En este trabajo se muestra una estrategia para mejorar los resultados de aprendizaje en las prácticas de laboratorio en una asignatura de Química del Grado en Ingeniería Agroalimentaria y del Medio Rural realizando cuestionarios previos temporizados usando la plataforma e-learning PoliformaT. De este modo, se ha permitido la auto-evaluación de los alumnos antes de realizar una sesión de prácticas, fomentando la preparación y el interés del alumno en su realización y consiguiendo un mayor aprovechamiento de los recursos. La eficacia de (...) esta estrategia se ha establecido a partir del análisis de datos recogidos durante la aplicación y realizando un sondeo de opinión. La aplicación de estos cuestionarios ha permitido un cambio de actitud en los alumnos, fomentando una actitud activa (y positiva) hacia las prácticas y consiguiendo un mayor aprovechamiento de las mismas. (shrink)

Fox, Patricia The first time I heard the words 'Never waste a catastrophe!', they were spoken with an Australian accent during a hearing at the United Nations, in New York, May 2013. The topic was 'Sustainability and the Future of the Planet'. The speaker was describing how a recent catastrophic drought in Australia had provided an unexpected opportunity: it had enabled the disastrous state of the entire Murray-Darling River System to begin to be restored to health. He argued (...) that such had been the political stasis on this critical issue that only a mammoth disaster such as this was able to begin the processes necessary to unlock it. (shrink)

It is better to exist than not to exist. That stage in the ontological argument can apply also to reference works: even if they display no more than a basic competence, their mere existence is extremely welcome. Of few scholarly fields can this be more true than of vernacular scientific writing in medieval England. Like their Latin counterparts, scientific and medical writings in Middle English are often anonymous or bear spurious attributions. They can be securely identified only by incipits. Their (...) sheer mutability defeats traditional editorial techniques. Hence the fundamental need for an approach to the corpus that focuses on individual manuscripts rather than on texts.Scholars of medieval Latin material have long enjoyed the benefits of “TK,” the Catalogue of Incipits of Mediaeval Scientific Writings in Latin , edited by Lynn Thorndike and Pearl Kibre . And they will soon enjoy the yet greater “searchability” of “eTK,” the revision in electronic form promised by its editor, Peter Murray Jones . No medieval vernacular has been comparably served. True, the relatively few scientific writings in Old English have each been studied intensively; and the Anglo‐Norman material has been rescued from oblivion almost single‐handedly by Tony Hunt. But apart from a few major translations from the Latin, the Middle English corpus—far more substantial than the Old English or the Anglo‐Norman—has remained, by comparison, poorly understood, largely because many of the manuscript witnesses have yet to be found and listed, let alone scrutinized.All this is about to change. If the editors of the work under review had merely scratched the surface in their cataloguing they would have earned our warmest thanks. But they have done much more than that. Since 1985, Linda Voigts and Patricia Kurtz have spent some ten years recording information on texts surviving in more than 1,200 manuscripts held in libraries and private collections in fifteen countries. Prologues and “embedded texts” are treated individually. The scope of the project is admirably broad and free of anachronism. To quote the editorial introduction: “We define medieval texts on medicine, science, and technology as those writings found in scientific and medical manuscripts. This is not a circular definition, for these books contain not only texts that are still judged to be medicine and science, but also many other writings considered science and medicine in the Middle Ages but not today [for example, computus and chiromancy].” The result is indexed by incipit, author, title, translator, TK equivalence, manuscript, and subject. Keyword searching of all these indexes, and of the bibliography, is of course easy. Invaluably, an “Index of Raw Data” allows the user to view incipits in the order in which they appear in the manuscripts. Even for a computer semiliterate such as myself, the database proved straightforward to install and navigate. Since it has been so many years in the compiling, its technology and design now seem a little primitive. But both are more than adequate to their task. Overall, this is a magnificent achievement; and, as the corrections and supplements pour in to the editorial office, “eVK” will become even more detailed and comprehensive. Its existence places the entire subject on a new footing. (shrink)

Argues that rebuilding ethical communities will require a cultural reorientation from visually dominated to oral/aural experience and develops a speech-based conception of moral place that can set limits on the actions of individuals and communities.

In this dissertation, I present Marx's conception of ideology as a counterpart of his critical analysis of society. I take exception to current Marxist notions of ideology, and I attempt to show that they correspond to Marxism's failure to develop an historical, material analysis of contemporary society, and its consequent reliance upon an idealist theory of social change. I am ultimately interested in utilizing Marx's theory of ideological critique as the basis for a return to a materially grounded social criticism. (...) ;The thesis begins with an analysis of Marx's early philosophical investigations, showing his concept of ideology emerge with his recognition of a pattern of philosophical abstractions from social movement. Marx's demonstration that nineteenth century economists reduced political economy to a static theory of social distribution and reproduction is contrasted with his theory of the dynamics of social production. ;Marx's anti-ideological methodology decrees, however, a continuing need to reassess the social organism, digging beneath prominent theoretical abstractions to reveal the processes of historical development immanent in present society. Modern Marxism shirks this responsibility, countering the abstractions of liberal theory with its own tired categories of class struggle and false consciousness, offering a moral critique rather than an alternative conception of capitalism. ;I present Althusser's theory of ideological practices as the basis for a renewed interest in the historically specific structures of present society. It grounds my critique of the ideological assumption, shared by Marxism and liberalism, that economic relations have priority in theories of social transformation. Applying Marx's materialist, historical methodology to the analysis of contemporary social relations, I conclude that a post-Marxist theory, emphasizing noneconomic contradictions as sources of instability and immanent social change, is now warranted. The traditional economic oppositions of class and consciousness have, I maintain, been superseded rather than merely conditioned by noneconomic social antagonisms. (shrink)

This book collects together four essays by the very well-known academic Gilbert Murray that were first presented between 1914 and 1939. The author seeks to present a statement of his profound belief in ethics and disbelief in revelational religions. The philosophy of this great thinker is accessibly written while it addresses deep questions of the nature of morality and the basis of religions. This collection was first published in 1940.

Sont éditées et présentées 24 lettres de Bergson à Salomon Reinach. Outre l'intérêt biographique de cette correspondance, on y trouve trois lettres au moins offrant un véritable intérêt philosophique : une présentation par Bergson de la philosophie de William James et deux lettres sur des aspects de sa propre philosophie, suscitées par la préparation et la parution des Lettres à Zoé. Twenty-four letters from Bergson to Salomon Reinach are edited and presented here. Besides the biographical interest of this correspondence, at (...) least three letters offer a real philosophical interest: a presentation by Bergson of William James's philosophy and two letters on aspects of his own philosophy, prompted by the preparation and the publication of Lettres à Zoé, a book on history of philosophy by Reinach. (shrink)

How ought we to behave? More importantly, how are we to defend whatever answer we give? Concerning the second question, most people presuppose unsupported metaphysics. In contrast, Morals and Consent grounds our notion of morality in natural evolution, and from that basis, Malcolm Murray shows why contractarianism is a far more viable moral theory than presently credited. The scope of Morals and Consent has two main parts: theory and application. In the theory part, Murray defends contractarianism by appeal (...) to evolutionary game theory and metaethical analyses. The main idea is that we are not going to find morality as an objective fact in the world. Instead, we can understand morality as a reciprocal cooperative trait. From this minimal moral architecture, Murray derives his innovative consent principle. The application of the theory, detailing what contractarians can--or ought to--say about moral matters, takes up the greater percentage of the work. Murray offers a trenchant examination of what moral constraints we can claim concerning death (abortion, euthanasia, and capital punishment), sex (pornography, prostitution, and sexual assault), beneficence (toward present and future people, animals, and the environment), and liberty (genetic enhancement, organ sales, and torture). Murray's Morals and Consent is a serious and utterly unique advance in the field of applied ethics. By focussing on the epistemic justification of our moral claims--or the lack thereof--Murray's evolutionary contractarianism fills a welcome niche in the field of applied ethics. (shrink)

This essay engages in a debate with Nancy Fraser and Dorothy Leland concerning the contribution of Lacanian-inspired psychoanalytic feminism to feminist theory and practice. Teresa Brennan's analysis of the impasse in psychoanalysis and feminism and Judith Butler's proposal for a radically democratic feminism are employed in examining the issues at stake. I argue, with Brennan, that the impasse confronting psychoanalysis and feminism is the result of different conceptions of the relationship between the psychical and the social. I suggest Lacanian-inspired feminist (...) conceptions are useful and deserve our consideration. (shrink)

This Companion makes a new departure in Hobbes scholarship, addressing a philosopher whose impact was as great on Continental European theories of state and legal systems as it was at home. This volume is a systematic attempt to incorporate work from both the Anglophone and Continental traditions, bringing together newly commissioned work by scholars from ten different countries in a topic-by-topic sequence of essays that follows the structure of Leviathan, re-examining the relationship among Hobbes's physics, metaphysics, politics, psychology, and religion. (...) Collectively they showcase important revisionist scholarship that re-examines both the context for Leviathan and its reception, demonstrating the degree to which Hobbes was indebted to the long tradition of European humanist thought. This Cambridge Companion shows that Hobbes's legacy was never lost and that he belongs to a tradition of reflection on political theory and governance that is still alive, both in Europe and in the diaspora. (shrink)

Recent re-evaluation of the question of the exact role of experience in the Cartesian philosophy has emerged from many quarters. The metaphysical issue of innate ideas has been raised by such scholars as McRae and Miles, and a close examination of the role of empirical enquiry and methodology in Cartesian science have been undertaken by Clarke, Garber, Buchdahl and Laudan, to mention only a few. These recent reappraisals of the role of experience in Descartes's philosophy have been cast mostly in (...) twentieth-century terms with a specific view to concerns of the present. ;My research centres on an examination of the philosophical works of three Cartesians, Antoine Le Grand, Robert Desgabets, and Pierre-Sylvain Regis. Though they are relatively minor figures in the history of ideas, their defence of Descartes's thesis concerning the free creation of the eternal truths, and their emphasis on the importance of experience, provide a unique opportunity to reevaluate the role of experience in the Cartesian philosophy in terms that are common in the period. ;There was a strongly empirical component in the philosophical doctrines and practices of these seventeenth-century Cartesians. Le Grand's view of truth as created and dependent on the will of God led him to assign experiment and experience the role of "making manifest" the operation of laws in the physical universe. Desgabets rejected innate ideas, and argued that all ideas depend on the operation of the senses. Regis emphasized the immutability and total dependence of truths and essences on the free will of God, and thereby undermined the rationalist foundation for the Cartesian doctrine of essences. ;My goal in this approach to the question of the nature and role of experience in the Cartesian philosophy is to explore the philosophical basis of the empiricist tendencies found in Descartes as developed by three of his disciples. My hope is that my study of Le Grand, Regis, and Desgabets, who are relatively unknown today, will not only serve to place them appropriately within the history of ideas, but will dislodge the common misconception of Cartesianism as having been an inherently rationalist philosophy. (shrink)

We approach the issue of holophrasis versus compositionality in the emergence of protolanguage by analyzing the earliest combinatorial constructions in child, bonobo, and chimpanzee: messages consisting of one symbol combined with one gesture. Based on evidence from apes learning an interspecies visual communication system and children acquiring a first language, we conclude that the potential to combine two different kinds of semiotic element — deictic and representational — was fundamental to the protolanguage forming the foundation for the earliest human language. (...) This is a form of compositionality, in that each communicative element stands for a single semantic element. The conclusion that human protolanguage was exclusively holophrastic — containing a proposition in a single word — emerges only if one considers the symbol alone, without taking into account the gesture as a second element comprising the total message. (shrink)

GESTÃO DE RESÍDUOS SÓLIDOS EM MEGAVENTOS: ASPECTOS CONCEITUAIS.

In the wake of intensifying debates on decolonisation and restitution in Africa and its francophone diaspora, a Facebook posting of 6 February 2020 gave an other life to a photographic portrait of the French-Italian explorer Savorgnan de Brazza taken in 1882.1 The uploaded digital scan of a photograph from nearly 140 years ago flashed up in a moment of contemporary hypervisibility, offering a visual pretext to denounce de Brazza and the effect of his interventions in Africa virtually and openly on (...) a public post, pulling the image out of the academic and archival environments it had until then mostly inhabited. (shrink)

In his well‐researched new book, Solidarity and Justice in Health and Social Care, Ruud ter Meulen traces the history of the concept of solidarity and describes the important role that it can play in health care. He contrasts solidarity with other normative concepts, such as autonomy and justice. According to ter Meulen, solidarity entails a commitment and willingness to help others who are “in need of it due to circumstances out of their control” (p. 170). Thus, solidarity exists when people (...) act for the sake of other people who are vulnerable in some way. Ter Meulen treats solidarity as a distinct normative concept and believes that it is critical for health care. No doubt insofar as social ties and cohesion are good for health, so is solidarity. (shrink)

The recent Supreme Court decision upholding Roe v. Wade and in particular, the dissent by Justice Sandra Day O'Connor, sheds new light on the issue of abortion. Let us consider any stage of a pregnancy when abortion is medically safe for the mother. If at that stage it is also medically viable to save the fetus, is an abortion performed at that stage of pregnancy morally justifiable? For example, if it is, or becomes, medically safe to perform abortions after first (...) trimester of pregnancy and at the same time saving a fetus is, or becomes, medically viable or not unusual during some stage of the second trimester, can abortions during and after that stage of pregnancy be justified? With a number of qualifications I shall argue the thesis that as a general rule, but not an absolute rule, abortion in these instances is not usually justifiable. For if it is, then one will also have to grant the moral justification for a number of other highly questionable medical practices. This thesis is not to be identified with the stronger claim that abortions of viable fetuses can never be performed. There are surely exceptions such as when the life or health of the mother is in danger. But, I shall argue, the justification for making such exceptions is on different grounds than is sometimes claimed because one must weigh the health of the mother against the life of another human being. (shrink)

I argue, contra Sabina Lovibond, that one cannot defend a viable form of moral realism from the perspective of linguistic conventionalism. Appealing to the later Wittgenstein, I argue that Wittgenstein's alleged linguistic conventionalism rests on the objective ground of the notion of a rule. While Wittgenstein acknowledges that the subjective and social context out of which we operate precludes getting at reality independent of a perspective, neither is he an anti-realist nor does he replace truth conditions with assertibility conditions. If (...) conventions are grounded in the notion of a rule, we can then use this conclusion to defend a form or moral realism. (shrink)

Craft in a modern context is more often a symbolic good rather than a utilitarian item. It carries stories of its production along with related values. Given the mute nature of the object, many of these narratives are projected by the consumer, which can often be based on fiction rather than reality. This makes ethnographic research, such as that collected in Critical Craft, of great importance.One of the principal structures addressed is the hierarchy of craft and design. Geoffrey Gowlland's "Materials, (...) the Nation and the Self: Division of Labor in a Taiwanese Craft" offers a fascinating overview of the values attached to the production process of traditional ceramics. This involves the division between the... (shrink)

Insulin is a member of a family of hormones, growth factors and neuropeptides which are found in both vertebrates and invertebrates. A common ‘insulin fold’ is probably adopted by all family members. Although the specificities of receptor binding are different, there is possibility of co‐evolution of polypeptides and their receptors.

The aim of this article is to offer a contrast between two competing styles of intellectual engagement around AIDS in France during the final decades of the twentieth century, and to attempt to understand the reasons why such apparently divergent approaches to the epidemic appear. Focusing on two very different exemplar sets of texts, by Jean Baudrillard and Rommel Mendès-Leite, it attempts to evaluate the forms of knowledge produced by each of these writers in terms of communicative acts with use (...) value, in order to determine the implications of each kind of intellectual production. Equally importantly, the paper recontextualizes and reassesses what a concept such as intellectual engagement means, when undertaken in an area of human suffering such as that of AIDS. (shrink)

Unlike other works in philosophy of law, which focus on the nature of law in the abstract, this comprehensive anthology presents law as a "process," part and parcel of a system of government and defined constitutional procedures. Using the U.S. legal system as a model, it establishes the basis of law in political theory, then presents substantive issues in private and public law, illustrated throughout with important political documents and court cases and stimulating readings in history, law, and philosophy. The (...) editor's detailed critical commentary, notes, and study questions make these materials accessible and useful for a wide range of readers seeking a deeper understanding of private and public law and the nature of the political process. (shrink)

Thompson (1994) proposed a re-visioning of the oikos/polis dichotomy in classical philosophy. She offers a dual systems paradigm based on two ancient Greek mythemes---Hestia, goddess of the oikos, or domestic “homeplace,” and Hermes, god of the polis, or public “marketplace,” as an alternative to gender as the primary analytic lens to advance feminist theory. This paper applies hestian/hermean lenses of analysis, described in two propadeutic papers (SPCW 1996; 1997), to the writings of 6th-5th century BCEPythagorean women philosophers and 19th century (...) domestic scientists to claim them as moral philosophers of the hestian domain. (shrink)

A crise da representação política e as atuais ameaças às democracias liberais consistem em temas de grande reflexão e debate na filosofia política contemporânea, o que explica, em parte o renovado interesse pelo conceito de representação política. O presente artigo defende que a compreensão das ideologias políticas, a partir da abordagem morfológica de Michael Freeden, possibilita novas formas de pensar sobre a representação e sua relação com a democracia. Ao atribuírem significados determinados e estáveis a conceitos políticos essencialmente contestados, as (...) ideologias disputam o controle da linguagem política, desempenhando também uma função integrativa, ao vincular simbolicamente o indivíduo à sociedade a qual pertence, permitindo, assim, o compartilhamento de conteúdos da consciência individual. A partir da obra de Nadia Urbinati, defende-se a centralidade da recuperação da dimensão ideológica da política para uma noção de representação efetivamente democrática, o que passa pela compreensão do papel deliberativo das ideologias e o caráter híbrido destes sistemas de pensamento, que agregam elementos racionais e não-racionais. (shrink)