Results for 'Michał Kȩdra'

982 found
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  1.  50
    A Randomized Placebo-Controlled Study on the Effectiveness of the “Three Good Things for Others” Intervention.Mariola Laguna, Michał Kȩdra & Zofia Mazur-Socha - 2021 - Frontiers in Psychology 12:661336.
    The aim of our study was to test the effectiveness of the “three good things for others” intervention. We used the randomized controlled trial method, with four measurements (pretest, posttest, follow-up after 2 weeks, follow-up after 4 weeks) and with random assignment of participants to experimental and placebo control groups. We investigated the effects of the intervention on prosocial behavior, and in addition on positive and negative affect, and positive orientation (a general tendency to approach reality in a positive way). (...)
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  2. Wasted Potential: The Value of a Life and the Significance of What Could Have Been.Michal Masny - 2023 - Philosophy and Public Affairs 51 (1):6-32.
    According to the orthodox view, the goodness of a life depends exclusively on the things that actually happened within it, such as its pleasures and pains, the satisfaction of its subject’s preferences, or the presence of various objective goods and bads. In this paper, I argue that the goodness of a life also depends on what could have happened, but didn’t. I then propose that this view helps us resolve ethical puzzles concerning the standards for a life worth living for (...)
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  3.  49
    The ethics of self-tracking. A comprehensive review of the literature.Michał Wieczorek, Fiachra O’Brolchain, Yashar Saghai & Bert Gordijn - 2023 - Ethics and Behavior 33 (4):239-271.
    This paper presents a literature review on the ethics of self-tracking technologies which are utilized by users to monitor parameters related to their activity and bodily parameters. By examining a total of 65 works extracted through a systematic database search and backwards snowballing, the authors of this review discuss three categories of opportunities and ten categories of concerns currently associated with self-tracking. The former include empowerment and well-being, contribution to health goals, and solidarity. The latter are social harms, privacy and (...)
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  4.  67
    Artificial Wombs, Thomson and Abortion – What Might Change?Michal Pruski & Richard C. Playford - 2022 - Diametros 19 (73):35-53.
    Ectogenesis (artificial wombs) might soon become a reality. This paper will analyse how the development of such technologies will affect Judith Jarvis Thomson’s defence of abortion, and what the potential consequences of this will be for society. Thomson attempts to justify abortion by appealing to the mother’s right to bodily autonomy. We will argue that once these technologies have been developed, the right to abortion can no longer be justified by such appeals. As a result, when justifying abortion, Thomson-style arguments (...)
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  5. (2 other versions)Drugs and Hugs: Stimulating Moral Dispositions as a Method of Moral Enhancement.Michał Klincewicz, Lily Eva Frank & Marta Sokólska - 2018 - Royal Institute of Philosophy Supplement 83:329-350.
    Advocates of moral enhancement through pharmacological, genetic, or other direct interventions sometimes explicitly argue, or assume without argument, that traditional moral education and development is insufficient to bring about moral enhancement. Traditional moral education grounded in a Kohlbergian theory of moral development is indeed unsuitable for that task; however, the psychology of moral development and education has come a long way since then. Recent studies support the view that moral cognition is a higher-order process, unified at a functional level, and (...)
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  6.  64
    Motivation, counterfactual predictions and constraints: normativity of predictive mechanisms.Michał Piekarski - 2022 - Synthese 200 (5):1-31.
    The aim of this paper is to present the ontic approach to the normativity of cognitive functions and mechanisms, which is directly related to the understanding of biological normativity in terms of normative mechanisms. This approach assumes the hypothesis that cognitive processes contain a certain normative component independent of external attributions and researchers’ beliefs. This component consists of specific cognitive mechanisms, which I call normative. I argue that a mechanism is normative when it constitutes given actions or behaviors of a (...)
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  7.  47
    Thirty years of Artificial Intelligence and Law: overviews.Michał Araszkiewicz, Trevor Bench-Capon, Enrico Francesconi, Marc Lauritsen & Antonino Rotolo - 2022 - Artificial Intelligence and Law 30 (4):593-610.
    The first issue of _Artificial Intelligence and Law_ journal was published in 1992. This paper discusses several topics that relate more naturally to groups of papers than a single paper published in the journal: ontologies, reasoning about evidence, the various contributions of Douglas Walton, and the practical application of the techniques of AI and Law.
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  8. Healthspan extension, completeness of life and justice.Michal Masny - 2022 - Bioethics 37 (3):239-245.
    Recent progress in geroscience holds the promise of significantly slowing down or even reversing ageing and age-related diseases, and thus increasing our healthspans. In this paper, I offer a novel argument in favour of developing such technology and making it unconditionally available to everyone. In particular, I argue that justice requires that each person be provided with sufficient opportunities to have a ‘complete life’, that many people currently lack such opportunities, and that we would substantially improve the status quo by (...)
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  9. Does the Folk Concept of Phenomenal Consciousness Exist?Michał Wyrwa - 2022 - Diametros 19 (71):46-66.
    Philosophers and scientists refer to the special character of phenomenal consciousness, something supposedly obvious to all conscious persons. However, we had no empirical evidence about the folk view of consciousness until the first studies were carried out in the experimental philosophy of consciousness. According to the leading interpretation of these results, laypersons—people without academic knowledge about consciousness—do not notice the phenomenal aspect of consciousness. The aim of the article is to answer the question of whether we can trust these results. (...)
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  10.  31
    The problem of logical form: Wittgenstein and Leibniz.Michał Piekarski - 2020 - Studia Philosophiae Christianae 56 (S1):63-84.
    The article is an attempt at explaining the category of logical form used by Ludwig Wittgenstein in his Tractatus logico-philosophicus by using concepts from Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz’s The Monadology. There are many similarities and analogies between those works, and the key concept for them is the category of the inner and acknowledged importance of consideration based on basic categories of thinking about the world. The Leibnizian prospect allows for a broader look at Wittgenstein’s analysis of the relation between propositions and (...)
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  11. Is forensic science in crisis?Michał Sikorski - 2022 - Synthese 200 (3):1-34.
    The results of forensic science are believed to be reliable, and are widely used in support of verdicts around the world. However, due to the lack of suitable empirical studies, we actually know very little about the reliability of such results. In this paper, I argue that phenomena analogous to the main culprits for the replication crisis in psychology are also present in forensic science. Therefore forensic results are significantly less reliable than is commonly believed. I conclude that in order (...)
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  12.  25
    Roman Ingarden’s Problems with Avant-garde Music.Michal Lipták - 2020 - Estetika: The European Journal of Aesthetics 50 (2):187.
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  13. Rethinking the Acceptability and Probability of Indicative Conditionals.Michał Sikorski - 2022 - In Stefan Kaufmann, Over David & Ghanshyam Sharma, Conditionals: Logic, Linguistics and Psychology. Palgrave-Macmillan.
    The chapter is devoted to the probability and acceptability of indicative conditionals. Focusing on three influential theses, the Equation, Adams’ thesis, and the qualitative version of Adams’ thesis, Sikorski argues that none of them is well supported by the available empirical evidence. In the most controversial case of the Equation, the results of many studies which support it are, at least to some degree, undermined by some recent experimental findings. Sikorski discusses the Ramsey Test, and Lewis’s triviality proof, with special (...)
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  14.  28
    Existential Values and Insights in Western and Eastern Management: Approaches to Managerial Self-Development.Michal Müller & Jaroslava Kubátová - 2022 - Philosophy of Management 21 (2):219-243.
    Continual pressure on managers, their efficiency, and the need to search for novel solutions to problems can lead to psychologically demanding situations. In efforts to understand the main obstacles to work and to effectively manage work-related processes, and in the need to achieve personal development, new approaches that are based on existential philosophies emerge. The aim of this article is to highlight the ways in which existential approaches have been used or discussed in management and to show that existential themes (...)
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  15.  13
    One or many normativities?Michał Piekarski - 2019 - Studia Philosophiae Christianae 54 (1):5.
    The aim of the present investigation is to sketch a new approach to analysing normativity. First I locate the problem of normativity in the landscape of contemporary philosophy and focus on the dispute between naturalism and antinaturalism. Then I discuss the so-called top-down approach to studying normativity, to which I oppose the bottom-up approach inspired by contemporary philosophy of science. I see the integration of these approaches as enabling investigations of normative phenomena that do not reduce them to just one (...)
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  16. Quality Space Model of Temporal Perception.Michal Klincewicz - 2010 - Lecture Notes in Computer Science 6789 (Multidisciplinary Aspects of Tim):230-245.
    Quality Space Theory is a holistic model of qualitative states. On this view, individual mental qualities are defined by their locations in a space of relations, which reflects a similar space of relations among perceptible properties. This paper offers an extension of Quality Space Theory to temporal perception. Unconscious segmentation of events, the involvement of early sensory areas, and asymmetries of dominance in multi-modal perception of time are presented as evidence for the view.
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  17.  50
    The right to choose to abort an abortion: should pro-choice advocates support abortion pill reversal?Michal Pruski, Dominic Whitehouse & Steven Bow - 2022 - The New Bioethics 28 (3):252-267.
    Abortion pill reversal treatment aims to halt an initiated medical abortion, wherein a pregnant woman takes progesterone after having taken the first of the two consecutive abortion pills, ty...
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  18.  43
    Alta Fixsler: Medico-legal Paternalism in UK Paediatric Best Interest Decisions.Michal Pruski - 2022 - Issues in Law and Medicine 37 (1):81-93.
    The case of Alta Fixsler, where a judge ruled that withdrawing life sustaining care was in her best interest rather than transferring her to Israel, as her parents wanted, is the latest in a series of controversial paediatric best interest decisions. Using this case, as well as some other recent cases, I argue that the UK exhibits a high degree of medico-legal paternalism in best interest decisions, even though paternalism seems to be ubiquitously negatively perceived in medical ethics. Firstly, I (...)
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  19.  11
    Two arguments supporting the thesis of the predictive nature of reasons for action.Michał Piekarski - 2019 - Studia Philosophiae Christianae 54 (1):93.
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  20. Natural law ethics and the issue of legal change.Michal Rupniewski - 2019 - In Maciej Chmieliński & Michał Rupniewski, The Philosophy of Legal Change: Theoretical Perspectives and Practical Processes. New York: Routledge.
     
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  21. Public reason, background culture, and the justification of legal change.Michal Rupniewski - 2019 - In Maciej Chmieliński & Michał Rupniewski, The Philosophy of Legal Change: Theoretical Perspectives and Practical Processes. New York: Routledge.
     
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  22. Od kosmografii do \"systemu świata\". Rosyjska kosmologia wieku Oświecenia.Tatiana W. Artiemjewa & Michał J. Mikeszin - 2009 - Zagadnienia Filozoficzne W Nauce 45.
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  23.  14
    Memory, Identity and Cognition: Explorations in Culture and Communication.Jacek Mianowski, Michał Borodo & Paweł Schreiber (eds.) - 2019 - Cham: Imprint: Springer.
    The book analyses a variety of topics and current issues in linguistics and literary studies, focusing especially on such aspects as memory, identity and cognition. Firstly, it discusses the notion of memory and the idea of reimagining, as well as coming to terms with the past. Secondly, it studies the relationship between perception, cognition and language use. It then investigates a variety of practices of language users, language learners and translators, such as the use of borrowings from hip-hop and slang. (...)
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  24.  13
    The care of the witness: a contemporary history of testimony in crises.Michal Givoni - 2016 - New York, New York: Cambridge University Press.
    My preoccupation with witnessing mutated through several phases before it turned into the book you are holding. It germinated while I was writing my PhD dissertation at the Cohn Institute for the History and Philosophy of Science and Ideas at Tel Aviv University, when the gulf between the theory of testimony that so enchanted contemporary thinking around the ethics of memory on the one hand, and the humanitarian practice of witnessing I was studying on the other, first struck me as (...)
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  25. Time, Unity, and Conscious Experience.Michal Klincewicz - 2013 - Dissertation, Cuny Graduate Center
    In my dissertation I critically survey existing theories of time consciousness, and draw on recent work in neuroscience and philosophy to develop an original theory. My view depends on a novel account of temporal perception based on the notion of temporal qualities, which are mental properties that are instantiated whenever we detect change in the environment. When we become aware of these temporal qualities in an appropriate way, our conscious experience will feature the distinct temporal phenomenology that is associated with (...)
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  26.  59
    John Paul II’s legacy as a resource for fighting totalitarianism: Slovak experience.Michal Valco, Peter Šturák, Martina Pavlíková & Gabriel Paľa - 2020 - Philosophia: International Journal of Philosophy (Philippine e-journal) 21 (Special Issue).
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  27. Introduction to mathematical logic.Michał Walicki - 2012 - Hackensack, NJ: World Scientific.
    A history of logic -- Patterns of reasoning -- A language and its meaning -- A symbolic language -- 1850-1950 mathematical logic -- Modern symbolic logic -- Elements of set theory -- Sets, functions, relations -- Induction -- Turning machines -- Computability and decidability -- Propositional logic -- Syntax and proof systems -- Semantics of PL -- Soundness and completeness -- First order logic -- Syntax and proof systems of FOL -- Semantics of FOL -- More semantics -- Soundness and (...)
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  28. The Ramsey Test and Evidential Support Theory.Michał Sikorski - 2022 - Journal of Logic, Language and Information 31 (3):493-504.
    The Ramsey Test is considered to be the default test for the acceptability of indicative conditionals. I will argue that it is incompatible with some of the recent developments in conceptualizing conditionals, namely the growing empirical evidence for the _Relevance Hypothesis_. According to the hypothesis, one of the necessary conditions of acceptability for an indicative conditional is its antecedent being positively probabilistically relevant for the consequent. The source of the idea is _Evidential Support Theory_ presented in Douven (2008). I will (...)
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  29.  25
    Strongly dominating sets of reals.Michal Dečo & Miroslav Repický - 2013 - Archive for Mathematical Logic 52 (7-8):827-846.
    We analyze the structure of strongly dominating sets of reals introduced in Goldstern et al. (Proc Am Math Soc 123(5):1573–1581, 1995). We prove that for every κ (...)
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  30. A Probabilistic Truth-Conditional Semantics for Indicative Conditionals.Michał Sikorski - 2022 - Semiotic Studies 35 (2):69-87.
    In my article, I present a new version of a probabilistic truth prescribing semantics for natural language indicative conditionals. The proposed truth conditions can be paraphrased as follows: an indicative conditional is true if the corresponding conditional probability is high and the antecedent is positively probabilistically relevant for the consequent or the probability of the antecedent of the conditional equals 0. In the paper, the truth conditions are defended and some of the logical properties of the proposed semantics are described.
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  31.  26
    Limity reprezentácie: Charles Sanders Peirce a Nelson Goodman o reprezentácii.Michal šedík - 2021 - Filozofia 76 (8):608-623.
  32.  21
    Korupcja Wyborcza Jako Problem Etyczny Ze Szczególnym Uwzględnieniem Stanowiska Personalistycznego.Michał Stachurski - 2022 - Humanistyka I Przyrodoznawstwo 28:165-177.
    W państwach, które określają się demokratycznymi, są takie cykliczne momenty, które mobilizują sporą część społeczeństwa. Mobilizacja ta widoczna jest w różnych obszarach, które dotyczą przestrzeni publicznej: w jednostkach samorządu terytorialnego, w organach władzy samorządowej i centralnej, w środkach społecznego przekazu, we wspólnotach religijnych itd. Ta pewnego rodzaju „nadaktywność” wynika z tego, iż w porządku demokratycznym władze są wybierane przez lud poprzez akt wyborczy. Doświadczenie życiowe oraz przykład polskiej demokracji po 1989 r. pokazuje, iż powyższe założenia w przeważającej części nie zawsze (...)
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  33.  10
    Wiedza -- wiara, racjonalność: Jana Franciszka Drewnowskiego program logizującej modernizacji myśli filozoficzno-teologicznej = Knowledge -- faith -- rationality: Jan Franciszek Drewnowski's program of logicizing modernization of the philosophical-theological thought.Michał Adamczyk - 2015 - Lublin: Towarzystwo Naukowe Katolickiego Uniwersytetu Lubelskiego Jana Pawła II.
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  34.  10
    Aksjologiczny wymiar prawa.Michał Dudek & Mateusz Stępień (eds.) - 2015 - Kraków: Zakład Wydawniczy "Nomos".
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  35.  24
    The European Union’s axiological credo and morality policy tensions.Michał Gierycz - 2017 - Studia Philosophiae Christianae 51 (3):159.
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  36.  24
    Tomasz z Akwinu i widmo ukrytego nominalizmu.Michał Głowala - 2022 - Roczniki Filozoficzne 70 (3):325-346.
    W artykule dyskutuję z interpretacją tomistycznej teorii uniwersaliów w książce Pawła Rojka Tropy i uniwersalia. Badania ontologiczne w kontekście problematyki „ukrytego nominalizmu”. Stawiam sobie w nim trzy cele. (i) Proponuję uściślenie definicji powszechnika, pozwalające bronić zasadniczych tez Pawła Rojka dotyczących ukrytego nominalizmu; (ii) pokazuję, że zaproponowana przez Pawła Rojka interpretacja Akwinaty sama popada w ukryty nominalizm; (iii) proponuję, w oparciu o teorię triplex status naturae Awicenny, inne odczytanie tomistycznej teorii uniwersaliów, które wydaje mi się unikać pułapki ukrytego nominalizmu.
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  37.  16
    Ideals and ideats.Michał Heller & Janusz Mączka - 2022 - Zagadnienia Filozoficzne W Nauce 72:203-212.
    The original view of Joseph Życiński, presented in his book _The Structure of the Metascientific Revolution _(1988), boils down to the observation that almost before our eyes a great revolution took place, not in science, but in the philosophy of science, that is the meta-scientific revolution. His concept of the meta-scientific revolution grew out of his fascination with the revolution that took place in the foundations of mathematics in the first decades of the twentieth century. Whether a change in science (...)
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  38.  20
    Joseph Życiński’s struggle with the language about God.Michał Heller - 2022 - Zagadnienia Filozoficzne W Nauce 72:109-125.
    In the two-volume work _Theism and the Analytical Philosophy _(1985; 1988a) Joseph Życiński took up the challenge of renewing Christian metaphysics so that it could appear as a full-fledged partner in the dialogue with other streams of contemporary philosophy. This renewal should use two sources: the methodological principles of analytic philosophy, especially its philosophy of language, and certain elements of Whitehead’s process philosophy. This study presents a critical reconstruction of Życiński’s arguments contained in the first two chapters of (1985), which (...)
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  39.  19
    Constituent power in the European Union.Michal Matlak - 2024 - Contemporary Political Theory 23 (2):323-326.
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  40.  22
    Bell-Type Inequalities from the Perspective of Non-Newtonian Calculus.Michał Piotr Piłat - 2024 - Foundations of Science 29 (2):441-457.
    A class of quantum probabilities is reformulated in terms of non-Newtonian calculus and projective arithmetic. The model generalizes spin-1/2 singlet state probabilities discussed in Czachor (Acta Physica Polonica:139 70–83, 2021) to arbitrary spins _s_. For ss\rightarrow \infty the formalism reduces to ordinary arithmetic and calculus. Accordingly, the limit “non-Newtonian to Newtonian” becomes analogous to the classical limit of a quantum theory.
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  41. Mechanizmy predykcyjne i ich normatywność [Predictive mechanisms and their normativity].Michał Piekarski - 2020 - Warszawa, Polska: Liberi Libri.
    The aim of this study is to justify the belief that there are biological normative mechanisms that fulfill non-trivial causal roles in the explanations (as formulated by researchers) of actions and behaviors present in specific systems. One example of such mechanisms is the predictive mechanisms described and explained by predictive processing (hereinafter PP), which (1) guide actions and (2) shape causal transitions between states that have specific content and fulfillment conditions (e.g. mental states). Therefore, I am guided by a specific (...)
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  42.  16
    Juraj Halas: Abstrakcia a idealizácia.Michal Valach - 2019 - Filozofia 74 (9):785-789.
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  43.  9
    Metanaukowy kontekst problemu „brakującego ogniwa”.Michał Jakub Wagner - 2018 - Studia Philosophiae Christianae 52 (2):131.
    W pracy tej podejmowane jest zagadnienie form przejściowych ewolucji biologicznej w jej najbardziej znanej formie, czyli problemu „brakującego ogniwa”. Problem ten często pojawiający się w rozważaniach wczesnych darwinistów, został całkowicie zarzucony przez współczesnych ewolucjonistów. Zniknięcie kwestii brakującego ogniwa z zainteresowań współczesnej biologii tłumaczy się tym, iż poszukiwane formy przejściowe zostały już odnalezione. Sam zaś problem uważa się za nieistotny, gdyż spowodowany niekorzystnym wpływem różnych czynników pozanaukowych. Celem pracy jest wskazanie przyczyn, które doprowadziły do zmiany sposobu postrzegania owej problematyki. Szczególna uwaga (...)
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  44.  14
    Projekt „teologii” ewolucyjnej Edwarda D. Cope’a.Michał Wagner - 2021 - Studia Philosophiae Christianae 57 (2):101-124.
    Edward Dinker Cope (1840-1897) był jednym z najbardziej wpływowych przyrodników XIX wieku, który doprowadził do rozwoju amerykańskiej paleontologii oraz popularyzacji teorii ewolucji Lamarcka. Teorię tę rozwinął pod postacią autorskiej koncepcji psycholamarkizmu. Jednym z pomijanych wątków jego biografii są jego poglądy filozoficzne. Zdaniem Cope’a teologia naturalna powinna zostać zreformowana przez wprowadzenie do niej nowych założeń filozoficznych, zgodnych z formującą się nauką ewolucjonizmu. Cope proponował stworzenie nowej „teologii”, która miała się opierać na jego koncepcji ewolucji kierowanej świadomością, jak również doborem naturalnym. W (...)
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  45. Sefer Ḳitsur "Shene luḥot ha-berit": ʻim mahadura batra: heʻteḳ hanhagot ṭovot ṿi-yesharot: asher yaʻaśeh otam ha-adam ba-ʻolam ha-zeh ṿe-yokhal ha-perot ṿe-ḥai bahem la-ʻolam ha-ba, le-hanot mi-ziṿ Yotser ha-Meʼorot: ʻim hagahot ṿe-ḥidushe dinim mi-sefarim ḥadashim ṿe-gam yeshanim... mah she-lo nimtsa ba-sefer ha-neḥmad Shene luḥot ha-berit.Jehiel Michal ben Abraham Epstein - 1998 - Ashdod: Otsar ha-Sefarim. Edited by Izráel Welcz, Avraham Mordekhai Alberṭ & Isaiah Horowitz.
     
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  46.  51
    Limits of the foreign language effect: intertemporal choice.Michał Białek, Artur Domurat, Mariola Paruzel-Czachura & Rafał Muda - 2022 - Thinking and Reasoning 28 (1):97-124.
    Intertemporal choice requires one to decide between smaller sooner and larger later payoffs and is captured by discount rates. Across two preregistered experiments testing three language pairs (Polish vs. English, Spanish, and German; Experiment 1) and with incentivized participants (Experiment 2), we found no evidence that using a foreign language decreased the strength or increased the consistency of intertemporal choices. On the contrary, there was some evidence of stronger discounting when a foreign language was used. We confirmed prior findings that (...)
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  47. (1 other version)What does the 'bedrock' of rules consist of?: Mcdowell on Kripke's and Wright's interpretation of Wittgenstein.Sládeček Michal - forthcoming - Theoria 55 (4):5-20.
  48.  88
    (1 other version)Reducing the dauer larva: molecular models of biological phenomena in Caenorhabditis elegans research.Michal Arciszewski - 2013 - Synthese 190 (18):4155-4179.
    One important aspect of biological explanation is detailed causal modeling of particular phenomena in limited experimental background conditions. Recognising this allows one to appreciate that a sufficient condition for a reduction in biology is a molecular model of (1) only the demonstrated causal parameters of a biological model and (2) only within a replicable experimental background. These identities—which are ubiquitous in biology and form the basis of ruthless reductions (Bickle, Philosophy and neuroscience: a ruthlessly reductive account, 2003)—are criticised as merely (...)
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  49. Filozofia fizyki przed nowym millenium.Michał Heller - 1996 - Filozofia Nauki 2.
    Physics is inseparably connected with western philosophy. From the seventieth century, physics began to play the role similar to that of ontology. Moreover, many notions and problems moved from philosophy to physics. That way it came into being something that is now called „philosophy in physics”. It means that some traditional philosophical questions, like for example the problem of individualization, emerge in physics in a new, exact and mathematical form. Therefore, physics will in the future become gradually philosophy.
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  50. Granice czasu, przestrzeni i prawdopodobieństwa.Michał Heller - 2008 - Filozofia Nauki 3.
    Space, time and probabilities not only form the arena of many physical theories, but also the arena of our everyday life. Therefore, the problem of their ontological status becomes even more interesting. It seems that this problem cannot be solved before we have the final physical theory ("theory of everything"). However, various methods of looking for such a theory lead to converging results, and are able to elucidate the problem in question. We analyze noncommutative algebraic methods, and show that, when (...)
     
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