Results for 'PATENT LAW'

962 found
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  1. Patent Laws: The Indian.Nitya Anand - 1993 - In Yash Pal, Ashok Jain & Subodh Mahanti, Science in society: some perspectives. New Delhi: Gyan Pub. House in collaboration with National Institute of Science, Technology, and Development Studies. pp. 266.
  2.  1
    A Ritual Approach to Patent Law.David Tilt - forthcoming - Canadian Journal of Law and Jurisprudence:1-24.
    This article applies van Gennep’s structure of the ritual to the patent application process, arguing that information undergoes several ontological transformations on the way to patentability. The second half of the article applies Turner’s focus on the liminal space. From this perspective, the ‘pure possibility’ of the liminal space is essential to patent law, because it helps negotiate between strong boundaries (as a form of property) and the almost improvisational way in which general rules are applied to specific (...)
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  3.  26
    Walter Eucken on Patent Laws: Are Patents Just ‘Nonsense upon Stilts’?Manuel Worsdorfer - 2012 - Economic Thought 1 (2).
    As recent newspaper headlines show the topic of patents/patent laws is still heavily disputed. In this paper I will approach this topic from a theoretical-historical and history of economic thought-perspective. In this regard I will link the patent controversy of the nineteenth century with Walter Eucken's Ordoliberalism – a German version of neoliberalism. My paper is structured as follows: The second chapter provides the reader with a historical introduction. At the heart of this paragraph are the controversy and (...)
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  4.  9
    Patent Law as an Investment Factor?Adelheid Puttler, Marc Bungenberg & Karl M. Meessen - 2009 - In Adelheid Puttler, Marc Bungenberg & Karl M. Meessen, Economic Law as an Economic Good: Its Rule Function and its Tool Function in the Competition of Systems. Sellier de Gruyter.
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  5.  55
    Bioethics and Patent Law: USA, UK and India. A Bibliometric Analysis.Mona Gupta, Divya Srivastava & Arvind Singh Kushwah - 2013 - Bangladesh Journal of Bioethics 4 (2):1-8.
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  6. Balancing innovation, 'Ordre Public' and morality in human germline editing : a call for more nuanced approaches in patent law.Duncan Matthews, Timo Minssen & Ana Nordberg - 2023 - In Santa Slokenberga, Timo Minssen & Ana Nordberg, Governing, protecting, and regulating the future of genome editing: the significance of ELSPI perspectives. Boston: Brill/Nijhoff.
     
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  7.  43
    The Legal Lacunae of Human-Animal Hybrids and Chimeras within Patent Law.Maureen O’Sullivan - 2018 - Journal of Animal Ethics 8 (1):62-79.
    This article compares and contrasts the patenting of animals, humans, and biotechnological inventions in the United States, at the European Patent Office, and within the European Union. It shows that morality is not a concern of U.S. legislative instruments or courts and patents have been granted liberally on living organisms, from microorganisms to mammals, in North America since the 1980s. By way of contrast, both European legislative instruments enshrine a morality bar that must be employed to deny patentability. Their (...)
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  8.  24
    Ethical and Policy Considerations in Patent Law for Medical Procedures.Trent A. Kirk - 2012 - Ethics in Biology, Engineering and Medicine 3 (1-3):87-96.
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  9. ``Patent pending: laws of invention, animal life forms and bodies as ideas''.Cathryn Vasseleu - 1996 - In Pheng Cheah, David Fraser & Judith Grbich, Thinking through the body of the law. Washington Square, N.Y.: New York University Press. pp. 105--119.
     
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  10.  4
    Patents, Governance and Control: Ethics and the Patentability of Novel Beings and Advanced Biotechnologies in Europe.Aisling McMahon - 2021 - Cambridge Quarterly of Healthcare Ethics 30 (3):529-542.
    This article focuses primarily on to what extent novel beings, and particularly, beings which display something akin to human consciousness or agency would be (or should be) patentable under current European patent law. Patents grant the patent holder a right to exclude others from using the patented invention for the period of patent grant (usually 20 years). This allows the patent holder to control how that invention can or cannot be used by others downstream, granting (...) holders a governance like function over the patented technology for the duration of the patent. Accordingly, the potential for patentability of novel beings gives rise to a myriad of ethical issues including: to what extent is it appropriate for patent holders to retain and exercise patents over “novel beings”; how issues of “agency” displayed by any “novel beings” would fit within the current patent framework, if at all; and to what extent existing exclusions from patentability might exclude patents on “novel beings” or whether changes within patent law may be needed if patents in relation to “novel beings” are deemed ethically problematic. This article focuses on such issues, and in doing so, also sheds light on the role of ethical issues within the patenting of advanced biotechnologies more generally. (shrink)
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  11.  18
    Law and the Life Sciences: Surrogate Embryo Transfer: The Perils of Patenting.George J. Annas - 1984 - Hastings Center Report 14 (3):25.
  12.  32
    Science Inside Law: The Making of a New Patent Class in the International Patent Classification.Hyo Yoon Kang - 2012 - Science in Context 25 (4):551-594.
    ArgumentRecent studies of patents have argued that the very materiality and techniques of legal media, such as the written patent document, are vital for the legal construction of a patentable invention. Developing the centrality placed on patent documents further, it becomes important to understand how these documents are ordered and mobilized. Patent classification answers the necessity of making the virtual nature of textual claims practicable by linking written inscription to bureaucracy. Here, the epistemological organization of documents overlaps (...)
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  13.  94
    Patenting Treatment Methods.Sophie Flaherty - 2014 - Journal of Bioethical Inquiry 11 (3):307-310.
    Apotex Pty Ltd v Sanofi-Aventis Australia Pty Ltd [2013] 304 ALR 1At the heart of some disputes regarding medical treatment is the conceptual difficulty of finding the appropriate legal framework. The diagnosis and treatment of medical conditions are clearly subject to professional standards and thus sit within the negligence framework, but what of those who develop and provide that diagnosis and treatment? Do innovative approaches give rise to a patentable interest and can the intellectual property in a method of treatment (...)
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  14. Patents at the interfaces among science, society and the law.Emanuela Gambini - 2006 - In Ângela Guimarães Pereira, Sofia Guedes Vaz & Sylvia S. Tognetti, Interfaces between science and society. Sheffield, UK: Greenleaf.
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  15.  67
    Ethics and patentability in biotechnology.Rafał Witek - 2005 - Science and Engineering Ethics 11 (1):105-111.
    The systems of patent rights in force in Europe today, both at the level of national law and on the regional level, contain general clauses prohibiting the patenting of inventions whose publication and exploitation would be contrary to “ordre public” or morality. Recent years have brought frequent discussion about limiting the possibility of patent protection for biotechnological inventions for ethical reasons. This is undoubtedly a result of the dynamic development in this field in the last several years. Human (...)
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  16.  64
    The mathematics of patent claim analysis.Zsófia Kacsuk - 2011 - Artificial Intelligence and Law 19 (4):263-289.
    In patent law most of the crucial legal questions such as patentability and infringement are linked to the patent claims. The European Patent Office regards patent claims as a set of independent features which are examined separately in a more or less formal way. The author has found that this approach allows for developing a simple mathematical model which treats patent claim features as logical statements and patent claims as compound statements wherein the individual (...)
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  17.  23
    How Gene Patents are Challenging Intellectual Property Law: The History of the CCR5 Gene Patent.Myles W. Jackson - 2015 - Perspectives on Science 23 (1):80-105.
  18.  58
    Patents on Drugs: Manufacturing Scarcity or Advancing Health?Bebe Loff & Mark Heywood - 2002 - Journal of Law, Medicine and Ethics 30 (4):621-631.
    Respect for and promotion of the human rights of people with HIV/AIDS is now an entrenched component of the global response to HIV. However, as the global HIV epidemic has turned into a global AIDS epidemic, and as the death toll mounts, one area of human rights—the right to health care—has become fiercely contested. In particular, the degree to which patents on medicines impede what the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights has described as the “human right” of access (...)
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  19.  31
    Scientific Realism and the Patent System.David B. Resnik - 2016 - Journal for General Philosophy of Science / Zeitschrift für Allgemeine Wissenschaftstheorie 47 (1):69-77.
    The patent system appears to make three ontological assumptions often associated with scientific realism: there is a natural world that is independent of human knowledge and technology; invented products can be unobservable things; and invented products have causal powers. Although a straightforward reading of patent laws implies these ontological commitments, it is not at all clear that what the patent system has to say about the world has any bearing on issues of scientific realism. While realists might (...)
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  20. Ethics and the patenting of human genes.Annabelle Lever - 2001 - Journal of Philosophy, Science and Law 1:31-46.
    Human gene patents are patents on human genes that have been removed from human bodies and scientifically isolated and manipulated in a laboratory. The U.S. Patent and Trademark Office (the USPTO) has issued thousands of patents on such genes, and patents have also been granted by the European Patent Office, (the EPO). Legal and moral justification, however, are not identical, and it is possible for a legal decision to be immoral although consistent with legal precedent and procedure. So, (...)
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  21. Patents.Justine Pila - 2009 - In Cane & Conaghan, The New Oxford Companion to Law.
    The term “patent” is an abbreviation of “letters patent”, the open form of document historically issued by the Crown for the purpose of conferring a right or privilege or otherwise communicating the royal will. In contemporary law it denotes the species of intellectual property that is granted as an inducement for the creation and disclosure of novel, inventive and industrially applicable inventions. In the UK that property is conferred under the Patents Act 1977, or with similar effect the (...)
     
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  22.  8
    Adventitious Presence of Patented Genetically Modified Organisms on Private Premises: Is Intent Necessary for Actions in Infringement Against the Property Owner?Ikechi Mgbeoji - 2007 - Bulletin of Science, Technology and Society 27 (4):314-321.
    The law of patents has long struggled with the status of intent in determining liability for infringement. This struggle has recently been given a sharper edge by the emergence of biotechnological products with the inherent ability of auto-dispersal and regeneration. The question thus is whether a person on whose backyard a patented genetic organism has grown without the active intervention of that person is liable in infringement to the patentee of that organism. This article examines the ramifications of the legal (...)
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  23.  16
    Gene patents.Richard M. Lebovitz - 2004 - Journal of Philosophy, Science and Law 4:1-14.
    Although the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office (“PTO”) has granted patents on genes for over 20 years, the prudence of gene patenting continues to stir controversy. Some have questioned the ethics of monopolizing a resource that is so fundamental and basic to all living organisms. It has also been argued that patents unfairly restrict the use of genes, impeding both basic and commercial research. For the biotechnology industry, however, gene patents are the currency it uses to protect its investment (...)
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  24.  32
    The Mutability of Biotechnology Patents: From Unwieldy Products of Nature to Independent 'Object/s'.Michael S. Carolan - 2010 - Theory, Culture and Society 27 (1):110-129.
    This article details how patent law works to create discrete, immutable biological ‘objects’. This socio-legal maneuver is necessary to distinguish these artifacts from the unwieldy realm of the natural world. The creation of ‘objects’ also serves the interests of capital, where a stable, unchanging, immutable object goes hand in hand with commodification. Yet this stabilization is incomplete. Pointing to a variety of different examples, this article illustrates how biotech patents do not speak to specific, immutable things. Biotech patents, rather, (...)
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  25.  27
    Patenting human genes: Chinese academic articles’ portrayal of gene patents.Li Du - 2018 - BMC Medical Ethics 19 (1):29.
    The patenting of human genes has been the subject of debate for decades. While China has gradually come to play an important role in the global genomics-based testing and treatment market, little is known about Chinese scholars’ perspectives on patent protection for human genes. A content analysis of academic literature was conducted to identify Chinese scholars’ concerns regarding gene patents, including benefits and risks of patenting human genes, attitudes that researchers hold towards gene patenting, and any legal and policy (...)
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  26.  64
    Patently controversial: Markets, morals, and the president's proposal for embryonic stem cell research.Joseph Fins & Madeleine Schachter - 2002 - Kennedy Institute of Ethics Journal 12 (3):265-278.
    : This essay considers the implications of President George W. Bush's proposal for human embryonic stem cell research. Through the perspective of patent law, privacy, and informed consent, we elucidate the ongoing controversy about the moral standing of human embryonic stem cells and their derivatives and consider how the inconsistencies in the president's proposal will affect clinical practice and research.
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  27.  5
    Biobanks: patents or open science?Antonella De Robbio - 2013 - Oxford: Woodhead Publishing.
    Biobanks represent an invaluable research tool and, as a result of their intrinsic and extrinsic nature, may be looked upon as archives or repositories largely made up of libraries, or collections of content where the content is the biological material derived from different individuals or species, representing valuable tangible assets. Biobanks analyses aspects of the commons and common intellectual property relating to the concepts of private property, not only concerning data but biological materials as well, and the advantages and disadvantages (...)
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  28.  17
    Intangible machines: Patent protection for software in the United States.Brad Sherman - 2019 - History of Science 57 (1):18-37.
    Intellectual property law has been interacting with software for over sixty years. Despite this, the law in this area remains confused and uncertain: this is particularly evident in patent law. Focusing on U.S. patent law from the 1960s through to the mid-1970s, this article argues that a key reason for this confusion relates to the particular way that the subject matter was construed. While the early discussions about subject matter eligibility were framed in terms of the question “is (...)
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  29.  81
    DNA patents and scientific discovery and innovation: Assessing benefits and risks.David B. Resnik - 2001 - Science and Engineering Ethics 7 (1):29-62.
    This paper focuses on the question of whether DNA patents help or hinder scientific discovery and innovation. While DNA patents create a wide variety of possible benefits and harms for science and technology, the evidence we have at this point in time supports the conclusion that they will probably promote rather than hamper scientific discovery and innovation. However, since DNA patenting is a relatively recent phenomena and the biotechnology industry is in its infancy, we should continue to gather evidence about (...)
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  30.  29
    The Conflict between U.S. Patent Protection and Technological Innovation: Analysis and Problem Solving by Means of the Integrated Causal Model for Innovated Ethic.Wade M. Chumney, David M. Wasieleski & E. Günter Schumacher - 2017 - Business and Society Review 122 (4):531-555.
    Criticisms of patent laws for technological innovations in the United States reveal a multifaceted milieu of problems centered around the protection of short-term economic gain and individual property rights. In this article, we consider this a conflict between current patent laws and the innovation capabilities of organizations. We propose a solution that enables the company to assure its long-term survival in the face of these restrictions. This presumes that the firm will at least maintain its innovation capacities while (...)
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  31.  19
    Patents as Vehicles of Social and Moral Concerns: The Case of Johnson & Johnson Disposable Feminine Hygiene Products.Franck Cochoy - 2021 - Science, Technology, and Human Values 46 (6):1340-1364.
    This paper is about disposability as a technological concern and about how to trace the related issues through the analysis of patents. It examines how moral and social concerns happened to be embedded in technology, based on the case of disposable feminine hygiene products. The focus is placed on what “disposable” means and on exploring relative notions as well as their dynamic and consequences. To conduct such analysis, the paper proposes to perform a classic and computer-assisted analysis of the patents (...)
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  32.  49
    Patents and Human Rights: A Heterodox Analysis.E. Richard Gold - 2013 - Journal of Law, Medicine and Ethics 41 (1):185-198.
    Patents and free trade make strange bedfellows. For most of their history, patents have been instruments deployed to resist trade with other countries, not to enhance it. Whether one looks at Venetian laws that punished citizens who practiced local crafts outside the city, the Mercantilist uses to which patents were put in Elizabethan England, or the cartels of the 19th and 20th centuries created on a foundation of interlocking patent rights, patents have had a distinctly protectionist function. It is (...)
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  33.  39
    Reviews in Health Law: Patenting Technology Instead of Identity.David B. Resnik & Kelly McPherson Jolley - 2004 - Journal of Law, Medicine and Ethics 32 (3):524-527.
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  34. An analysis of moral issues affecting patenting inventions in the life sciences: A european perspective.R. Stephen Crespi - 2000 - Science and Engineering Ethics 6 (2):157-180.
    Following the 1980 US Supreme Court decision to allow a patent on a living organism, debate has continued on the moral issues involved in biotechnology patents of many kinds and remains a contentious issue for those opposed to the use of biotechnology in industry and agriculture. Attitudes to patenting in the life sciences, including those of the research scientists themselves, are analysed. The relevance of morality to patent law is discussed here in an international context with particular reference (...)
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  35.  45
    Automated patent landscaping.Aaron Abood & Dave Feltenberger - 2018 - Artificial Intelligence and Law 26 (2):103-125.
    Patent landscaping is the process of finding patents related to a particular topic. It is important for companies, investors, governments, and academics seeking to gauge innovation and assess risk. However, there is no broadly recognized best approach to landscaping. Frequently, patent landscaping is a bespoke human-driven process that relies heavily on complex queries over bibliographic patent databases. In this paper, we present Automated Patent Landscaping, an approach that jointly leverages human domain expertise, heuristics based on (...) metadata, and machine learning to generate high-quality patent landscapes with minimal effort. In particular, this paper describes a flexible automated methodology to construct a patent landscape for a topic based on an initial seed set of patents. This approach takes human-selected seed patents that are representative of a topic, such as operating systems, and uses structure inherent in patent data such as references and class codes to “expand” the seed set to a set of “probably-related” patents and anti-seed “probably-unrelated” patents. The expanded set of patents is then pruned with a semi-supervised machine learning model trained on seed and anti-seed patents. This removes patents from the expanded set that are unrelated to the topic and ensures a comprehensive and accurate landscape. (shrink)
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  36. Patents for Genes and Methods of Analysis and Comparison.Justine Pila - unknown
    In March 2010, a United States (U.S.) District Court held that isolated human genes are “products of nature”, and methods of analysis and comparison “abstract mental processes”, for which a U.S. patent cannot validly be granted. Its decision undermined U.S. patent granting practices, and widens the gap between U.S. and European law on what constitutes inherently patentable subject matter (“inventions”), as well as a proportionate patent grant.
     
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  37.  17
    Patents as Capitalist Aesthetic Forms.Hyo Yoon Kang - 2024 - Law and Critique 35 (2):281-311.
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  38.  49
    Wild-Card Patent Extensions as a Means to Incentivize Research and Development of Antibiotics.Jorn Sonderholm - 2009 - Journal of Law, Medicine and Ethics 37 (2):240-246.
    Antibiotic resistance is a serious public health problem on a global scale. In both developed and developing countries, the unpleasant consequences of the phenomenon are being felt. This paper discusses wild-card patent extensions as a means to incentivize research and development of new antibiotics. The thesis defended in the paper is that the implementation of such patent extensions is an appropriate legislative response to the problem of antibiotic resistance. The general idea of wild-card patent extensions is presented (...)
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  39.  25
    Patents and Genome-Wide DNA Sequence Analysis: Is it Safe to Go into the Human Genome?Robert Cook-Deegan & Subhashini Chandrasekharan - 2014 - Journal of Law, Medicine and Ethics 42 (s1):42-50.
    Whether, and to what degree, do patents granted on human genes cast a shadow of uncertainty over genomics and its applications? Will owners of patents on individual genes or clusters of genes sue those performing whole-genome analyses on human samples for patent infringement? These are related questions that have haunted molecular diagnostics companies and services, coloring scientific, clinical, and business decisions. Can the profusion of whole-genome analysis methods proceed without fear of patent infringement liability?Whole-genome sequencing is proceeding apace. (...)
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  40.  21
    Stem cell patenting in Europe - the twilight zone.Duncan Curley - 2008 - Genomics, Society and Policy 4 (3):1-9.
    Controversy often follows when patents are obtained in a pioneering area of technology. Patent filing activity in the field of regenerative medicine and in relation to stem cells in particular has not escaped opprobrium, although it is instructive to compare the nature of the debates that are taking place over the patenting of stem cells in the US and Europe. In the US, debate over the early patent applications made by the Wisconsin Alumni Research Foundation has been intense2, (...)
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  41.  89
    The morality of human Gene patents.David B. Resnik - 1997 - Kennedy Institute of Ethics Journal 7 (1):43-61.
    : This paper discusses the morality of patenting human genes and genetic technologies. After examining arguments on different sides of the issue, the paper concludes that there are, at present, no compelling reasons to prohibit the extension of current patent laws to the realm of human genetics. However, since advances in genetics are likely to have profound social implications, the most prudent course of action demands a continual reexamination of genetics laws and policies in light of ongoing developments in (...)
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  42.  26
    Law, Cyborgs, and Technologically Enhanced Brains.Woodrow Barfield & Alexander Williams - 2017 - Philosophies 2 (1):6.
    As we become more and more enhanced with cyborg technology, significant issues of law and policy are raised. For example, as cyborg devices implanted within the body create a class of people with enhanced motor and computational abilities, how should the law and policy respond when the abilities of such people surpass those of the general population? And what basic human and legal rights should be afforded to people equipped with cyborg technology as they become more machine and less biology? (...)
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  43. The european patent convention.Justine Pila - unknown
    The European Patent Convention (EPC) establishes “a system of law, common to the Contracting States, for the grant of patents for inventions” (article 1) and an organisation, the European Patent Organisation, to administer it. A patent granted under the EPC is called a European patent but takes effect as a bundle of national patents under the laws of the Contracting States in which protection is sought.
     
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  44.  66
    Are patents for methods of medical treatment contrary to the ordre public and morality or "generally inconvenient"?O. Mitnovetski - 2004 - Journal of Medical Ethics 30 (5):470-475.
    “No one has advanced a just and logical reason why reward for service to the public should be extended to the inventor of a mechanical toy and denied to the genius whose patience, foresight, and effort have given a valuable new [discovery] to mankind” . The law around the world permits the granting of patents for drugs, medical devices, and cosmetic treatment of the human body. At the same time, patentability for a method of treatment of the same body is (...)
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  45. Why Gene Rights Aren't Patently Obvious.Justine Pila - unknown
    The purpose of the patent system is to provide incentives for the development of new and useful products and processes. Such products and processes are generally referred to as ‘inventions’. Whilst patents have historically been sought and granted for mechanical and chemical inventions only, the biotechnology revolution of the last 30 years has radically changed this by precipitating a mass of patent applications in respect of living and biological matter. Applications of this nature have forced a re-examination by (...)
     
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  46.  30
    Government Patent Use to Address the Rising Cost of Naloxone: 28 U.S.C. § 1498 and Evzio.Alex Wang & Aaron S. Kesselheim - 2018 - Journal of Law, Medicine and Ethics 46 (2):472-484.
    The rising cost of the opioid antagonist and overdose reversal agent naloxone is an urgent public health problem. The recent and dramatic price increase of Evzio, a naloxone auto-injector produced by Kaléo, shows how pharmaceutical manufacturers entering the naloxone marketplace rely on market exclusivity guaranteed by the patent system to charge prices at what the market can bear, which can restrict access to life-saving medication. We argue that 28 U.S.C. § 1498, a section of the federal code that allows (...)
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  47.  76
    An Economic Justification for Open Access to Essential Medicine Patents in Developing Countries.Sean Flynn, Aidan Hollis & Mike Palmedo - 2009 - Journal of Law, Medicine and Ethics 37 (2):184-208.
    Not all intellectual property rights grant the right to exclude that is indicative of “property rules,” as that term was used by Guido Calabresi and A. Douglas Melamed in their seminal article. Some intellectual property rights are “liability rules,” in which the right holder has an entitlement to compensation for use of the protected invention, not a right to preclude the use. Although patent laws normally grant a right to exclude others from use of the protected invention as a (...)
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  48.  15
    Intellectual Property: Plants Patentable Under the Utility Patent Statute, PVA, and PVPA.John Quick - 2002 - Journal of Law, Medicine and Ethics 30 (2):317-318.
    In J.E.M. AG Supply, Inc. v. Pioneer Hi-Bred International, Inc., the U.S. Supreme Court held that utility patents may be issued for newly developed, sexually reproduced plants and plant seeds. Specifically, the Court denied the petitioner's contention that the exclusive means of protecting sexually reproduced plants and plant seeds are found in the Plant Patent Act of 1930 and the Plant Variety Protection Act. The Court instead affirmed the decisions of the District Courts and the Federal Circuit and held (...)
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  49.  49
    Weighing intellectual property: Can we balance the social costs and benefits of patenting?Mario Biagioli - 2019 - History of Science 57 (1):140-163.
    The scale is the most famous emblem of the law, including intellectual property (IP). Because IP rights impose social costs on the public by limiting access to protected work, the law can be justified only to the extent that, on balance, it encourages enough creation and dissemination of new works to offset those costs. The scale is thus a potent rhetorical trope of fairness and objectivity, but also an instrument the law thinks with – one that is constantly invoked to (...)
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  50.  23
    The Political Contradictions of Incremental Innovation: Lessons from Pharmaceutical Patent Examination in Brazil.Kenneth C. Shadlen - 2011 - Politics and Society 39 (2):143-174.
    Neodevelopmental patent regimes aim to facilitate local actors’ access to knowledge and also encourage incremental innovations. The case of pharmaceutical patent examination in Brazil illustrates political contradictions between these objectives. Brazil’s patent law includes the Ministry of Health in the examination of pharmaceutical patent applications. Though widely celebrated as a health-oriented policy, the Brazilian experience has become fraught with tensions and subject to decreasing levels of both stability and enforcement. I show how one pillar of the (...)
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