BackgroundOver the years, Bulgarian bioethics has been mainly an academic enterprise and fallen short of providing health professionals with skills for ethical decision-making. Clinical ethics support (CES) was piloted by the author through two bottom-up models – METAP (Modular, Ethical, Treatment, Allocation of resources, Process) and MCD (Moral Case Deliberation).AimsThis paper aims to present and analyse developments in the area of clinical ethics and the first experiences in CES in Bulgaria.MethodologyThe project reported here included a review of relevant literature on (...) CES methods and evaluation and a documentary review of data from two CES pilot projects: METAP and MCD.ResultsMost of the 69 METAP ethics meetings reviewed were first time meetings (88,4%); the average duration was 36 min and the average number of participants was four (44,9%). The meetings were organized in response to cases of severely or critically ill patients. The ethical dilemmas included choice of treatment (31,9%) and conflicts with the patient or their relatives (23,2%). Consensus was achieved in 34,8% of the cases. The situation was clarified with the patient (27,5%) and within the team (15,9%). The rights and obligations of both sides were discussed in 7,2% of the cases. The experience of the members of the Bulgarian Association of Bioethics and Clinical Ethics (BABCE) with MCD was also presented to justify the inference about the applicability of the two CES models in a Bulgarian context.ConclusionAmong Eastern European countries Bulgaria has made progress in CES. Both METAP and MCD have been found to be useful methods. (shrink)

For a non-zero natural number n, we work with finitary $$\Sigma ^0_n$$ -formulas $$\psi (x)$$ without parameters. We consider computable structures $${\mathcal {S}}$$ such that the domain of $${\mathcal {S}}$$ has infinitely many $$\Sigma ^0_n$$ -definable subsets. Following Goncharov and Kogabaev, we say that an infinite list of $$\Sigma ^0_n$$ -formulas is a $$\Sigma ^0_n$$ -classification for $${\mathcal {S}}$$ if the list enumerates all $$\Sigma ^0_n$$ -definable subsets of $${\mathcal {S}}$$ without repetitions. We show that an arbitrary computable $${\mathcal {S}}$$ (...) always has a $${{\mathbf {0}}}^{(n)}$$ -computable $$\Sigma ^0_n$$ -classification. On the other hand, we prove that this bound is sharp: we build a computable structure with no $${{\mathbf {0}}}^{(n-1)}$$ -computable $$\Sigma ^0_n$$ -classifications. (shrink)

Modern Ukrainian society is stratified not only economically, socially, professionally, informally, territorially, politically, historically, but ideologically and experiencedly. Is there something that unites Ukraine today? E. This - the present as a set of cultural and civilization factors and reality as a set of fateful events. The number and intensity of the fateful events for Ukraine in the last 3 years - from November 22, 2013, that is, the first protest against the non-signing of the association with the EU - (...) is abundant. It is not time to sum up, there is a permanent crisis, there is a war, we have a lot of losses, but we have already made our choice. (shrink)

In today's world, with extraordinary force, such religious functions as axiological, moral-regulative, ideological and compensatory are actualized. In the process of successive secularization, the influence of religion on human communities and their way of world perception, world outlook and life significantly decreased. The gradual differentiation of the forms of social consciousness has led to the fact that religions in its variations of different confessions and traditions of expression, the segment of moral and spiritual influence on humanity was left to guard. (...) And such a situation was considered justified and expedient, especially given the harm that human communities have been making attempts to religiously legitimize a purely political decision of specific individual policy makers. Abuse of religion to cover private economic or political interests has led to negative consequences in public life, and sometimes in wars and extremism. However, with the beginning of the 21st century and the event of discrediting contemporary secular values-not-motivated regulatory forms of organization of social reality, it becomes apparent that religions have not exhausted their socio-regulatory potential. (shrink)

У статті розглядається перша магістерська дисертація М. І. Костомарова "Про причини і характер унії в Західній Росії" як унікальний твір, у якому вперше центральною проблемою для автора стала народна історія. Проаналізовано дійсні причини ліквідації дисертації і її наукове значення. Переглянуто зміст твору й основні проблеми, котрі не досліджувалися науковцями раніше.

State policy in the field of law enforcement during the Khrushchev's period wasn't a stabile. The first wave of changes was associated with the abolition of some legislative acts of the Stalinist period, a significant softening of punitive line, narrowing of the scope of capital punishment, empowerment convicted people etc. On the one hand, these steps are partially rehabilitating the Soviet law enforcement. On the other hand, government actions were unreasoned and populist, designed for quick political effect. The next wave (...) of change was due to the spread of the idea of the gradual withering away of the state in terms of building a communist society. As a consequence of this ideology was the reduction of employees in the field of law enforcement and attracting a variety of civic organizations, labor groups and citizens to fulfill a variety of law enforcement functions (voluntary civil police, civil judges, civil assistant investigator, civilian prosecutors, civil lawyers, etc.). And finally, the soviet leadership made steps in the field of law enforcement toward stricter penalties for serious crimes, as well as expanding the scope of the death penalty. The country's leadership was actively intervened in the work of law enforcement. Communist Party took control the law enforcement agencies due to the appointment to senior positions along party lines and managing work of party members through the party cell. One of the major controversies of the time was mixing the steps to improve of law enforcement sphere (increased attention to the frames, structural changes, strengthening analytical work in the study of crime statistics), with a desire to demonstrate the advantages of the socialist way of life (which was manifested in the silencing of certain criminal manifestations, artificially lowering their significance by reducing the liability on them, outright ignoring problems and their causes, etc.). Contradictions were observed in the conduct of state punitive line too. On the one hand, it was a significant step up from the Stalinist penal system by expanding the rights of prisoners, procedural rules, which led to a softening of the repressive pressure on the population. On the other hand, the state retained its attitude to dissent; applying the new forms social exclusion of dissidents, for example, applying to them the impact of psychiatric measures. These moments hampered consolidation of the new format of normative behavior in the minds of ordinary citizens, and gave rise to "double standards", the imbalance between what is declared and what actually happened. (shrink)

An accelerating rate of systemic, structural and institutional convergences leads to the transformation of world educational space. A comparative study makes possible to analyse at a systems level both philosophy of education as systematic scientific knowledge and education as a system. Philosophy attempts not only to comprehend the existing system and to formulate values for the educational system of the future, but also to generalize and compare existing experience. But “experience” has different meanings. First, it indicates the concrete, urgent experience (...) of reality and contains the components of sensory receptions and sensations, their spiritualizing senses, an entire conceptual complex, and also accumulated habits, skills, and knowledge. From the other side, it is understood as a component of social-historical existence, including the storage, creation and transfer of cultural senses, objectified in the standards and values, in lingual and objective forms; this means that an educational experience is the axiological basis of education, its value-purposeful characteristics. Philosophy of education is an independent specific field of knowledge adequately reflecting conceptual, theoretic-methodological and practical trends of education. It has global, national and local level of its reflection. Comparative investigation in philosophy of education is a comparison of such levels and explanation of their interaction. Themain methodological question is the extent to which it is expedient to use the achievements of foreign experience in educational theory and practice in another country. Comparative study makes it possible to pass from descriptions to the answer to more fundamental questions: to explanation and development of reasons. (shrink)

У статті висвітлюються погляди о. М. Конрада на націоналізм та пов’язані з ним поняття: національна ідентичність, нація, національна держава у контексті проблеми «націоналізм та католицизм», які він висловив у доповіді під назвою «Націоналізм та католицизм», написаній для виступу на Академічних вечорах Богословського Наукового Товариства. Проведене дослідження дало можливість, на основі аналізу основоположних понять націоналізму, з’ясувати бачення М. Конрадом альтернативного вчення до інтегрального націоналізму Д. Донцова – націоналізму католицького. Також ствердити, що мислителю вдалося розвинути власне ґрунтовне і виважене бачення проблеми, яке (...) можна окреслити як католицький націоналізм. У результаті вивчення його ідей було з’ясовано, що вони містяться на межі двох філософських напрямів – неотомізму та політичної філософії. Однією з причин ідеї розвитку націоналізму на християнських засадах була потреба протиставити її інтегральному націоналізму Д. Донцова, який перебував під впливом філософії Ф. Ніцше. Спільність розуміння поняття національної ідентичності, сутності націоналізму та його видів Конрадом і сучасними мислителями (В. Лісовий, О. Проценко, Е. Сміт) свідчить про далекоглядність та актуальність ідей отця у царині політичної філософії. Порівняння доповіді М. Конрада з працями польських мислителів Я. Воронецького та Ю. Бохенського дало можливість ствердити, що його ідея католицького націоналізму розвивалася у межах політико-філософського дискурсу з розвитку, поширення та впровадження націоналістичних ідей як у польському, так і в українському середовищі. М. Конрад, Я. Воронецький та Ю. Бохенський намагалися розглядати проблему націоналізму на засадах раннього неотомізму, зокрема вчення про природній закон, загальне добро, вчення про державу, застосовуючи його до проблем тогочасного суспільства. (shrink)

This book is a philosophical essay on the sun. It draws on Georges Bataille’s theories of the general economy and the violence of the nonhuman and demonstrates their relevance to a world affected by the COVID-19 pandemic and climate change. Since Antiquity, the sun has played an essential role in our utopian imaginations – either as the ultimate source of energy, or as the symbol of the state sovereignty. The attitude towards the sun has shifted historically, from praising it as (...) a supreme god to exploiting it as the most powerful fuel. In capitalism, both economic growth and green sustainable developments imply infinite expansion and colonization, with disastrous consequences on the cosmic scale. According to Bataille, an alternative is suggested by the sun itself, which gives without reciprocation. Timofeeva argues that this alternative can be taken as the model for human societies, and she locates the grounds for solar politics in solidarity with nature, treated neither as a master nor as a slave, but rather as a comrade. The book will be appeal to students, academics, artists and other readers interested in the philosophy of nature, ecology, social and political theory, postcolonial and decolonial studies, and the humanities generally. (shrink)

Publication date: 24 January 2019 Source: Author: Oksana Koshulko The article presents the results of studies on reasons why female immigrants coming to Turkey as well as basic problems for married female immigrants in Turkey. The article has presented several groups of female immigrants and reasons why female immigrants coming to Turkey. The first group were married female immigrants who gave their reason for coming to Turkey as marriage; the second group were female labor immigrants who came to Turkey (...) seeking work; and the third group were females who wanted to work but they were, or may have been, members or victims of criminal organizations. According to the results of the article, female immigrants face many challenges in the country, within their families and in outside society. Female immigrants, who are considering living in Turkey for any length of time or even for forever, should understand and analyze all possible difficulties and challenges that may arise in their lives in Turkey. At the same time, the country holds wonderful prospects for developing female immigrants and the most important thing is for them to find the means of benefitting from all that is offered. (shrink)

BackgroundContemporary medical practice is complicated by many dilemmas requiring ethical sensitivity and moral reasoning.ObjectiveTo investigate physicians’ experience in ethical decision-making and their attitude towards ethics consultation.MethodsIn a cross-sectional survey 126 physicians representing the main clinics of Pleven University hospital were investigated by a self-administered questionnaire. The following variables were measured: occurrence, nature and ways of resolving ethical problems; physicians’ attitudes towards ethics consultation; physicians’ opinions on qualities and skills of an ethics consultant, and socio-demographic characteristics. Data analysis included descriptive statistics, (...) χ2 and t-test.ResultsResponse rate was 88.9% (n = 112). Men and women were equally represented (48.2%–51.8%). The sample consisted of experienced physicians: 42.9% had 11–20 years experience, and 33% had 21–30 years. According to 84.8% of respondents, ethical problems have been discussed in their specialty. Predominant dilemmas included relationships with patients and relatives (76.8%) and team work (67.6%). Over ¾ of physicians needed an advice in solving ethical problems. Ninety six percent responded positively to ethics consultation. They would mainly request it for resolving conflicts (72.5%), and in case of concern for the rightness of their decisions (52.7%). The image of an ethics consultant was built of clinical competence (70.9%), ability to deal with conflicts (59.1%), communication skills (58.2%), tolerance for different views (55.4%), and a special qualification in ethics (52.7%).ConclusionsThe study underlined that Pleven University hospital physicians face similar ethical dilemmas as their colleagues in other countries do. The expressed positive attitudes to ethics consultation should serve as a basis for further research and development of ethics consultation services. (shrink)

The paper reviews historical and regional studies publications of Volyn periodicals in the 19 th -20 th centuries, which covered the Ukrainian-Polish-Russian relations. Their key theme lines are indicated, specifically a socio-economic line which addressed social inequality problems, enslavement of Ukrainian peasants by Polish gentry at the time when some Ukrainian regions were a part of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth; a religious line which covered consequences of Polonization, threats to Orthodoxy, feats and courage of its defenders; an ethnographic line which attempted (...) to describe the history of origin of nations and the specifics of their national self-identification. It is shown that all these lines of publications featured different ideological tendencies. Thus some articles from ‘Volynskiye Gubernskiye Vedomosti’, ‘Pochayevskiye Izvestiya’ and ‘Volynskiye Yeparkhialniye Vedomosti’ were analyzed, which allowed to trace propaganda of the Russian Empire in the spirit of Russian monarchism and chauvinism spreading via press. Those processes had a rather negative impact on social and interethnic moods of the Ukrainian-Polish-Russian relations in the imperialist context. By contrast with the above, journalists of the democratic newspaper ‘Vestnik Volyni’ advocated the Polish and Ukrainian self-identification. (shrink)

Background: Bioethical courses were introduced in the curricula in medical universities in Bulgaria in 1990s. In the beginning, the courses were mainly theoretical, and systematic case analyses and discussions of movies were introduced later on. The benefits of using films to teach ethics have been previously analyzed in the literature; however, to our knowledge such studies in Bulgaria are yet lacking. Objective: The aim of this study was to survey the opinions of students and analyze the results from the application (...) of movies in bioethics teaching in a medical university in the north of Bulgaria. Methodology: A survey was carried out among 92 students in the management of healthcare. Two movies were used, and separate protocols for film discussion were developed. Ethical considerations: The study was conducted anonymously and with students’ free informed consent. Results and discussion: The students distinguished in total 21 different dilemmas and concepts in the first movie. The ethical dilemmas were classified into five groups: general ethical issues, deontological issues, special ethical issues, principles of bioethics, and theories of ethics. The second movie focused students’ attention on the issues of death and dying. In total, 18 elements of palliative care were described by the students. The range of different categories was a positive indicator of an increased ethical sensitivity. The students evaluated the movies’ discussions as a generally positive educational approach. They perceived the experience as contributing to their better understanding of bioethical issues. Conclusion: The innovative approach was well accepted by the students. The introduction of movies in the courses of bioethics had the potential to provide vivid illustrations of bioethical issues and to contribute to the exploration of specific theses and arguments. The presentation and discussion should be preceded by accumulation of theoretical knowledge. The future of effective bioethics education lays in the interactive involvement of students. (shrink)

У статті розглядаються погляди на феномен релігії представника наукової думки ХІХ століття М. І. Костомарова, якого частіше презентують як історика, упускаючи важливі для української науки сторони його творчості. Прикладом такого стану речей є його релігієзнавчий спадок, який досі залишається маловивченим й аспекти якого слід розглядати в контексті світової релігієзнавчої думки. За творами М. І. Костомарова встановлено розуміння ним сутності релігії, зіставлено ідеї дослідника з поглядами представників релігієзнавства й виявлено, що деякі з них передували ідеям, розвинутим релігієзнавчою думкою в майбутньому.

Source: Author: Oksana Gorbanyova The purpose of this study is to analyse the effectiveness of using interactive technologies in the process of teaching a foreign language at a higher educational institution. The principal result of our research is the analysis of the influence of using interactive techniques on acquiring communicative competence and personal development. The major conclusions estimate the significance of applying interactive technologies in learning process. ]]>.

This article considers the ethical dimension of technological science (technoscience), namely, the problem of the applicability of the categories of ‘good’ and ‘evil’ to the functioning of new technologies. Aspects of evil brought about by the introduction of new technologies (i.e. lack/scarcity of resources, devaluation of human labour, ignorance of/inability to use technical tools, violations of the measure and harmony of life, etc.) are highlighted. Particular attention is paid to a new form of evil, namely artificial/technological evil. The article argues (...) that the emergence of such evils is associated with the growing scale of human intervention in the natural course of things and with recent advances in technology. Dangers related to the uncontrolled development of technological science along many axes of human existence are analysed. The authors conclude that overcoming artificial evil is possible via a transition from a man-made to an anthropogenic (intellectual and humanistic) form of civilisation in which the achievements of technoscience serve not the self-destruction of mankind but the discovery of essential human forces. (shrink)

Although clinical ethics consultation has existed for more than 40 years in the USA and Europe, it was not available in Bulgaria until recently. In introducing clinical ethics consultation into our country, the Modular, Ethical, Treatment, Allocation of resources, Process (METAP) methodology has been preferred because of its potential to be used in resource-poor settings and its strong educational function. This paper presents the results of a METAP evaluation in a hospital palliative care ward in the town of Vratsa. The (...) evaluation was based on Beauchamp and Childress’ four principles of biomedical ethics and involves implementation of specific instruments for clinical ethics decision-making. Research tasks emphasised analyses of ethics meetings in the ward. Data were processed by SPSS v.24 using descriptive statistical analysis. Altogether, 32 ethics meetings of an average duration 20.63 min were conducted on cases involving critically ill patients. Most of the participants (86.0%) expressed satisfaction with the ethics process. The principlist approach supported resolution of conflicts between autonomous patients and their relatives, clarified definitions of “medical benefit” and “social good,” and enabled assessments of the risk of unequal treatment. Even as the specific research tasks were achieved, further participant follow-up is necessary to identify any improvement in healthcare personnel’s ethical competence. METAP worked well in end-of-life care settings. Participants experienced several benefits, including improved team communication, better understanding of patient preferences, and confidence in the correctness of decisions. Despite the significant educational potential of METAP, the need for additional and ongoing ethics training of health professionals should not be underestimated. (shrink)

Globalization challenges the state-centric realist view of space and authority within International Relations. Using multifaceted concepts of territoriality and non-territoriality, this article goes into three versions of current territorial fragmentation or connectivity – deterritorialization, extraterritorialization and reterritorialization. They are to enable us to reveal the proliferation of globally relevant social and power dynamics above, below and within the state domain. At the same time, they are to illuminate the ambivalent role of states played in an era of global interconnectedness.

In contemporary Ukrainian religious studies, the problem of transforming religion into a postmodern age is extremely interesting. Today in Ukraine we can observe the process of coexistence of different - traditional and new syncretic religions. There is a peculiar communication between their beliefs, which necessitates the use of intelligible words. For this reason, the appeal to the traditional Christian concept of Logos, which is also actively used by the theorists of new religions for their own purposes, is extremely relevant and (...) timely. (shrink)

The author responds to the article by L. Fylypovych "Does Contemporary Ukrainian Religious Studies have a Strategy for Survival and Development?", where she gives her recommendations for overcoming the crisis in humanities in general and in religious studies in particular.

. In her article the author analyzes the way in which academic scholars combine professional competence and social activity. Academic Studies of Religious is a strategic branch of the humanities, that the practical consequences of theoretical achievements contribute to the establishment of mutual understanding in the multiconfessional and polyscriptive social context. Ukrainian academic scholars jf religious are at the same time scholars as theoreticians and citizens of modern Ukraine. Therefore, they often continue their professional scientific and cognitive activities in the (...) educational and public sector. It is ascertained that, as guided by the principle of scientific prudence and at the same time civic engagement, contemporary Ukrainian academic religious scholars influence social reality as a means of public activity. While staying with theoretical scholars, but at the same time being active citizens included in the epicenter of the reality of modern Ukraine, Ukrainian academic religious scholars seek not only to reason and express themselves, but also to act responsibly both before the scientific community and before the civil community in order to achieve positive practical consequences of their professional achievements. It is proposed to classify the social activities of academic religious scholars according to the criteria a) collective-individuality - UAR and individual action; b) target orientation - different target groups and levels from local to international; c) the sphere of social existence - education and action in different directions; d) qualitative characteristics: whether the use of professional knowledge in public activities or professional activities in favor of the community. Religious professional competence contributes to responsible public activity, creates conditions for positive influence on the development of inter-confessional relations in a multiconfessional modern Ukraine, the formation of a developed civil society in which religious actors are effective and influential actors, rather than "hostages of processes" or "factors for account". Therefore, Ukrainian academic religious scholars and their professional activities in its subject and educational orientation, and their social activities, based on their professional competence, are included in the contemporary social and civil processes involved in such. (shrink)

We investigated the impact of situational awe on topic-specific interest and recognition memory for information presented in immersive planetarium films. Adult participants (N = 131) were recruited among science centre visitors who were going to view one of the films shown in the science centre’s planetarium. Participants responded to questions about prior knowledge, topic-specific interest in the film and background information before viewing one of the three planetarium films. After the film, they completed the topic-specific interest scale, epistemically-related emotion scales, (...) situation-specific awe scale, critical thinking disposition scale and a recognition task of the film contents. The results showed that during viewing planetarium films participants experienced awe, but the strength of this emotion varied among films. Additionally, situation-specific awe was strongly associated with another epistemic emotion, namely surprise. As for the recognition task performance, awe decreased error and nonsense detection, and increased false recognition of inferential statements. Finally, awe was found to substantially increase topic-specific interest. These results present evidence that awe has potential to prompt individuals to become more interested in science-related topics. (shrink)

The article is dedicated to analyzing the nature of genius in the context of the development of fiction about artists. From the biographies of the famous Renaissance artists by G. Vasari, who made one of the first attempts at chronicling the lives of geniuses of his time, to modern fictionalized biographies of genius artists – we can trace the desire of writers to comprehend the nature of the artists and sculptors’ genius. The foundation of the concept of genius can be (...) found in Immanuel Kant’s works, which synthesized theories developed previously and influenced the understanding of genius by future generations. The paper analyses the consonance of Kant’s aesthetics with the concept of genius in fictionalized biographies of F. Goya, M. Bashkirtseva, V. van Gogh, P. Gauguin, O. Novakivskyi, K. Bilokur, P. Picasso, V. Tsymbal, S. Karaffa-Korbut and other artists, while focusing on the Ukrainian texts of the 20th–early 21st centuries. The research attempts to single out and analyze elements of conceptualizing the notion of genius in novels, including the concepts of the beautiful and the sublime in art, recognition of genius in society, the gender aspect of genius, the issues of heredity, and others. The representation of the image of genius in visual arts, iconography, and the cult of genius are discussed within an intermedial framework. The research relies on literary and art criticism methodology and comparative and intermedial studies. (shrink)

Business and Society Review, Volume 126, Issue 1, Page 25-35, Spring 2021.

The article deals with the study of specific aspects of daily life of management and ordinary workers of the Ukrainian police at the mid 1920's based on the much-discussed in the press "Kievcase". This case was about systematic bribery in Ukrainian police (in modern language - about corruption). In this way we have detected the conditions, causes and mechanisms of the corruption that matter for the modern study of this phenomenon.

У статті на основі аналізу фрагментів з листів червоноармійців, зроблених співробітниками Державного політичного управління (ДПУ) в рамках практики перлюстрації, реконструйовані окремі аспекти сприйняття червоноармійцями навколишньої дійсності, політики та ідеології нової влади, свого місця в новому суспільстві і його соціальній структурі. Зокрема простежуються результати активної антирелігійної кампанії, прагнення більшовиків у процесі ідеологічного впливу на червоноармійців зв'язати в їх свідомості релігію з пригніченням, владою буржуазних класів. Зафіксована і зворотна реакція самих червоноармійців: від високого рівня засвоєння ідеологем, до сумнівів і неприйняття їх.

The importance of the topic of the article lies in the fact that in the era of postmodernism, informatization of the elementary school allows you to improve the quality of the educational process, through the use of information and communication technologies (ICT) to simplify management of the educational process, to organize the exchange of teaching experience, to expand didactic capabilities of the lesson. The purpose of the article is the need to study and justify the importance of using new ICT (...) in primary school lessons, to expand the experience of e-learning in primary school. The article expands the concept of information and communication technologies and their benefits in primary school; given the rationale for conducting a lesson using ICT; the experience of e-learning in the primary school of the postmodern era is characterized. Thus, one of the priorities of the development of education in postmodern society is the professional application in all areas of information technology and e-learning, which can increase the interest of present students and improve the ability to adapt to current electronic information society. The formation of knowledge and skills in the field of computer literacy of teachers and students will be an indicator of compliance of its level with current requirements. (shrink)

This paper analyzes the problem of Western perceptions of one of the most original branches of the Russian Philosophical Renaissance that occurred at the beginning of the 20th century: namely, the so called Russian Religious Philosophy. This problem still possesses contemporary relevance, owing to the fact that Russian philosophy continues to be engaged in a search for self-identification in respect of Western philosophical contexts. The paper shows that “Russian Religious Philosophy” is perceived by Western thinkers not only as “an exotic (...) cultural phenomenon,” but also as an equal partner in a dialogue: it is considered a significant philosophical achievement, meeting all generally accepted criteria of philosophical creativity. The German Catholic philosopher Peter Ehlen’s monograph on the subject of the religious philosophy of Semyon Lyudvigovich Frank will furnish us, here, with an example of just such an approach. The author of the monograph approaches his subject as something which he himself stands in an essential connection to—something which he, as a researcher, is in a peculiar spiritual communion with. A common spiritual experience of the religious perception of reality determines both Ehlen’s interest in Frank and the specific character of the research undertaken by him. The position of researcher, expected to maintain a certain distance from his or her subject matter, is replaced by that of a co-thinker, engaged in co-experiencing and understanding in depth the ideas of the particular philosopher under examination. The result of this approach is a new synthesis created by Ehlen on the basis of Frank’s philosophy. (shrink)

У статті здійснено спробу відповісти на питання, у чому причина суперечливих оцінок філософських ідей о. Гаврила Костельника дослідниками, та з’ясувати філософський контекст його творчості. З’ясовано, що в історії вивчення творчої спадщини Г. Костельника традиційно склалися кілька позицій у визначенні його філософських поглядів. Згідно з першою, Костельника вважають неотомістом (М. Олексюк, І. Мірчук,), який звертається до досягнень позитивізму (І. Мірчук): згідно з другою, – представником української гілки Львівсько-Варшавської школи (С. Іваник); згідно з третьою – модерністом (о. О. Гірник). У першому випадку (...) для Олексюка визначальним була теза про те, що неотомізм вважався офіційною філософією католицької церкви. Спільним для Олексюка та Мірчука було визнання прагнення Костельника у своїй творчості поєднати віру та науку. Однак пристосування католицького вчення до сучасного рівня науки було характерне і для представників католицького модернізму, а тому не є переконливим доказом визнання філософських ідей мислителя як неотомістських. У другому випадку застосування методу К. Твардовського в одній із праць Костельника свідчить про його наукове зацікавлення логікою як граматикою мислення, необхідною для ведення наукових дискусій. Найбільш аргументованою є позиція о. О. Гірника. Він визначає погляди Костельника як модерністські, однак, не робить висновків про те, під впливом чиїх філософських ідей формувалася думка мислителя. Аналіз творчості Г. Костельника дає змогу припустити, що його погляди формувалися під впливом ідей А. Бергсона. Оскільки праці Бергсона, як католицького модерніста, вносилися в індекс заборонених праць, то Костельник не міг прямо посилатися на погляди філософа. Та Костельник не в усьому наслідує Бергсона. Для українського мислителя бергсоніанство – це перемога ідеалізму над матеріалізмом, тоді як сам Бергсон вважав, що його філософія долає як ідеалізм, так і матеріалізм. Зацікавлення Костельника науковими відкриттями свідчить про прагнення знайти аргументи на користь релігії. Елементи позитивізму, які можна знайти у творчості мислителя, належать до опосередкованих бергсоніанством першої та другої його позицій. В цілому Г. Костельник був ліберальним католиком. Його релігійна філософія була апологією досвіду, інтуїтивізму, віталізму, ідеалізму, критикою матеріалізму на основі сучасних йому фізики та біології. (shrink)