İlk Çağ’dan beri filozofların temel problemlerinden olan nefsin varlığı, mahiyeti, ölümsüzlüğü ve bedenle ilişkisi konuları, İbn Sînâ metafiziğinin de ontoloji ve epistemoloji arasında köprü görevi gören önemli tartışmalarındandır. İbn Sînâ’nın nefs anlayışı hem Platon hem de Aristoteles felsefeleriyle benzerlikler taşısa da birçok yönüyle ikisini de aşan konumdadır. Ruh-beden problemi denildiğinde akla gelen ilk isim olan Descartes’tan çok önce, İbn Sînâ’nın da nefs-beden problematiğini sistematik bir yaklaşımla göz önüne serişi takdire şayandır. Bu amaçla, bu çalışma öncelikli olarak İbn Sînâ’nın nefs teorisini (...) nefsin tanımı, özü, işlevi ve önemi bağlamında değerlendirmeye alacak, daha sonra bu teorinin izlerini modern zihin felsefesi tartışmalarında arayacaktır. Özellikle, İbn Sînâ ve Descartes felsefeleri nefs-beden ilişkisi huşunda karşılaştırılacak, güçlü ve zayıf yönleri tespit edilmeye çalışılacaktır. İbn Sînâ’nın uçan adam istiaresi ile ortaya koyduğu nefsin bedenden ayrı bir töz olduğu fikri ile Descartes’in ruh-beden düalizminin örtüştükleri ve ayrıştıkları meselelerden yola çıkarak, İbn Sînâ’nın nefs teorisi modern zihin felsefesi içinde konumlandırılmaya çalışılacaktır. (shrink)

Çağdaş zihin felsefesi tartışmalarında baskın pozisyon şüphesiz ki fizikalizmdir. Ancak fizikalizmin nesnel bakış açısı ile fenomenal bilinci açıklayabilen kuşatıcı bir bakış açısı sunulamamaktadır. İçsel deneyimin içeriklerine ait fenomenal nitelikleri, fiziksel niteliklere indirgeyen açıklama modellerine getirilen güçlü itirazlar ile zihinsel ve fiziksel karşıtlığını kabul eden felsefecilerin sayısı giderek artmaktadır. Bu da çağdaş zihin felsefesinde düalizmin yeniden yükselişi anlamına gelmektedir. Bu yükseliş, töz düalizminden yana değil, bedenin hem fiziksel hem zihinsel nitelikleri olduğunu kabul eden nitelik düalizminden yanadır. Bir yandan anti-fizikalist argümanlar, nitelik (...) düalizmi için destekleyici savlar olarak değerlendirilmekte, bir yandan da töz düalizminin açmazları için nitelik düalizmi bir çözüm olarak görülmektedir. Bu çalışmada, nitelik düalizminin fizikalizme karşı töz düalizminden daha güçlü bir alternatif oluşturup oluşturmadığı iki yönlü olarak ele alınmaktadır. İlk olarak, fizikalizme getirilen itirazların nitelik düalizmine olduğu gibi töz düalizmine de dayanak sağlayabileceği ihtimali irdelenmekte, ikinci adımda ise töz düalizminin yol açtığı problemlerin nitelik düalizmi tarafından çözülüp çözülemediği tartışılmaktadır. (shrink)

Aim: This study was carried out in order to determine professional self-concept and professional values in the students, who were studying in the final year of the nursing department in schools providing undergraduate education in the Inner Anatolia Region. Method: This cross-sectional study was conducted on a total of 619 senior students of nursing departments in the Inner Anatolia Region. Data were collected using a Student Information Form, Professional Self-Concept Scale for the Student Nurses, and The Nurses’ Professional Values Scale. (...) Descriptive statistics, the Shapiro–Wilk test, the t-test, analysis of variance, and the Bonferroni tests were used for data analysis. Ethical Considerations: A written consent was obtained from Ethics Board of Erciyes University Faculty of Medicine and from nursing schools participating in the study. Prior to data collection, students were informed about the purpose of the study and gave written and verbal consents. Participation in the study was on voluntary basis. Findings: In the study, students’ total and sub-dimension scores from the Professional Self-Concept Scale for the Student Nurses and total scores from the Nurses’ Professional Values Scale were moderately high. It was detected that women received higher scores than men from the sub-dimension of professional attributes; the students who had positive perception of the nursing image and voluntarily selected their department received high scores from professional satisfaction, professional competence, and professional attributes sub-dimensions of the Professional Self-Concept Scale for the Student Nurses ( p < 0.001). Implication: In order to improve students’ perceptions of professional self-concept and professional values, it is thought that students’ awareness should be increased on these topics. (shrink)

Some compatibilists believe that the principle of alternative possibilities has been shown to be false by Frankfurt-style arguments, and this gives way to the compatibility of causal determination with moral responsibility. Those incompatibilists who defend the principle of alternative possibilities, on the other hand, insist on the truth of the principle and on the incompatibility of causal determination with moral responsibility. In this article, I argue that Frankfurt-stylecounterexamples are unsuccessful in indicating the falsity of the principle of alternative possibilities, and (...) yet this failure is inconclusive to prove the correctness of incompatibilism. In fact, the principle of alternative possibilities is, I show, compatible with causal determination and thus with compatibilism on a specificunderstanding of determinism and compatibilism. (shrink)

In this study, teachers' views are evaluated to determine whether there is a relationship between the humor styles of school principals and the health of an organization. The study is based on a mixed research approach with both quantitative and qualitative aspects. In the quantitative study, the teachers were asked to describe their principals' senses of humor using the “humor behavior scale” and to evaluate the organization in which they worked using the “organizational health inventory.” In the qualitative dimension, principals (...) working in primary schools were interviewed and asked to evaluate their own sense of humor and the school's health. When the quantitative findings were examined, the regression results showed that school principals with a cynical style of humor negatively predicts organizational health, and productive social and affirmative styles of humor positively predict organizational health. In the qualitative study, the content analysis results revealed that a school administrator who uses humor effectively is capable of effectively solving problems in the school. However, it has been stated that the humor style of the school principal can have negative effects as well as positive effects. School principals are advised to recognize the teachers with whom they work and to distinguish which teachers are receptive to humor. (shrink)

In spite of several attempts to explicate the relationship between a scientific hypothesis and evidence, the issue still cries for a satisfactory solution. Logical approaches to confirmation, such as the hypothetico-deductive method and the positive instance account of confirmation, are problematic because of their neglect of the semantic dimension of hypothesis confirmation. Probabilistic accounts of confirmation are no better than logical approaches in this regard. An outstanding probabilistic account of confirmation, the Bayesian approach, for instance, is found to be defective (...) in that it treats evidence as a formal entity and this creates the problem of relevance of evidence to the hypothesis at issue, in addition to the difficulties arising from the subjective interpretation of probabilities. This essay purports to satisfy the need for a successful account of hypothesis confirmation by offering an original formulation based on the notion of instantiation of the relation urged by an hypothesis. (shrink)

Background Nurses working in a clinic must be morally sensitive to identify unethical circumstances and act morally. Educational strategies that can effectively gain this sensitivity are a matter of curiosity. Objective This study aimed to examine if an interactive ethics training program would benefit (a) moral sensitivity and (b) knowledge. Research Design The present study was quasi-experimental based on a control group pretest/posttest. Participants and Research Context The study involved 53 nurses from 10 hospitals in Istanbul, Türkiye. The intervention group (...) received the 5-week Interactive Ethics Training Program. Data were collected through the Personal Characteristics Form, Moral Sensitivity Questionnaire, and Nursing Ethics Knowledge Test. Ethical Considerations The study was conducted according to the guidelines of the Declaration of Helsinki and approved by the Non-Invasive Research Ethics Committee (No. 78/2022) from Istanbul Medipol University. Results There was a statistically significant difference between the two groups in the posttest for moral sensitivity (MD: −10.247; p =.010) and knowledge level (MD: 4178; p =.009). Conclusion An interactive ethics training program in nursing ethics education positively impacts nurses’ moral sense and knowledge. Improving nurses’ moral awareness can facilitate ethical decision-making. Therefore, it is advised that nurse educators design their curricula based on these results. (shrink)

Sadece tarihi ilgilendiriyor gibi görünen felsefenin başlangıcı problemi, şüphesiz tarihsel bir meseledir, ama aynı zamanda felsefenin kendisine de ait bir konudur, çünkü bu probleme ilişkin değerlendirmeler zorunlu olarak felsefenin doğasını açığa vurmaktadır. Felsefeyi Miletli Thales’in başlattığına ve ilk filozof olduğuna dair yerleşik bir gelenek söz konusudur; bununla birlikte, felsefe kendine özgü belirlenimler kazanıp kendini belirlemesini sağlayan belli bir gelişme sürecinin ürünüdür ve bu bakımdan birçok filozofun emeğine gerek duymuştur. Felsefe tarihinin ilk döneminde Grek filozoflar yeni başlangıçlar yapmışlar ve böylelikle felsefenin (...) yeni yönlerinin açığa çıkmasına hizmet etmişlerdir. Bu çalışmada, felsefenin sadece bir kurucusu değil kurucuları olduğunu vurgulamak üzere Thales’ten Aristoteles’e dek Grek filozofların felsefenin oluşumuna sağladıkları katkı irdelenecektir. (shrink)

Neural tube defects (NTDs) are very serious malformations for the fetus, causing either low life expectancy or a chance of survival only with costly and difficult surgical interventions. In western countries the average prevalence is 1/1000-2000 and in Turkey it is 4/1000. The aim of the study was to characterize ethical approaches at institutional level to the fetus with an NTD and the mother, and the role of health care professionals in four major centers in Turkey. The authors chose perinatology (...) units of four university hospitals and prepared questionnaires for the responsible professionals concerning their own and their institution’s ethical approaches to the fetus with an NTD and the mother. The investigation revealed that there were no institutional ethical frameworks or ethics committees available to professional teams in the units. The roles of the health care professionals and their individual decisions and approaches based on ethical principles are described. The ethical decision-making process concerning fetuses with NTDs, examples of institutional approaches to the topic and institutional frameworks, and the role of nurses and other health care professionals are all discussed, based on a literature review. The authors suggest that institutional ethical frameworks, ethics committees, professionals’ ethics education and multidisciplinary teamwork should be established for critical situations such as fetuses with an NTD. (shrink)

Many Turkish people migrated to Germany between 1955 and 1975. This study was carried out in Göttingen, Germany. Fifty Turkish people (described as patients) were asked about the care they had received from German health care personnel, and 50 German nurses and 50 German physiotherapists were questioned about care they had given to Turkish patients. Significant findings were the needs of the Turkish patients for good communication, physical contact and understanding of their culture-based expressions of illness. The German nurses and (...) physiotherapists expressed the need for language barriers to be minimized and for education in the specific culture of Turkish patients. Our findings are discussed from an ethical viewpoint. The International Council of Nurses’ code of ethics is used to guide the ethical debate about the findings within the context of transcultural and multicultural care. Suggestions for better transcultural health care paradigms are made for relating to patients from different cultures when patients and care providers have little understanding of each other’s needs and expectations. (shrink)

Ethical violations can cause wasteful use of resources, unfair advantage for some scientists over others, and setting a bad example to the scientific community and young scientists_._ Awareness of these violations helps to prevent moral contamination of the academic community. A web-based survey with 30 items was sent to all residents and academic staff worked at different faculties in our university to evaluate the participants' thoughts and knowledge about academic publication ethics. There were 48 female and 53 male respondents. 44.6% (...) of the participants had never taken ethics courses. 57.4% of the participants think that the ethics course should be given throughout life. The responses to “when ethical course should be given?” was significantly different between males and females, but not according to academic titles and age ranges. Except residents, all participants had complete information about the predatory journals, books and congresses. 29% of the participants were not aware of ghost authorship and 20% were misinformed. The participants did not have sufficient knowledge and awareness about plagiarism, except for some sub-titles. Although lack of awareness is mostly evident among non-academicians, both academicians and non-academicians need to be educated and trained about plagiarism. (shrink)