As with other aspects of post-Minoan Crete studies there has been a tendency to accept a pan-Cretan economic model. A Dorian aristocracy, served by pre-Dorian serfs and their descendants, depended upon the produce of their private kleroi for membership in an andreion and citizen status. The elite preserved their political, social, and economic position by discouraging the development of a market economy on Crete in favor of a subsistence economy based upon agriculture, animal husbandry, and hunting. Discouraged were production of (...) coinage, elite display, and manufacture for export . Specialist craftsmen and other kinds of wage earners were either foreigners or members of a dependent population. (shrink)

Este é o primeiro de dois artigos que visam discutir o problema do sentido da vida na filosofia alemã do XIX, a fim de abrir diálogo com importantes discussões da filosofia contemporânea. Para tanto, localiza-se, neste artigo, o problema histórico-filosoficamente (1); em seguida, investiga-se em que medida o mesmo está intimamente relacionado, nos pensamentos de Schopenhauer (2) e Nietzsche (3), aos temas do pessimismo e do niilismo filosóficos; por fim, indica-se conclusivamente a importância de ambos os autores no estabelecimento do (...) problema na tradição filosófica (4). (shrink)

According to the authors of Populism and Civil Society, ‘populism is situated within the democratic imaginary’ but its logic is authoritarian. This article agrees with the first but challenges the second argument by focussing on the question of representation. In the case of ‘populism as government’ the tensions between bottom-up and top-down articulations seem to be more or less resolved by the repression of bottom-up organization, but in so doing, so the argument of this article, populism is mutating into something (...) else. Furthermore, ‘populist dictatorship’ seems to be closer to a dictatorship strategically using populist tools than to an intrinsic populist logic. While I agree with the authors on the authoritarian cases of populism in government, my argument diverges from the book when it comes to populism as government and introduces a discussion about the nature of populism. To this purpose, I first propose a complex definition of populism which understands populism not as the essence, but as one component of hybrid authoritarian formations, thus enabling the disentanglement of populism, authoritarianism, and totalitarianism. Second, I examine two components of populism that Arato and Cohen lay out in the book: the specific representation pars pro toto and embodiment. Building on Lefort, I argue that these components are not populist but totalitarian and that the empirical manifestations of populism are always hybrid, mixing populist and authoritarian or even totalitarian components. (shrink)

In this study, we investigated endorsement of two types of prescriptive views of aging, namely active aging and altruistic disengagement. The study comprised a large international sample of middle-aged and older adults, covering the age range from 40 to 90 years. Participants rated their personal endorsement of prescriptive views of active aging and altruistic disengagement targeting older adults in general. Findings showed that endorsement was higher for prescriptions for active aging than for prescriptions for altruistic disengagement. Age groups in the (...) sample differed regarding their endorsement of both prescriptive views of active aging and altruistic disengagement with older adults showing higher endorsement than middle-aged adults did. Prescriptive views of active aging and altruistic disengagement related positively to each other and to the superordinate social belief that older adults should not become a burden, which attests to their functional similarity. In contrast, prescriptive views of active aging and altruistic disengagement were associated with psychological adjustment in opposite ways, with endorsement of active aging being related to better adjustment outcomes such as life satisfaction and subjective health. Our findings highlight the internalization of prescriptive views of aging in older people and their implications for their development and well-being. (shrink)

Philosophical theories of memory rarely distinguish between importantly different sorts of memory: procedural, semantic and episodic. I argue for a temporal representation theory to explain the unique characteristic of episodic memory as the only form of conscious memory. A careful distinction between implicit and explicit representation shows how the past figures in memory. In procedural and semantic memory, the influence of the past is implicit by which I mean that the past experience is used but not represented in the skill (...) or knowledge. Episodic memory, in contrast, depends on representing a past experience as past. On a temporal representation theory of consciousness, a conscious state represents the present moment, and in the case of episodic memory, it includes a representation of past experience. The embedded account of the ‘feeling of pastness’ takes past experience to be part of the explicit content of a conscious state. An episodic memory is a representation of the present that includes a representation of the past. Whereas a higher-order theory of consciousness can give no reason why only episodic memories are conscious, a temporal theory explains why episodic memories are both higher-order and conscious. Finally, I consider the essential role of episodic memory in the formation of a temporally extended self. The demands of a social environment motivate development of an ability to track the mental states of others and oneself over time. By incorporating past experience (and future experience) into the present, episodic memory extends experience in time to form the sense of self. Through a careful examination of the function of temporal representation, we can see why the past is not consciously represented in procedural and semantic memory and the value of consciously representing the past in episodic memory. (shrink)

Dois episódios marcaram a formação de Marilena Chaui e a transformaram numa das maiores filósofas contemporâneas. Este artigo trata desses dois episódios.

Este texto é um ensaio hermenêutico sobre as reflexões epistemológicas do habitar as cidades contemporâneas a partir de um sentido fenomenológico. Ao destacar as crises de natureza ambiental, social e econômica que se manifestam na modernidade, reflito como essas crises podem se apresentar como inseguranças existenciais do ser-na-cidade, retratadas aqui com a metáfora de “distopias urbanas”. Procuro ponderar como uma postura ontológica, a partir da fenomenologia existencial de Heidegger, pode revelar outras perspectivas epistêmicas sobre as bases das ciências humanas que (...) fundam a compreensão da crise da vida nas cidades. Para isso, traço um fio reflexivo e epistemológico que se inicia desde os postulados e categorias kantianas de conhecimento científico em contraposição aos fundamentos existenciais heideggerianos sobre o tema. (shrink)

In this study, we investigated explicit and implicit endorsement of prescriptive age stereotypes. To achieve that, we captured endorsement of a wide range of prescriptive expectations targeting both younger and older people. Younger and older adults participated in the study. We assessed implicit endorsement of prescriptive age stereotypes with the Propositional Evaluation Paradigm and used a direct measure to assess explicit endorsement. In general, we found strong support for age-specificity in both explicit and implicit endorsement of prescriptive age stereotypes: Sentences (...) ascribing expectations for young/old to the respective age group were endorsed much more strongly than sentences in which expectations for young/old were ascribed to the other age group. Age group differences in the endorsement of prescriptive age stereotypes were found. Compared to younger participants, older participants showed stronger endorsement for prescriptive beliefs targeting both younger and older targets. Explicit and implicit endorsement of prescriptive age stereotypes did not correlate with one another, thus revealing they might assess independent belief systems with different predictive potential. (shrink)

O presente artigo tem por pretensão central discutir alguns aspectos fundamentais da crítica de Nietzsche à metafísica, já nas suas primeiras reflexões filosóficas. Para tanto, serão mobilizados alguns de seus principais argumentos contra o estabelecimento da vontade como coisa em si no pensamento de Arthur Schopenhauer, e, por conseguinte, contra o próprio estatuto da metafísica nesta filosofia, de tal modo que se possa demonstrar as soluções encontradas pelo próprio autor a favor da possibilidade da metafísica. O artigo conta ainda, desse (...) modo, poder contribuir para as discussões em torno da relação entre reflexões privadas e textos publicados do filósofo alemão, na medida em que defende a tese de que a partir de uma análise da crítica à metafísica em suas anotações pessoais se pode compreender os germes da mudança de postura em relação à mesma em seus textos publicados. (shrink)

Self-conflict is a feature of most women’s lives, particularly as we struggle to balance the demands of work and family. Theories of autonomy that rest on a notion of a coherent self treat self-conflict as incompatible with autonomy; therefore, women who suffer self-conflict fail to act autonomously. Though autonomy and self-conflict can be accommodated by conceiving of autonomy as a matter of degree relative to a context of choice, this result sanctions a political system that forces the prioritization of one (...) context over another. Yet choices in one context often compromise choices in another context, creating a situation where acting autonomously simultaneously diminishes autonomy. Given that autonomous choice justifies political liberalism, it is unjust that choices are set against one another in this way. Consequently, the burden on liberal governments to address the structural sources of self-conflict is far greater than is often supposed. (shrink)

The aim of this paper is to analyze, with approximate order, two ethical positions. To achieve this goal, the text will look in their introductory considerations, the context and objectives of Kierkegaard´s Works of Love, since there is clearly expressed the ethics second the Danish author. In its first part, the focus of the article will consist in evaluating the rationality of ethics of duty especially through an investigation of goodwill and freedom, which is developed in the third section of (...) the Groundwork of the Metaphysics of Morals. In the second part, the paper will analyze the speech Kierkegaardian Thou shalt love, which is part of the Works of Love. Finally, in conclusion, be carried out approaches and pointed out the significant differences between the two thinkers. Here will be used more intensively, also the reflections of commentators from both authors. However, the main focus of the research will take place around the Kierkegaardian reflections, which will be evaluated in a more exhaustive. Reflection on Kant's moral philosophy does not go just the same, but rather seek to understand it in dialogue with the philosophy of Kierkegaard. (shrink)

Alternative food networks, such as farmers’ markets and community-supported agricultural and fishery programs, often struggle to reach beyond a consumer base that is predominantly white and affluent. This case study explores seven inclusion strategies deployed by a community-supported fishery program (Fishadelphia, in Philadelphia, PA, USA) including discounting prices, accepting payment in multiple forms and schedules, offering a range of product types, communicating and recruiting through a variety of media (especially in person), and choosing local institutions and people of color (POC) (...) as pickup location hosts. Our analysis indicated that all of these strategies were associated with increased participation of customers of color and/or customers without a college degree. For Asian customers, accepting cash, offering whole fish, recruiting in-person, and POC-hosted pickup locations were key factors. For Black customers, discounted price, accepting cash, offering fillets, and communicating through means other than email were most important. Discounted price and communicating through means other than email were most important for customers without a college degree. Payment method, payment schedule and communication method were highly correlated with other strategies; we suggest that these strategies work in synergy to make the program attractive and feasible to these customers. We consider how Fishadelphia’s inclusion efforts have benefitted from both tactical approaches (i.e., programmatic features) and a structural approaches (i.e., the people and places represented within the project), and suggest that elements of both tactical and structural inclusion can be applied in other contexts. This work is crucial for increasing food access, and underscores the importance of relationships in recruiting diverse customers. (shrink)

Comentadores contemporâneos da República pretendem ter identificado um problema na argumentação platônica dos livros centrais que institui o filósofo como chefe da cidade e indivíduo justo por excelência. Segundo eles, a descrição platônica da Forma do Bem é excessivamente abstrata e geral para que seu conhecimento constitua a sabedoria prática necessária a superioridade moral e política do filósofo. A alegação geral é a de que o conhecimento das Formas e do Bem não fornece ao filósofo nenhuma vantagem com relação aos (...) outros possíveis candidatos à administração dos interesses da cidade. Neste artigo pretendemos fornecer uma interpretação da natureza da Forma do Bem e do significado de seu entendimento que evite a crítica dos comentadores. Nossa análise se limitará somente a alguns trechos selecionados do livro VI que nos falam sobre a Forma do Bem, suficientes para a apresentação geral de nossa visão. (shrink)

O presente artigo possui duas divisões básicas. Na primeira, almeja-se avaliar algumas das teses de Jacobi presentes na obra Proposições preliminares sobre a dependência e a liberdade do homem. Na segunda parte, o intuito é investigar a influência de Jacobi no pensamento de Kierkegaard, especialmente por meio de uma leitura selecionada de trechos dos Diários e das obras Migalhas filosóficas e Pós-escrito às migalhas filosóficas. Por fim, à guisa de conclusão, pretendemos ressaltar a importância de algumas das teses de Jacobi (...) na obra do autor dinamarquês. (shrink)

O presente artigo tem por objetivo demonstrar como o Estado mínimo proposto por Robert Nozick invariavelmente tenderia a acabar, a menos que seus membros fossem coagidos pelo poder central a contribuir para sua manutenção. E, neste caso, obviamente violaria os direitos e liberdades que o mesmo Estado proposto pelo filósofo teria função de garantir. Analisaremos as falhas no modelo proposto por Nozick através de um viés econômico, demonstrando através da teoria dos jogos e da lógica da ação coletiva, como uma (...) organização provedora de bens públicos não-excludentes é vulnerável à atuação de free- riders, aumentando assim os custos de sua atuação, e diminuindo os incentivos para sua existência. (shrink)

O presente artigo visa discutir o papel desempenhado pelo sofrimento nas reflexões culturais de Nietzsche e Freud. Para tanto, 1) indicarei o contexto filosófico em que o tema ganha notoriedade, no pensamento de Arthur Schopenhauer; 2) investigarei, especialmente a partir de passagens selecionadas de Para além de bem e mal e Genealogia da moral, como a origem da cultura é vinculada por Nietzsche aos perigos do desejo humano de fazer sofrer; 3) examinarei, sobretudo a partir de O mal-estar na cultura, (...) a concepção freudiana de que o “mal-estar” (Unbehagen) na cultura é fruto da renúncia pulsional, característica da formação e do desenvolvimento psíquico do indivíduo; e, por fim, 4) analisarei comparativamente o pensamento dos dois autores, buscando enfatizar sobretudo em que medida o sofrimento constitui, do ponto de vista teórico, um dos principais conceitos de suas reflexões sobre a origem da cultura. (shrink)

Dando continuidade às discussões iniciadas em “O ‘sentido da vida’ em Schopenhauer e Nietzsche”, o presente artigo analisa o problema do “sentido da vida” na filosofia contemporânea, tomando como referência sobretudo o pensamento de um autor pouco debatido no Brasil: Thomas Nagel. Inicia-se com uma breve retomada do tema em Schopenhauer e Nietzsche (1); indica-se em que medida ele surge apenas nas últimas décadas como uma preocupação da filosofia contemporânea de língua inglesa (2); analisa-se como Nagel trata do mesmo em (...) seu pensamento, sobretudo na obra Visão a partir de lugar nenhum(3); conclui-se comparando as posições de Nagel, Schopenhauer e Nietzsche (4). (shrink)

The theme of nihilism has been the object of interpreters’ reflections since Nietzsche’s works were first published, and recent work has placed nihilism at the center of Nietzsche’s philosophical project. João Constâncio’s Arte e niilismo. Nietzsche e o Enigma do Mundo sheds new light on the problem of nihilism by relating it to many key concepts and themes in Nietzsche’s thought. The author starts from the Schopenhauerian perspective according to which what really matters to philosophy is giving an answer to (...) the “riddle of the... (shrink)

Este artigo aborda o combate que empreendeu Gustavo Corção à juventude católica brasileira nas páginas do Diário de Notícias e d’ O Globo entre as décadas de 1950 e de 1960. No caso em tela, interessa-nos entender as reações de Gustavo Corção às mudanças na sociedade e na Igreja Católica entre 1957 e 1964. A hipótese é que as críticas de Corção explicitam o conflito entre duas gerações de católicos: uma conservadora; a dele; e outra progressista, a das organizações de (...) jovens católicos, mais especificamente, a da Juventude Universitária Católica (JUC). Apresentaremos a disputa a partir do exame da seguinte questão: o papel que a juventude brasileira deveria desempenhar naqueles anos. O objetivo é mostrar que suas críticas à opção de ação temporal assumida pelas organizações de juventude católica devem ser lidas pela chave do conflito geracional que marcou o campo católico brasileiro. Palavras-chave : Catolicismo. Gerações. Gustavo Corção. Juventude católica.: This paper discusses the fight of Brazilian Catholic Youth Gustavo Corção in the newspapers Diário de Notícias and O Globo in the 1950s and 1960s. In case we are interested in understanding the reactions of Gustavo Corção to changes in society and the Catholic Church between 1957 and 1964. The hypothesis is that the criticism of Corção explains the conflict between two generations of Catholics: a conservative and other progressive, represented by the Catholic youth organizations, more specifically, the Youth Catholic University. We are going to examine the question: the role that Brazilian youth should play in those years. Therefore, the aim is to show that his criticism of the political action undertaken by the young catholic organizations should be read by the key of generation conflict which has marked the Brazilian Catholic field. Key words: Catholicism. Generations. Gustavo Corção. Catholic youth organizations. (shrink)

This article aim to show the aesthetics and ethics values whose relation traces could be found in theological text studies. We use bibliographic review as methodology to this research. Considering these elements and how it was found we ask: how can we validate such elements to understand the theological text? When we are analyzing ethics behaviors can we consider the found results as intrinsic values in such discoveries and can it be compared in different times, in other words, it is (...) available if we bring it out to our time without prejudice considering criteria. We know values and beliefs can change according different times, but the main question that translates our doubt is: how can we consider the ethical and aesthetical values described in different times avoiding damage then to be impartial in the research? In spite of lots of doubts rose, what can support on our research reading are historic and current images we can validate as support line to comparative analysis considering ethics and aesthetics values found. This text will be presented as communication in this event.Key Words: Methodology. Ethics and research. Aesthetics and research. Theological methodology. (shrink)

O Renascimento é, dentre muitas outras coisas, a redescoberta do Infinito. Nela, o filósofo e mago Giordano Bruno ocupa, no século XVI, o centro do debate. Mas já no século seguinte, o astrônomo Johannes Kepler irá refutar a noção renascentista de infinito, com base nos pressupostos da ciência empírica nascente. Este artigo busca estabelecer uma aproximação do primeiro e um distanciamento do segundo em relação à ideia de Infinito em ato de Espinosa. Aproximação e distância que marcam, aqui, a diferença (...) entre conceber ou imaginar o Infinito. E sob essa diferença, são os pressupostos teológicos que assombram os pensamentos de Bruno e Kepler como um_ underlying ghost_. (shrink)

The relationship between law and morality is a topic which receives special importance and attention, especially in "liberal democracies" in which the law is supposed to regulate highly pluralized and fragmented societies. Under conditions of plurality of values, many social forces and legal theories require a certain kind of neutrality from the legal system, a means of compatibility of the many "world views" and "moral systems" that are present within the same social space. Such a conciliating commitment sounds particularly relevant (...) in times of the doctrinal ubiquity of ideas such as "peace based on human rights". This was the title of the 28th World Congress of the IVR in Lisbon, with the special workshop "Law and Morals" on which this book is based. It is divided into four parts: "Law and Practical Reason", "Conceptual Approaches on Law and Morals", "Legal versus Moral Normativity", and "Morals and Legal Positivism". (shrink)

Resumo: Lugi Pareyson (1918-1991) foi um dos mais importantes filósofos italianos do século XX. Sua imensa e erudita obra contribuiu significativamente para a discussão do idealismo alemão e do existencialismo em solo italiano e também na Argentina, onde ele trabalhou por alguns anos. O objetivo do presente artigo é avaliar alguns aspectos de sua leitura sobre um autor capital para o existencialismo, a saber, o dinamarquês Kierkegaard. Para tanto, delimitaremos nossa análise a investigar a presença do pensador na sua obra (...) Studi sull´esistenzialismo (1943). Há aqui um duplo intuito: o primeiro é realizar um panorama do existencialismo germânico e sua recepção em solo italiano. O segundo é perceber como Kierkegaard atuou sobre ambos segundo a interpretação de Pareyson. (shrink)

O presente artigo tem por objetivo compreender e descrever a experiência mística da pessoa humana, em uma perspectiva individual mística e psicológica. O ponto de partida desta reflexão é a doutrina de Teresa de Jesus (1515-1582), espanhola, fundadora da Ordem do Carmelo Descalço, mística, santa e doutora da Igreja e a visão da psicologia analítica de Carl Gustav Jung (1875-1962), suíço, conferencista internacional, psicólogo, médico e psiquiatra. A finalidade, portanto, de toda pesquisa é mostrar como ambos descrevem a mesma realidade, (...) isto é, o centro místico da alma da pessoa humana, se bem que em linguagem diferentes. Na mística de Teresa, o centro místico da alma é o próprio Deus quem está no centro e na psicologia analítica de Jung, o centro místico da alma é o “Selfbat” (Si-Mesmo), que é o centro do ser humano. (shrink)

O objetivo deste artigo é analisar as relações entre o niilismo e as potências do falso, a partir dos conceitos de vida, arte e a crítica à vontade de verdade na filosofia de Nietzsche e no cinema de Orson Welles, através do filme A marca da maldade. O niilismo caracterizado como o movimento de deslocamento do centro de gravidade da vida e a invenção de outro mundo, o mundo verdadeiro, empreendida como forma de vingança articula-se com a vontade de verdade. (...) Nietzsche realiza por meio do método genealógico uma crítica ao valor da verdade. O homem verídico é, assim, a manifestação de uma vontade de nada que nega e deprecia a vida. A arte valoriza a aparência e faz emergir as potências do falso reestabelecendo a vida como vontade de aparência. (shrink)

O presente artigo tem por objetivo discutir o conceito de transfiguração (Transfiguration / Verklärung) nas primeiras formulações nietzscheanas do estatuto da filosofia, sobretudo em sua função de crítica ao pessimismo de Arthur Schopenhauer. Para tanto, analisa duas obras de seu período de juventude, O nascimento da tragédia e Schopenhauer como educador, enfatizando especialmente os capítulos 3 e 4 da primeira e as seções 3, 4 e 5 da segunda. Espera-se demonstrar que, para além de sua importância na crítica ao pessimismo, (...) a transfiguração desempenha um papel central na tentativa de resposta ao problema do “sentido da vida” e, por isso, delimita o escopo do uso nietzscheano da metafísica. (shrink)

Some authors objected to the practical possibility of achieving happiness as Spinoza conceives it in Part v of Ethics. This article seeks to refute such objections. It shows that they stem essentially from the same image that common sense makes about happiness. After eliminating these objections, the article describes what would be a practical experience of Spinoza’s happiness.

This paper seeks to show a kind of representation of Evangelicalism by mainstream Brazilian press media outlets during the last decade, and how it has helped to build some ideas around that religious identity. The second purpose is to demonstrate that evangelical news media groups have reacted to such representation, and denounced the inability of the secular press to properly vocalize public interest. The paper employs Discourse Analysis resources and probes content published between 2007 and 2019 by secular media outlets (...) as well as religious ones. Its findings reveal an emerging dispute around the sense of "public" by secular and religious news media groups. (shrink)

Theoretical paradigms, the frameworks within which thinking occurs, never capture the complexity of reality and are necessarily selective. Factors most important to understanding the phenomenon in question will be included and explained in a coherent, meaningful manner. But facts and ideas inconsistent with underlying assumptions may then appear less plausible, and, indeed, may be systematically overlooked or ignored. Health-related paradigms have practical importance because they influence what counts as a fact, what theories appear plausible and important, what research questions should (...) be pursued, and, therefore, what health-care interventions make sense. They also contain implicit underlying ideas about .. (shrink)

After the 1980s, the political communication and the mise en scène of politicians have become increasingly hybrid, mixing political representation with entertainment. Politicians like Silvio Berlusconi, Beppe Grillo, and even Barack Obama bring their bodies to the center of mass media political representation. They use their bodies not simply as a medium of communication but also as a source of entertainment for their audience. Before Silvio Berlusconi decided to enter politics, the former Brazilian President, Fernando Alfonso Collor de Mello, showed (...) us already in 1989, and in a very emblematic way, how the combination of politics and entertainment functions as one of the main tendencies of political communication. The analysis of his mise en scène brings this practice to the light and shows us a new phenomenon of mass media: the third body of the politician. (shrink)