Aristote’s meson according to the Hölderlin’s Remarks on Sophocles The first two parts of the Remarks on Oedipus and later on Antigone (1804) form what Hölderlin calls a “point of contact” with an author : 1) Hegel ; 2) Aristote. The Naturphilosophie revisited by Hölderlin leads to elucidate very concretely the structure of the Sophocles tragedies : the “middle” — concept issued from the Poetics — is a “point of indifference” — concept issued from Schelling and Hegel’s “speculative physics”— between (...) the beginning and the end. The “caesura” (word of Tirésias), major discovery of Hölderlin, is structurally necessary as heterogeneous representation in Sophocles’ texts to bring to light the said middle, otherwise imperceptible. The Remarks, as analysed in the present article, disassemble the Poetics piece by piece to rebuild an extraordinary thought of the tragedy. Aristote would have sought to exceed, to really raise the moment of the “middle”, thus prefiguring the Hegelian dialectics. Yet Hölderlin will strongly oppose this suppression of meson. (shrink)

We give a review of recent progress on the application of the relativistic chiral SU(3) Lagrangian to meson–baryon scattering. It is shown that a combined chiral and 1/Nc expansion of the Bethe–Salpeter interaction kernel leads to a good description of the kaon–nucleon, antikaon–nucleon and pion–nucleon scattering data typically up to laboratory momenta of p lab ≃500 MeV. We solve the covariant coupled channel Bethe–Salpeter equation with the interaction kernel truncated to chiral order Q 3 where we include only those terms (...) which are leading in the large Nc limit of QCD. (shrink)

Recent proposals to test Bell’s inequalities with entangled pairs of pseudoscalar mesons are reviewed. This includes pairs of neutral kaons or B-mesons and offers some hope to close both the locality and the detection loopholes. Specific difficulties, however, appear thus invalidating most of those proposals. The best option requires the use of kaon regeneration effects and could lead to a successful test if moderate K0 and k̄0 detection efficiencies are achieved.

By the application of a linear mass spectrum to a composite system of both the pseudoscalar and scalar meson nonets, we find three relations for the masses of the scalar states which suggest the $q\bar q$ assignment for the scalar meson nonet a0(1320), K 0 * (1430), f0(1500), and f0 ′(980).

아리스토텔레스의 중용 개념이 그의 윤리이론을 이해하기 위한 핵심 요소라는 것은 자명하다. 그러나 이 중용 개념을 어떻게 이해해야 하는가에 관하여서는 여전히 논란이 있다. 이 글은 그러한 논의들 중에서 주로 영미권의 학자들 사이에서 시도되는 소위 중용의 ‘설명적 우선성(explanatory priority)’에 관한 논란에 참여하고자 한다. 넓게 보면 이 글의 논의는 ‘반응우선성 논지’와 ‘상태우선성 논지’라는 두 입장에 관한 것이다. 전자의 입장은 아리스토텔레스가 언급하는 중용 개념의 본질적 의미가 중용의 구체적 예시 즉 중용의 개별적 행위와 감정의 차원에서 잘 드러난다고 주장하며, 중용의 설명적 우선성이 탁월한 사람의 개별적 행위와 (...) 감정, 통칭하여, 반응(response)에 있다는 입장이다. 반면, 후자의 입장은 그 중용의 본질적 의미가 탁월한 사람의 개별적 행위나 감정이 아닌 성격(ethos) 자체에 즉 그의 영혼의 상태(hexis)에 있다고 주장하며 문제의 ‘설명적 우선성’이 ‘상태’에 내재한다고 보는 입장이다.BR이 글은 기본적으로 상태우선성 논지를 옹호하는 입장에 있긴 하지만, 그렇다고 해서 반웅우선성 논지를 직접적으로 논박하기 위한 것은 아니다. 우리는 상태우선성 논지를 옹호하기 위한 소위 ‘긍정 논증’을 시도할 것인데, 그 시도는 다소 우회적 방식을 통해 이루어질 것이다. 왜냐하면, 우리는 아리스토텔레스의 중용 개념과 관련하여 자주 다루어지는 대표적 구문들은 아니지만, 그 중용 개념의 본질적 의미와 아리스토텔레스의 ‘상태우선적 경향’을 파악할 수 있는 다른 중요한 구문이 있음을 주목해야 한다고 생각하기 때문이다. 그 구문들은 각각 ‘우리와 관련된 중간(to meson pros hemas)’에 관한 구문(EN2.6, 1106a27∼6b7), 중용의 부사적 표현인 mesōs가 언급되는 구문들(EN3.7, 1116a4-7, EN2.5,;1105b27∼28,;EN3,11.1119a11∼21), 마지막으로 탁월한 사람에 대한 일종의 보상인 ‘칭찬’에 관한 여러 구문들이다. 이 구문들에 대한 분석을 통해 우리는 ‘상태로서의 중용’을 ‘본질적 중용’으로 여기는 아리스토텔레스의 의중을 파악하고, 상태우선성 논지를 ‘측면 지원’할 수 있는 유의미한 논의를 제시할 수 있을 것이다. (shrink)

Examining the process of action at a distance, we arrive at the following conclusions: (a) The virtual photons and mesons transmitting Coulomb and nuclear forces, respectively, do not arise from “temporary violations of energy conservation,” but, on the contrary, exactly embody the potential energy corresponding to the relevant forceF that they transmit on their collision with the charged particles or nucleons via the formula Δp=FΔt. (b) In the case of an attractive force, the energy of these photons and (...) class='Hi'>mesons is negative. The way this comes about is made clear by a more detailed investigation of Feynman's notion of “traveling backward in time.” (c) The action corresponding to, e.g., a virtual photon's appearance is exactly one quantumh, which fact is responsible for the unobservability of such photons. Some consequences of the revised conception of potential energy for, e.g., the tunnel and the Bohm-Aharonov effect are mentioned. (shrink)

The theoretical description of particle decay by a single particle theory requires the use of a probability density in time that is not present in conventional theories. The problem of single particle decay is consistently described here within the context of a single particle, relativistic dynamical theory. We derive experimentally testable differences between the standard model and Relativistic Dynamics for a two-state system: the neutral K-meson (K 0) system. We show that the estimate of mass difference between the two states (...) is theory dependent. (shrink)

Many beautiful experiments have been addressed to test standard quantum mechanics against local realistic models. Even if a strong evidence favouring standard quantum mechanics is emerged, a conclusive experiment is still lacking, because of low detection efficiencies. Recently, experiments based on pseudoscalar mesons have been proposed as a way for obtaining a conclusive experiment. In this paper, we investigate if this result can effectively be obtained. Our conclusions, based on a careful analysis of the proposed set ups, are that (...) this will not be possible due to intrinsic limitations of these kind of experiments. (shrink)

An effective formalism is developed to handle decaying two-state systems. Herewith, observables of such systems can be described by a single operator in the Heisenberg picture. This allows for using the usual framework in quantum information theory and, hence, to enlighten the quantum features of such systems compared to non-decaying systems. We apply it to systems in high energy physics, i.e. to oscillating meson–antimeson systems. In particular, we discuss the entropic Heisenberg uncertainty relation for observables measured at different times at (...) accelerator facilities including the effect of \documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$\mathcal{CP}$\end{document} violation, i.e. the imbalance of matter and antimatter. An operator-form of Bell inequalities for systems in high energy physics is presented, i.e. a Bell-witness operator, which allows for simple analysis of unstable systems. (shrink)

Collapse models predict the spontaneous collapse of the wave function, in order to avoid the emergence of macroscopic superpositions. In their mass-dependent formulation, they claim that the collapse of any system’s wave function depends on its mass. Neutral K, D, B mesons are oscillating systems that are given by Nature as superposition of two distinct mass eigenstates. Thus they are unique laboratory for testing collapse models that are sensitive to the mass. In this paper we derive—for the single (...) class='Hi'>mesons and bipartite entangled mesons—the effect of the mass-proportional CSL (Continuous Spontaneous Localization) collapse model on the dynamics on neutral mesons. We compare the theoretical prediction with experimental data from different accelerator facilities. (shrink)

이 글은 아리스토텔레스 『니코마코스 윤리학』에서 언급되는 ‘우리에 관한 중용(to meson pros hemas)’ 개념에 대한 논의이다. 아리스토텔레스의 해당 ‘중용’ 개념과 관련하여 오래된 논쟁이 하나 있는데, 그것은 아리스토텔레스의 중용론에 대한 소위 중도론(Doctrine of Moderation)적 입장과 적절론(Doctrine of Appropriateness)적 입장간의 논쟁으로 도식화할 수 있다. 전자는 아리스토텔레스의 중용 개념이 양극단의 행위와 감정의 속성을 포함할 수 없다는 방식으로 아리스토텔레스의 중용론을 이해하려는 입장이다. 이 입장은 중용적 행위와 감정 즉 성격적 탁월함의 소유자의 행위와 감정은 어쨌든 과도함과 모자람 사이의 어떤 지점일 수 밖에 없다는 주장을 한다. 반면, 후자 (...) 즉 적절론적 입장은 행위와 감정의 양 혹은 정도는 아리스토텔레스가 중요하게 언급하는 중용 개념에 직접적 연관이 없다는 주장이다. 말하자면, 성격적 탁월함의 행위와 감정이 반드시 중도적이야 하는 필연적 이유는 없다는 것이다. 이 글은 이 엄슨(J. O. Urmson)의 적절론적 해석과 중도론에 대한 그의 비판의 맹점을 제시하면서, 중도론적 입장이 상대적으로 더 나은 해석임을 주장하는 방향으로 논의를 진행한다. (shrink)

The parametrized Duffin–Kemmer–Petiau wave equation is formulated for many relativistic particles of spin-0 or spin-1. The first-quantized formulation lacks the fields of creation and annihilation operators which satisfy commutation relations subject to causality conditions, and which are essential to the Quantum Field Theoretic proof of the spin-statistics connection. It is instead proved that the wavefunctions for identical particles must be symmetric by extension of the nonrelativistic argument of Jabs. The causal commutators of Quantum Field Theory restrict entanglement to separations of (...) the order of the Compton wavelength \. The entanglement manifest in the symmetric Duffin–Kemmer–Petiau wavefunctions is unrestricted. (shrink)

Many decades ago Patrick Suppes argued rather convincingly that theoretical hypotheses are not confronted with the direct, raw results of an experiment, rather, they are typically compared with models of data. What exactly is a data model however? And how do the interactions of particles at the subatomic scale give rise to the huge volumes of data that are then moulded into a polished data model? The aim of this paper is to answer these questions by presenting a detailed case (...) study of the construction of data models at the LHCb for testing Lepton Flavour Universality in rare decays of B-mesons. The close examination of the scientific practice at the LHCb leads to the following four main conclusions: raw data in their pure form are practically useless for the comparison of experimental results with theory, and processed data are in some cases epistemically more reliable, real and simulated data are involved in the co-production of the final data model and cannot be easily distinguished, theory-ladenness emerges at three different levels depending on the scope and the purpose for which background theory guides the overall experimental process and the overall process of acquiring and analysing data in high energy physics is too complicated to be fully captured by a generic methodological description of the experimental practice. (shrink)

I explore and develop the idea that (NA) knowledge is non-accidentally true belief. The applicable notion of non-accidentality differs from that of ‘epistemic luck’ discussed by Pritchard. Safety theories may be seen as a refinement of, or substitute for, NA but they are subject to a fundamental difficulty. At the same time, NA needs to be adjusted in order to cope with two counterexamples. The Light Switch Case turns on the ‘directionof-fit’ between a belief and the facts, while the Meson (...) Case concerns knowledge of nomological necessities. A proposed revision to NA is: (ENA) S knows that P when S’s belief that P is non-accidentally true because (i) it is based on good evidence, and (ii) in and of themselves, beliefs based on good evidence tend to be true. ‘knowledge-as-credit’ accounts have been offered as an alternative way of sharpening NA. I argue that such accounts face serious objections that don’t apply to ENA. Finally, I take up Lackey’s worry that the credit-based approach mishandles knowledge via testimony. ENA faces no difficulty on that score, which counts in its favor. (shrink)

Summary The mesotrons, or mesons, were the first elementary particles observed to be inherently unstable. This essay offers a reconstruction of the stream of researches related to mesotron decay, and examines how these researches shaped some of the basic concepts and practices of the emerging field of particle physics. Mass measurements could not settle the question of whether the mesons were a homogeneous kind of particles or an assortment of particles with different masses. The assumption of a single (...) mass prevailed not on experimental grounds but because the mesons were identified tentatively with the carriers of the nuclear force according to a theory formulated by Hideki Yukawa. The identification gained currency because it entailed the prediction of meson decay, and thereby upheld the promise of a unified explanation of nuclear and cosmic-ray phenomena. In turn, the observation of decay and the measurement of the mean lifetime created the conditions for investigating the nuclear interactions of mesons at rest. Interest in these interactions was heightened, immediately after WWII, by the prospect of building and using accelerators to acquire knowledge about fundamental nuclear processes. Using decay to study nuclear capture, however, led to the realization that there exist not only different kinds of mesons but also two nuclear forces. (shrink)

The definition of mass as a random variable is applied to the study of the decay rates. A decay is assumed possible when the fluctuation of the Gaussian variables involved makes a definite relation satisfied. Computing the probability of this process leads to the determination of the decay amplitude. This calculation, unified for baryons and mesons, is worked out in the lower and medium spectrum (up to2000 MeV for baryons and mesons), and fits to≈20 MeV the accurate measurements (...) of width and branching ratios. (shrink)

Considering only exchange forces, the binding energies and excited states of nuclei up to 24 Mg are predicted to within charge independence, and there is no reason why the model should not be extended to cover all of the elements. A comparison of theory with experiment shows that the energy of one exchange is 2.56 MeV. Moreover, there is an attractive well of depth 30 MeV, corresponding to the helium nucleus, before exchange forces become operative. A possible explanation of the (...) origin of mesons is also presented. (shrink)

In 1986 Ephraim Fischbach, Sam Aronson, and Carrick Talmadge proposed a modification of Newton’s law of universal gravitation. This modification changed the gravitational potential from V = −Gm1m2∕r to V = [1 + αe−r∕λ] where α, the strength of the interaction, was approximately one percent and the range of the force λ was approximately 100 meters. This additional term was known as the Fifth Force. This suggestion was based on tantalizing evidence provided by a reanalysis of the Eötvös experiment, an (...) early test of the equivalence principle, a difference between the measured value of G, the gravitational constant, as determined by laboratory measurements and those performed in mineshafts, and a small energy dependence in the CP-violating parameters in K0-meson decay. The two initial measurements of the Fifth Force disagreed. One supported its existence and the other did not. How this discrepancy was resolved and the subsequent history of experiments on the Fifth Force will be discussed. By 1990 the consensus was that such a Fifth Force did not exist. Despite that judgment, work continued, and the more recent history of the Fifth Force is also discussed. The consensus remains that there is no Fifth Force. (shrink)

Relativistic mean field theory with mesons σ, ω, π and ρ mediating interactions and nucleons as basic fermions has been very successful in describing nuclear matter and finite nuclei. However, in heavy-ion collisions, where the c. m. energy of two colliding nucleons will be in the hundreds of GeV region, nucleons are not expected to behave as point-like particles. Analyses of elastic pp and ¯pp scattering data in the relevant c. m. energy range show that the nucleon is a (...) composite object—a topological soliton or Skyrmion embedded in a condensed quark-antiquark ground state. Against this backdrop, we formulate an effective field theory model of nuclear matter based on the gauged linear σ-model where quarks are the basic fermions, but the mesons still mediate the interactions. The model describes the nucleon as a Skyrmion and produces a q¯q ground state analogous to a superconducting ground state. Quarks are quasi-particles in this ground state. When the temperature exceeds a critical value, the scalar field in the ground state vanishes, quarks become massless, and a chiral phase transition occurs leading to chiral symmetry restoration. We explore the possibility of a first order phase transition in this model by introducing suitable self-interactions of the scalar field. Internal structures of the Skyrmions are ignored, and they are treated as point-like fermions. (shrink)

Barut showed us how it is possible to get a Poincaré invariant n-body equation with a single time. Starting from the Barut equation for n-free particles, we show how to generalize it when they interact through Dirac oscillators with different frequencies. We then particularize the problem to n=2 and consider the particle-antiparticle system whose frequencies are respectively ω and −ω. We indicate how the resulting equation can be solved by perturbation theory, though the spectrum and its comparison with that of (...) the mesons will be given in another publication. (shrink)

Since the 20th century the quantum physics has shown various phenomena, judged as “seldom and not easily understandable” by the theories of classic physics. From the beginning of the “Kopenhagener Deutung,” Einstein claimed against Heisenberg, Bohr, etc. that the particle physics lacks “physical reality.” A number of physicists have tried to clarify the labyrinth of particle as a minimal substance in the phenomena of the micro world. The entanglement of the “double particle” emitted from a π-meson in its teleportation is (...) one of those phenomena. However, a successful new thesis has also become a target for the antithesis by deputies. Even if the “uncertainty” of an emitted light quantum that is received by the detector “either as a particle or as wave” has been reduced in our time by using probability calculations and new experimental physical facilities, the principal character of particles based on the “uncertainty relation” has not been changed. Although Heisenberg’s formula of the uncertainty relation could be “renewed” by completing certain operational components substituted by some physicists, the fundamental reality of phenomena of particle physics remain: The “physical reality” manifested by Einstein based on his glorious success of the Special and General Theory of Relativity cannot be valid in the micro-world phenomena.Pietschmann, a well-known theoretical physicist in Vienna, and Hashi, a philosopher teaching and researching interdisciplinary philosophy in Vienna, highlight the essential problems of particle physics and clarify them in regards to ontological and epistemological aspects. The dialogue has its origin in the hypothesis that the particle physics needs a logical interpretation with completely new ontological principles. In addition, the fundamental ontology of Mahayana Buddhist philosophy and its further development to rational philosophy of East Asia has various indications and contributions for an ontological epistemology of particle physics. (shrink)

RésuméLa notion de «rationalité de l'Univers » a varié au cours du temps, le long dialogue de l'esprit et de la nature ayant toujours abouti à ce que Le Roy appelait « l'évolution de l'évidence et la plasticité de la raison ».L'échec de l'explication mécanique de l'Univers a conduit James Jeans à déclarer que le monde ressemble plutôt « à une grande pensée » qu'à une grande machine », car on ne peut en donner qu'une description mathématique. En réalité, la (...) physique moderne n'est ni plus ni moins mathématique que l'ancienne; elle est seulement plus générale. James Jeans confond les mathématiques pures et les mathématiques appliquées.Eddington prétend déduire les lois générales et les constantes physiques de la nature de considérations épistémologiques a priori. C'est un retour à Kant. Malheureusement les postulate dont il part comme évidents n'ont point paru tels au XVIIe siècle et n'ont été admis que sous la contrainte de l'expérience. Sa théorie ne prévoit ni les neutrons ni les mésons. Elle est vouée à l'échec.La possibilité de trouver un formalisme mathématique applicable à un domaine expérimental ne préjuge en rien la rationalité de l'Univers, car un mathématicien habile sera toujours capable de faire rentrer même un monde « erratique » dans un vêtement mathématique approprié. (shrink)

The role of CPT invariance and consequences for bipartite entanglement of neutral (K) mesons are discussed. A relaxation of CPT leads to a modification of the entanglement which is known as the ω effect. The relaxation of assumptions required to prove the CPT theorem are examined within the context of models of space-time foam. It is shown that the evasion of the EPR type entanglement implied by CPT (which is connected with spin statistics) is rather elusive. Relaxation of locality (...) (through non-commutative geometry) or the introduction of an environment do not by themselves lead to a destruction of the entanglement. One model of the environment, which is based on non-critical strings and D-particle capture and recoil, leads to a specific momentum dependent stochastic contribution to the space-time metric and consequent change in the neutral meson bipartite entanglement. Although the class of models producing the omega effect is non-empty, the lack of an omega effect is demonstrated for a wide class of models based on thermal like baths which are often considered as generic models appropriate for the study of space-time foam. (shrink)

According to Aristotle, morally virtuous person chooses and practices ‘what is mean’ well amongst actions and affections. It seems that the action(praxis) and affection(pathos) chosen and practiced by a person of morally virtuous character are what he means by the expression ‘the mean relative to us’(to meson pros hēmas). (EN2.6, 1106b14) Therefore, it is necessary to know what this expression means in order for our better understanding on not only virtuous actions and affections, but also moral virtue, the character which (...) makes such actions and affections possible. However, this expression often causes a controversy, because the sense of ‘us’(hēmas) in it is somewhat ambiguous. As a matter of fact, it is more than grasping the meaning of that simple word that we try to figure out what it means. The word ‘us’ in ‘the mean relative to us’ can be a standard according to which we judge the mean options amongst various actions and affections. That is, it can be said, Aristotle explains to which standard moral actions and affections are relative by the word ‘us’. If so, it is very important to figure out the sense of ‘us’ in that we are able to see what his idea is on some kind of moral standard by which we can judge what is good or not and thereby to understand what he would say about the relativity of moral virtue, if any. In this paper, we will first introduce a ‘character-relativity’ position that claims morally good actions and affections are according to the character of each agent. We will, then, criticize why this position is problematic and argue for a ‘circumstance-relativity’ position that the mean actions and affections are not to be judged or chosen by the agent’s character, but by the circumstance where the agent is. Furthermore, it will be argued, as long as the relativity of the mean is confined to the circumstance, ‘moral virtue’ is, as well, relative in the sense that morally good actions and affections can be decided according to the circumstance given. (shrink)