the credit for discovering. However, this discovery is a curious one given how the same man, Azpilcueta, condemned usury in general during his whole life. (...) If Azpilcueta did in fact discover this theory and fully understand its implications, we would reasonably expect him to have questioned his support for the ban on charging an interest on a loan. This paper, therefore, challenges the claim that Azpilcueta understood and revived time-preference theory and shows how his understanding was much more nuanced, and, at times, inconsistent. (shrink)

O artigo propõe elencar os elementos materiais e os processos mentais interrelacionados na afetivização da leitura de um texto narrativo de ficção. A partir de proposições da pragmática linguística, a materialidade do texto é descrita como uma estrutura de comunicação com o leitor; em diálogo com a narratolo¬gia baseada em teorias de mundos possíveis, os efeitos dessa comunicação são descritos como o estímulo ao conhecimento e interpretação e mundos ficcionais e enredos singulares. Quantos aos processos mentais estimulados pela leitura, parte-se (...) da teoria da consciência de Michael Graziano para situar a semiose dos símbolos linguísticos como um processo basilar de afetivização, que leva, num grau ascendente de complexidade, à interpretação dos estados mentais, à moralização das ações e à enação dos estados conscientes dos personagens, que predominam nos estágios conscientes da relação afetiva com o texto. Como resultado, tem-se um modelo global preliminar, a ser lapidado posteriormente. Palavras-chave: Mente afetiva. Leitura da ficção. Folk psychology. Cognição corporificada. (shrink)

This article examines Donna Haraway’s critique of philosopher Jacques Derrida regarding his inability to transcend the philosophical tradition when considering the animal as an Other. Haraway praises Derrida for going beyond Emmanuel Levinas, his predecessor and friend, by recognizing the animal as an Other, something Levinas, in his ethics of alterity, had not fully done. Building on this critique, the text aims to investigate Haraway’s assumptions, her relationship with the authors she cites, and the relevance of her indirect critique of (...) Levinas. The goal is to explore how Haraway’s ideas on environmental ethics interact with Levinasian philosophy, suggesting that, despite some divergences, Levinas’ ethical proposal offers significant contributions for thinking about a broader ethical responsibility that includes not only humans but all living beings. The analysis suggests that Haraway’s philosophy, while emphasizing ecology and environmental preservation, does not necessarily oppose Levinasian ethics, but can be complemented by it, especially regarding the responsibility for other forms of life on the planet. (shrink)

Recensión de M. J. Falcón y Tella, La desobediencia civil, Marcial Pons, Madrid, 2000.

En el inacabable debate sobre el positivismo jurídico, hay quien ha propuesto un retorno a los orígenes del positivismo anglosajón, es decir, a Hobbes, Bentham y Austin. Para quienes defienden esto, las tesis positivistas no pretenden ser conceptuales ni descriptivas sino normativas o prescriptivas, es decir que formulan cómo deberían ser los sistemas jurídicos. Tal carácter prescriptivo no se fundamenta en los beneficios que dicho modelo produce a la ciencia jurídica o en que se logre una descripción mejor de la (...) realidad jurídica, sino en razones morales y políticas. De ahí la denominación de ‘positivismo ético’. Se expone la teoría de la interpretación del positivismo ético (prescriptivo o normativo), desde la obra del iusfilósofo australiano Tom Campbell, quien ha defendido con más empeño la vuelta a un positivismo de este género. (shrink)

The issue of method is an area of disagreement and contention between two different perspectives of contemporary pragmatism: linguistic neopragmatism and pragmatism of classical tendency focused on experience. Though the debate within contemporary pragmatism is wider and the context should be considered, I think that the issue of method can be addressed separately. First, the article introduces John Dewey’s idea of “experience as method” and considers Richard Rorty’s argument in favor of “pragmatism without method”. I argue that the “experimental” pragmatist (...) perspective of inquiry can successfully answer to the criticism of the latter. Secondly, the article presents the proposal of pragmatist methodology in line with Dewey’s perspective -though I suggest that it is compatible with Rorty’s neopragmatism. I argue that this proposal might be better understood as a metaphilosophical one, that is, about what is the purpose of and how to undertake philosophical inquiry. (shrink)

Emmanuel Levinas, uno de los filósofos occidentales más profundamente originales del siglo XX, ha recibido en los últimos años una atención considerable por parte de educadores y filósofos de la educación. Son muchas las implicaciones éticas que tiene para la educación en áreas relacionadas con la educación moral, cuestiones de diversidad, multiculturalismo y políticas de reconocimiento. Este artículo se apoya en Levinas para quien el concepto de responsabilidad constituye la piedra angular de su obra filosófica y encuentra su mejor expresión (...) en la acogida al otro. Educar es acoger, acompañar y ayudar al educando en su proyecto de vida. Desde la ética levinasiana, la acogida no se concibe como un mero objeto de instrucción o de enseñanza, se “aprende” por contagio, por mímesis. Por ello, los autores se muestran contrarios a la propuesta de actuaciones educativas concretas previamente programadas, y apuestan por la creación de un clima educativo en el aula que favorezca la apertura al otro, especialmente al diferente cultural. Concluyen en la importancia de una educación hospitalaria que profundice en el sentido de la responsabilidad y haga de la experiencia del alumno el punto de partida de la acción educativa. (shrink)

In 1929 spring, a philosophical encounter occurs in the University of Davos between Germany and France. The central subject was the question What is the man? As opposed to the expectation to presence a debate between the French philosophy and the German one, the center of the encounter was the d..

En este libro se reconstruyen, en un recorrido que entrelaza la historia de las ideas con la de las instituciones políticas, los elementos que a lo largo del tiempo han dado forma al modelo democrático constitucional contemporáneo.

Este artigo disserta, sob o ponto de vista dos estudos de ‘exegese bíblica’, sobre um antigo e intrincado conceito que foi transmitido ao Cristianismo Primitivo, no primeiro século cristão, pela tradição hebraica, através da famosa tradução da “Septuaginta”, no IV século a.C. no Egito Ptolomaico, onde vivia e rezava uma grande Comunidade Judaico-Helenista. A Verdade’ constituiu-se um conceito-chave para as experiências religiosas desde o Mito até as mais sofisticadas pretensões de revelação divina, como o Judaísmo, o Cristianismo e o Islamismo. (...) Enfocamos aqui, em particular, a proximidade semântica destes ambientes helenizados na ‘Ásia Menor’ com a terminologia utilizada nos textos das Tradições de S.Paulo e, especialmente de S.João (Evangelho e Cartas), que relacionam Cristo, Espírito e Igreja ao âmbito da ‘verdade’. (shrink)

O ensaio busca apresentar a possibilidade de uma história subterrânea da modernidade na qual os textos das preceptivas artísticas apresentam mudanças que viriam a ser características do pensamento moderno.

This paper aims at discussing some contributions, limitations and opportunities that efficiency and equity studies could make to form a better understanding of ethical issues involved in health technology assessment (HTA). Prenatal detection of Down syndrome is used as a case study for further discussions regarding efficiency and equity, as well as other ethical principles including beneficence, non-maleficence and autonomy. The development and use of adequate methods and the need for context appraisal are two imperative issues in this field of (...) knowledge. The analysis of ethical implications in HTA should account for both. Economic evaluation methodologies have great potential in the assessment of some key ethical principles such as efficiency and equity but are of limited use concerning other fundamental principles. Social and individual values play a prominent role in this respect. (shrink)