The aim of this paper is to propose a preferences representation model where ambiguity attitudes can be exogenous events or past experience-dependent. We adapt the Recursive Smooth Ambiguity model proposed by Klibanoff (Journal of Economic Theory 144:930-976, 2009) by introducing past experience described by a sequence of neutral events occurring up to the moment of the decision. These neutral events do not provide any information on the true process, but are likely to strengthen or weaken the decision-maker’s ambiguity aversion degree (...) by modifying emotions. Our model can explain some observed behaviors and market inefficiencies. We propose two illustrations. First, we provide a behavioral explanation for the decrease in influenza vaccination in France that followed the H1N1 crisis in 2009–2010. Second, we contribute to the broad literature on the annuity puzzle by introducing the impact of emotions on ambiguity attitudes. (shrink)

The current metaphysical race debate is very much focused on the realism question whether races exist. In this paper I argue against the importance of this question. Philosophers, biologists and anthropologists expect that answering this question will tell them something substantive about the metaphysics of racial classifications, and will help them to decide whether it is justified to use racial categories in scientific research and public policy. I argue that there are two reasons why these expectations are not fulfilled. First (...) of all, the realism question about race leads to a very broad philosophical debate about the semantics of general terms and the criteria for real kinds, rather than to a debate about the metaphysics of racial categories specifically. Secondly, there is a type of race realism that is so toothless that it is almost completely uninformative about the metaphysics of race. In response to these worries, I argue that the metaphysical race debate should rather be focused on the question in what way and to what extent ‘racial’ distinctions can ground the epistemic practices of various scientific disciplines. I spell out what I mean by this and go on to demonstrate that trying to answer this question leads to a more fruitful metaphysical debate. (shrink)

The paper aims at clarifying the distinctions and relations between pain and suffering. Three negative theses are defended: 1. Pain and suffering are not identical. 2. Pain is not a species of suffering, nor is suffering a species of pain, nor are pain and suffering of a common (proximate) genus. 3. Suffering cannot be defined as the perception of a pain’s badness, nor can pain be defined as a suffered bodily sensation. Three positive theses are endorsed: 4. Pain and suffering (...) are categorically distinct: pain is a localised bodily episode, suffering is a non-localised affective attitude. 5. Suffering can be expressed, pains cannot. As a consequence, we can have compassion for the suffering of others, not for their pains. 6. The relation between pain and suffering is akin to the relation between danger and fear, injustice and indignation, wrongdoing and guilt: suffering is the correct reaction to pain. One upshot is that both the influential view that the experience of pain is incorrigible and the influential view that the ordinary conception of pain is paradoxical are false. (shrink)

The theory and practice of contemporary comparative biology and phylogeny reconstruction (systematics) emphasizes algorithmic aspects but neglects a concern for the evidence. The character data used in systematics to formulate hypotheses of relationships in many ways constitute a black box, subject to uncritical assessment and social influence. Concerned that such a state of affairs leaves systematics and the phylogenetic theories it generates severely underdetermined, we investigate the nature of the criteria of homology and their application to character conceptualization in the (...) context of transformationist and generative paradigms. Noting the potential for indeterminacy in character conceptualization, we conclude that character congruence (the coherence of character statements) relative to a hierarchy is a necessary, but not a sufficient, condition for phylogeny reconstruction. Specifically, it is insufficient due to the lack of causal grounding of character hypotheses. Conceptualizing characters as homeostatic property cluster natural kinds is in accordance with the empirical practice of systematists. It also accounts for the lack of sharpness in character conceptualization, yet requires character identification and re-identification to be tied to causal processes. (shrink)

In the current article and contrary to a widespread assumption, I argue that Humeanism and ontological emergence can peacefully coexist. Such a coexistence can be established by reviving elements of John Stuart Mill’s philosophy of science, in which an idiosyncratic account of diachronic emergence is associated with extensions of the Humean mosaic and the correlative coming into being of new best system laws, which have the peculiarity of being temporally indexed. Incidentally, this reconciliation of Humeanism and emergence allows for conceiving (...) the autonomy of the special sciences in an interesting way, consistently with the reductionist ideal of a unified science. (shrink)

The concept that renders morphology a tool for phylogeny reconstruction is homology. The concept of homology is rooted in pre-evolutionary idealistic morphology. The claim that the goal of idealistic morphology was the seriability of form may sound paradoxical given that this discipline proceeded within a framework of strictly delimited types. But the types only demarcate where seriability starts and where it comes to an end. Carl Gegenbaur’s was recognized as a milestone in idealistic morphology. A comparison with the second edition (...) of 1870 illustrates Gegenbaur’s turn to evolutionary morphology. The methodology remained the same–seriability of form–but the series was no longer merely descriptive or conceptual but now a historical, evolutionary one. Gegenbaur emphasized that seriability of form was possible not only between species of the same type, but also between parts of organisms of the same type. Pursuing this project, he found that different parts of organisms evolve at different rates, resulting in an incongruence between the series of parts relative to the series of species under comparison. This incongrence was called chevauchement des spécialisations by Louis Dollo, Spezialisationskreuzungen by Othenio Abel, and heterobathmy of characters by Armen Takhtajan. Willi Hennig, the founder of modern methods in phylogenetic systematics, discovered that the heterobathmy of characters was a precondition for the establishment of the phylogenetic relationships based on shared derived characters. The result was a replacement of the search for ancestors by a search for relative degrees of phylogenetic relationships. (shrink)

Species are generally considered to be the basic units of evolution, and hence to constitute spatio-temporally bounded entities. In addition, it has been argued that species also instantiate a natural kind. Evolution is fundamentally about change. The question then is how species can remain the same through evolutionary change. Proponents of the species qua individuals thesis individuate species through their unique evolutionary origin. Individuals, or spatio-temporally located particulars in general, can be bodies, objects, events, or processes, or a combination of (...) these. It is here argued that species are best understood as open or closed, causally integrated processual systems that also instantiate an historically conditioned homeostatic property cluster natural kind. (shrink)

_Les philosophes face au vice, de Socrate à Augustin_ explore la manière dont les philosophes de l’Antiquité ont tracé une cartographie des vices, analysé leurs causes et leurs effets, et se sont interrogés sur leurs usages. _Les philosophes face au vice, de Socrate à Augustin_ explores how ancient philosophers described the vices, delineated their various kinds, accounted for their causes and effects, and reflected on how to use them.

En tout généralité, le concept d’émergence capture une relation entre deux entités, un « émergent » E et sa « base d’émergence » B, de telle manière que l’on puisse affirmer que E dépend de B et que, malgré cette dépendance, E s’avère irréductible à B. Une façon classique de concrétiser cette idée est de considérer E comme un « tout » et B comme les « parties » de ce tout. Dans l’esprit de la maxime classique selon laquelle « (...) Le tout est plus que la somme de ses parties », l’émergence cristallise ainsi un double refus : celui de la simple assimilation du tout à ses parties, ainsi que celui de la radicale déconnexion entre le tout et ses parties. À cet égard, affirmer par exemple qu’une cellule vivante émerge d’une base moléculaire inerte sous-jacente revient à considérer que, d’une part, la nature de la cellule est bien dépendante de la nature des molécules qui la composent et que, d’autre part et malgré cette dépendance, certaines propriétés de la cellule ne peuvent être réduites aux propriétés de ces molécules. Ainsi posée, l’émergence se révèle un outil philosophique prometteur pour constituer et défendre une voie médiane entre le réductionnisme et le dualisme, positions selon lesquelles, respectivement, « le tout n’est que la somme de ses parties » et « le tout est hétérogène à ses parties ». Elle permet alors de faire droit à l’intuition selon laquelle les sciences comme la biologie ou la psychologie, ainsi que les objets que ces sciences étudient – par exemple les organismes ou l’« esprit » – témoignent d’une relative autonomie par rapport aux sciences étudiant les constituants élémentaires de la réalité naturelle. -/- Dans la présente entrée, après avoir introduit à l’idée générale de l’émergence et au projet philosophique initiateur de l’émergentisme, et après avoir fait recension de différents phénomènes possiblement émergents, nous tâchons d’élucider les déterminants historiques des différentes théories contemporaines de l’émergence. Dans un effort ensuite plus conceptuel, nous nous attachons à distinguer les différents sens dans lesquels une entité peut être considérée comme émergente. Nous concluons cette entrée en identifiant les apories majeures de l’émergentisme actuel dans sa version dominante. (shrink)

Roman Ingarden, one of Husserl’s most gifted students, devoted several thousand pages to the development of an ontological, epistemological, aesthetical and even anthropological framework that would allow him to firmly reject the so-called “idealistic turn” of his master Husserl. This paper aims at reconstructing an often overlooked side of his philosophy: his theory of consciousness and his analysis of the constitutive process involved in sense perception. After emphasizing the distinctive character of Ingarden’s ontological frame and its impact on understanding concepts (...) as fundamental as consciousness or intentionality, this paper tries to sketch Ingarden’s answers to several genetic questions raised by Husserl: the relation between time and consciousness, the nature of the ultimate sense data and the question of motivation. (shrink)

Volume 24, Issue 2, April 2019, Page 1-1.

Cet ouvrage, qui contient les actes d’une conférence internationale tenue en mars 2008 à l’Université Catholique du Sacré Cœur de Milan, permet de mesurer les progrès réalisés dans la connaissance de Stobée depuis les Doxographi Graeci de Diels, sur les plans tant philologique que doxographique et thématique. L’épaisseur du volume, muni d’un index locorum et d’une bibliographie étoffée, interdit de faire autre chose, dans le cadre d’un compte-rendu, qu’indiquer brièvement les points saillants...

Esquisses, plans, documents et photographies présentent l'exposition en cours de construction. Un texte explicatif donne les principales clés de lecture du poème de Rimbaud "Après le déluge", extrait des "Illuminations", et de la scénographie adoptée pour le mettre en scène.

Nous exposons dans cet article les différentes interrogations posées par les réseaux socionumériques au sein de dispositifs de formation. Nous tentons de montrer qu’il est envisageable de repenser leur intégration au sein des systèmes éducatifs notamment pour montrer autant leur potentiels que leurs dangers. Nous montrons également les intérêts d’autres types de réseaux comme les plateformes de signets sociaux et les réseaux numériques thématiques comme ceux des loisirs créatifs pour envisager de nouvelles méthodes de formation.This article discusses the different issues (...) raised by social networking sites in the field of education. We try to show how their use in educational systems could be reconsidered, in particular to highlight both their potential and their dangers. We also show the potential contributions of other types of networks, such as social bookmarking sites and online thematic networks, on creative leisure activities for example, to ideas for new educational methods. (shrink)

Cet article porte sur les obsidiennes trouvées au cours des fouilles récentes menées dans les niveaux pré-et protopalatiaux, à l’intérieur du palais de Malia ou à proximité immédiate. Ce matériel a été examiné sous différents angles, et tout d’abord du point de vue de la technique de taille. Plusieurs ateliers ont été reconnus. Huit types de nucléi ont été distingués, ainsi que divers outils utilisés pour la taille. Ces pièces sont à dater pour la plupart du MA IIA-IIB et témoignent (...) de l’existence d’une industrie développée dès cette époque. Parallèlement, des analyses élémentaires par Particle Induced X-ray Emission ont été réalisées pour en déterminer la provenance. Comme attendu dans cette région, l’essentiel des pièces provient des sources égéennes de Mélos et Gyali. Les cinq artefacts restants sont attribués par leur signature géochimique à des sources anatoliennes de Cappadoce. Cette identification contribue à la documentation des réseaux de diffusion régionaux dès le MA II et souligne l’intérêt d’analyses ciblées de certains artefacts d’obsidienne dans cette région pour rechercher des provenances non-égéennes. (shrink)

Apprendre, c'est d'abord élever et s'élever puisque, en français, apprendre a toujours le sens passif (s'instruire) et actif (instruire). Apprendre, c'est ensuite enseigner : il s'agit d'une éducation, intentionnelle, méthodique, programmée. Apprendre, c'est aussi former. Ce verbe correspond avant tout à l'apprentissage d'un métier. Apprendre, c'est enfin échanger, imiter, s'initier, apprendre à être. Tels sont les enjeux de cette réflexion sur les valeurs de l'éducation conçue comme apprentissage de l'humanité.

The role of foundation with respect to transitive closure in the Zermelo system Z has been investigated by Boffa; our aim is to explore the role of antifoundation. We start by showing the consistency of "Z antifoundation transitive closure" relative to Z (by a technique well known for ZF). Further, we introduce a "weak replacement principle" (deductible from antifoundation and transitive closure) and study the relations among these three statements in Z via interpretations. Finally, we give some adaptations for ZF (...) without infinity. (shrink)

In biological systematics, as well as in the philosophy of biology, species and higher taxa are individuated through their unique evolutionary origin. This is taken by some authors to mean that monophyly is a (relational) property not only of higher taxa, but also of species. A species is said to originate through speciation, and to go extinct when it splits into two daughter species (or through terminal extinction). Its unique evolutionary origin is said to bestow identity on a species through (...) time and change, and to render species names rigid designators. Species names are thus believed to function just like names of supraspecific taxa. However, large parts of the Web of Life are composed of species that do not have a unique evolutionary origin from a single population, lineage or stem-species. Further, monophyly is an ambiguous concept if it is defined simply in terms of ‘unique evolutionary origin’. Disambiguating the concept by defining a monophyletic taxon as ‘a taxon that includes the ancestor and all, and only, its descendant’ renders monophyly inapplicable to species. At the heart of the problem lies a fundamental distinction between species and monophyletic taxa, where species form mutually exclusive reticulated systems, while higher taxa form inclusive hierarchical systems. Examples are given both at the species level and below to illustrate the problems that result from the application of the monophyly criterion to species. The conclusion is that the concepts of exclusivity and monophyly should be treated as non-overlapping: exclusivity marks out a species synchronistically, i.e. in the present time. Monophyly marks out clades (groups of species) diachronistically, i.e. within an historical dimension. (shrink)