El presente artículo es producto de una investigación multidisciplinaria e interinstitucional, fruto de la alianza entre la Universidad de San Buenaventura Medellín y el Centro de Familia VID-Obra de la Congregación Mariana de Medellín. Surge de una inquietud respecto a la manera en que se aborda la realidad institucional de las madres cabeza de familia, tanto en el ámbito político como empresarial. Para estudiar esta realidad, se partió de un modelo de investigación cualitativo, en donde se hizo una aproximación a (...) la población a partir de un cuestionario que permitiera identificar los roles y percepciones frente al ejercicio de la maternidad y la jefatura femenina, específicamente, cuando se trata de madres trabajadoras. Los resultados arrojados por la investigación permiten obtener una mirada psicosocial de la forma en que se ejerce el rol de madre y de figura de articulación familiar. (shrink)

Recent studies reveal that violence significantly contributes to explaining individual’s facial preferences. Women who feel at higher risk of violence prefer less-masculine male faces. Given the importance of violence, we explore its influence on people’s preferences for a different physical trait. Masculinity correlates positively with male strength and weight or body mass index. In fact, masculinity and BMI tend to load on the same component of trait perception. Therefore we predicted that individuals’ perceptions of danger from violence will relate to (...) preferences for facial cues to low-BMI. In two studies in Colombia, men and women from Bogota, Medellin, and surrounding communities were shown pairs of faces transformed to epitomize the shape correlates of men with high or low-BMI. The images were of European, Salvadoran, or Colombian men. Participants were asked to choose the face they considered most attractive. Subsequently, participants answered a survey about their health, media access, education level, and experiences/perceptions of violence in study 1 and about specific types of violence in study 2. Results from both studies showed that women who experienced/perceived higher levels of violence preferred faces of low-BMI Salvadoran men. Preferences for low-BMI facial cues were significantly explained by violence, even after controlling for all other variables. These results may reflect women’s strategy to avoid male partners capable of inflicting harm. (shrink)

Current treatments for chronic pain have limited benefit. We describe a resilience intervention for individuals with chronic pain which is based on a model of viewing chronic pain as dysregulated homeostasis and which seeks to restore homeostatic self-regulation using strategies exemplified by survivors of extreme environments. The intervention is expected to have broad effects on well-being and positive emotional health, to improve cognitive functions, and to reduce pain symptoms thus helping to transform the suffering of pain into self-growth. A total (...) of 88 Veterans completed the pre-assessment and were randomly assigned to either the treatment intervention or control. Fifty-eight Veterans completed pre- and post-testing. The intervention covered resilience strengths organized into four modules: engagement, social relatedness, transformation of pain and building a good life. A broad set of standardized, well validated measures were used to assess three domains of functioning: health and well-being, symptoms, and cognitive functions. Two-way Analysis of Variance was used to detect group and time differences. Broadly, results indicated significant intervention and time effects across multiple domains: Pain decreased in present severity [F = 5.02, p < 0.05, η2p = 0.08], total pain over six domains [F = 14.52, p < 0.01, η2p = 0.21], and pain interference [F = 6.82, p < 0.05, η2p = 0.11]; Affect improved in pain-related negative affect [F = 7.44, p < 0.01, η2p = 0.12], fear [F = 7.70, p < 0.01, η2p = 0.12], and distress [F = 10.87, p < 0.01, η2p = 0.16]; Well-being increased in pain mobility [F = 5.45, p < 0.05, η2p = 0.09], vitality [F = 4.54, p < 0.05, η2p = 0.07], and emotional well-being [F = 5.53, p < 0.05, η2p = 0.09] Mental health symptoms and the cognitive functioning domain did not reveal significant effects. This resilience intervention based on homeostatic self-regulation and survival strategies of survivors of extreme external environments may provide additional sociopsychobiological tools for treating individuals with chronic pain that may extend beyond treating pain symptoms to improving emotional well-being and self-growth.Clinical Trial Registration: Registered with ClinicalTrials.gov. (shrink)

El presente artículo ahonda en la vulnerabilidad de las y los migrantes en México, ya sean en tránsito o de destino, haciendo énfasis en la falta de políticas públicas al respecto, las cuales si las hay, no contemplan la perspectiva de género, categoría de análisis imprescindible. La llamada “feminización de las migraciones” está aumentando, adquiriendo especial importancia en la Frontera Sur. La violación sistemática de los derechos humanos hacia las mujeres migrantes y su situación de indefensión, hace que sean objeto (...) de vejaciones que ni si quiera pueden denunciar por su condición irregular, así como por sus factores sociales y culturales (género, clase, etnia…), lo que les hace estar desprovistas de los recursos necesarios de empoderamiento y acción. Se analiza la desprotección de las migrantes centroamericanas en Chiapas así como los Convenios nacionales e internacionales en defensa de sus derechos, acabando el artículo con propuestas específicas, relativas a las políticas públicas para el caso estudiado. (shrink)

El artículo presenta el análisis de las implicaciones de evaluar la comprensión de lectura y la redacción en pruebas de ingreso a la educación superior, como una consideración necesaria para el desarrollo de una política de competencia comunicativa. Se describe el diseño de un instrumento, partiendo de la concepción sociosemiótica de la lengua, del enfoque metodológico de la comprensión por niveles intra, inter y extratextual, ligado a procesos cognitivos, y la escritura como tecnología. Se incluye, además, un concepto de evaluación (...) enmarcado en el desarrollo de competencia, es decir, los resultados de la prueba se utilizan, por fuera de concepciones deterministas excluyentes, para mostrar un estado de la competencia y las acciones posibles de mejoramiento de la misma. La competencia comunicativa se demuestra como saber transversal, inter y transdisciplinario. (shrink)

This article presents the analysis of the characteristics of labor well-being in Colombian micro and small enterprises, this was developed through a documentary review from the model of Hoyos (2010), it is a qualitative research, where 42 investigations were collected, which were consulted in databases such as: Science Direct, Refseek, Redalyc, Scielo, Google Scholar and Dialnet, in addition to exploring the repositories of Colombian universities such as: UNAD, Uniminuto, ECCI, Usanbuenaventura, EAFIT, Unipiloto, UGranada, UTecnológica, UJavieriana, UAndes, UCatólica, UNIR, among others, (...) of which, 13 were adjusted with the categories: Practices of Labor Well-being, Theories of Labor Well-being, Needs in Collaborators and Sociodemographic Data, then descriptive synoptic sheets were constructed and then an analysis by category matrix was made, finally, a data analysis was carried out with the ATLAS.ti tool, which allows discerning the object of study through semantic networks. In this order, it is found that activities related to communication, incentives and motivation are part of the activities used as work welfare practices; as for the theoretical positions of well-being at work, the most supported is the one given by the WHO (2010), which is also defined from satisfaction and quality of life; Among the most outstanding needs to develop welfare programs is dissatisfaction in communication with colleagues and managers, ignorance of the responsibilities in their position, among others, on the other hand, there is evidence of a disregard to establish sociodemographic profiles, that is, companies do not consider it when planning or implementing workplace welfare actions. It concludes the need to build labor welfare policies and practices sensitive to the cultural and economic context for Colombian companies, this means recognizing the importance of adaptive and pragmatic approaches in microenterprises and the integration of more structured and theoretical approaches in small enterprises. (shrink)

BackgroundThe COVID-19 pandemic has resulted in some populations being confined to their homes as part of infection control measures. This situation can be hard to cope with due to separation from loved ones, prohibition of regular activities, fear of infection, loss of freedom, and so on. These negative impacts cause considerable psychological stress, and all the more so when the situation continues for an extended period, as was the case in Spain. The present study was aimed at investigating the effects (...) of COVID-19 quarantine on the emotional functioning of confined Spanish individuals after 8 weeks of lockdown by means of a cross-sectional study. The possible associations between changes in emotional functioning and demographic variables, health habits, social support, and resilience were also analyzed.MethodsA total of 906 Spanish adults completed an online survey to gather information about their prevailing mood and affects, using the Positive and Negative Affect Schedule, and other variables related to their habits and protective factors.FindingsAs expected, the data indicated an increase in negative affects and a decrease in positive affects after 8 weeks under lockdown, as well as a general decline in overall mood. The largest increases in negative affects were observed in young adults and women. We did not find any differences between people who were or were not diagnosed with COVID-19. Adhering to a routine, maintaining the same weight, and moderate physical exercise were associated with fewer negative affects, which indicates they are important protective factors, as are perceived social support and resilience.ConclusionIn order to mitigate the psychological impact of confinement, it is important to develop psychoeducational measures that encourage subjects to adhere to health habits and promote social support and resilience as protective factors. A special preventive focus should be placed on the most vulnerable population groups, namely women and young adults. For a public health lockdown to succeed, its negative consequences must be minimized insofar as possible through adequate knowledge of the risk factors and protective factors, and by means of prevention-oriented organization. (shrink)

Este artigo tem como objetivo refletir sobre as modificações cognitivas e identitárias nos/dos sujeitos da sociedade digital – denominados aqui de sujeitos imersivos, no sentido proposto por Lucia Santaella. Para tanto, considera-se a hipótese de que a compreensão de conceitos como ciberespaço, cibercultura e virtualização exige, antecipadamente, o resgate do sentido de termos como virtual, real, realidade e atualidade. O marco teórico destaca principalmente os argumentos apresentados por Pierre Lévy e Giles Deleuze. Parte-se do questionamento da fronteira entre mente e (...) corpo, entre real e virtual. Posteriormente, são identificadas algumas mudanças provocadas pela virtualização e seus efeitos nos espaços escolares. Os procedimentos metodológicos são demarcados pela abordagem qualitativa com amparo na pesquisa bibliográfica. Os resultados indicam a emergência de um novo sujeito de aprendizagem com processos cognitivos distintos e novas demandas sociais. Estas condições impõem um redimensionamento dos saberes e atitudes dos professores e dos especialistas em educação. Os apontamentos finais sugerem a necessidade de intensificação dos estudos acerca da virtualização da sociedade contemporânea a fim de compreender as características identitárias dos sujeitos imersivos. Palavras-chave : Virtual e real. Virtualização. Ciberespaço e cibercultura. Modificações cognitivas e identitárias. (shrink)

El concepto de desarrollo humano del Programa de las Naciones Unidas para el Desarrollo (PNUD) surge en 1990 como una crítica a la consideración de la economía como el fin último de los esfuerzos del desarrollo. En la visión del PNUD, la economía es considerada un fin relativo, es decir, un fin y un medio para el desarrollo humano. Al considerar, por su parte, el fin del desarrollo humano, este es identificado con el ensanchamiento de las opciones y libertades de (...) que gozan los individuos. En este sentido, este concepto de desarrollo humano hace alusión a una práctica política más que a un entendimiento ético-ontológico del ser humano, evitando referirse a desarrollo humano entendido como un desarrollo del ser humano. Este artículo explora los antecedentes del concepto del desarrollo humano del PNUD y los fines que consideran estos enfoques previos. Se observa que la consideración subjetivista del PNUD proviene de la teoría de Amartya Sen, quien queda sujeto a la crítica objetivista de Martha Nussbaum al no considera un fin objetivo para los asuntos humanos, crítica que puede de igual manera aplicarse al concepto de desarrollo humano del PNUD. (shrink)

En este artículo se pretenden articular y sustentar los planteamientos del enfoque en Ciencia, Tecnología y Sociedad (CTS) en el campo social y educativo con la propuesta de Ulrich Beck de acuerdo con sus teorías de la individualización y de la modernidad reflexiva. A continuación, se argumentan las diferentes posturas de Beck, iniciando con la modernidad, sus fases (primera modernidad y segunda modernidad), la individualización y su relación con el Enfoque. Así pues, se presenta la síntesis del artículo en el (...) siguiente mapa conceptual, en el cual se establecen las relaciones entre la teoría de la individualización de Beck y el enfoque en Ciencia, Tecnología y Sociedad, partiendo de los procesos de modernización y sus fases. (shrink)

Las políticas de la ciudad deben ser entendidas como aquellas que abordan asuntos relacionados con un sector o territorio específico, la ciudad o una parte de ella. Sin embargo, si éstas se entienden dentro del marco del derecho a la ciudad, se convierten en políticas que van más allá de la idea de la ciudad como un problema territorial o funcional. Se convierten entonces, en políticas que atienden una realidad compleja, que abordan factores tanto territoriales y funcionales como éticos y (...) humanos. Las políticas de ciudad entonces, deben apuntar hacia esa realidad de creación humana, que es compleja y que por tanto está siempre en construcción. (shrink)

Imagining Dewey' features productive (re)interpretations of 21st century experience using the lens of John Dewey's 'Art as Experience', through the doubled task of putting an array of international philosophers, educators, and artists-researchers in transactional dialogue and on equal footing in an academic text. This book is a pragmatic attempt to encourage application of aesthetic learning and living, ekphrasic interpretation, critical art and agonist pluralism.0There are two foci: (a) Deweyan philosophy and educational themes with (b) analysis and examples of how educators, (...) artists, and researchers envision and enact artful meaning making. This structure meets the needs of university and high school audiences, who are accustomed to learning about challenging ideas through multimedia and aesthetic experience.00Contributors are: James M. Albrecht, Adam I. Attwood, John Baldacchino, Carolyn L. Berenato, M. Cristina Di Gregori, Holly Fairbank, Jim Garrison, Amanda Gulla, Bethany Henning, Jessica Heybach, David L. Hildebrand, Ellyn Lyle, Livio Mattarollo, Christy McConnell Moroye, Maria-Isabel Moreno-Montoro, Maria Martinez Morales, Stephen M. Noonan, Louise G. Phillips, Scott L. Pratt, Joaquin Roldan, Leopoldo Rueda, Tadd Ruetenik, Leisa Sasso, Bruce Uhrmacher, David Vessey, Ricardo Marin Viadel, Sean Wiebe, Li Xu and Martha Patricia Espiritu Zavalza. (shrink)

This paper describes a practice innovation: the addition of formal weekly discussions of patients with prolonged PICU stay to reduce healthcare providers’ moral distress and decrease length of stay for patients with life-threatening illnesses. We evaluated the innovation using a pre/post intervention design measuring provider moral distress and comparing patient outcomes using retrospective historical controls. Physicians and nurses on staff in our pediatric intensive care unit in a quaternary care children's hospital participated in the evaluation. There were 60 patients in (...) the interventional group and 66 patients in the historical control group. We evaluated the impact of weekly meetings to establish goals of care for patients with longer than 10 days length of stay in the ICU for a year. Moral distress was measured intermittently and reported moral distress thermometer scores fluctuated. "Clinical situations" represented the most frequent contributing factor to moral distress. Post intervention, overall moral distress scores, measured on the moral distress scale revised, were lower for respondents in all categories, and on three specific items. Patient outcomes before and after PEACE intervention showed a statistically significant decrease in PRISM indexed LOS, a statistically significant increase in both code status changes DNR, and in-hospital death, with no change in patient 30 or 365 day mortality. The addition of a clinical ethicist and senior intensivist to weekly inter-professional team meetings facilitated difficult conversations regarding realistic goals of care. The study demonstrated that the PEACE intervention had a positive impact on some factors that contribute to moral distress and can shorten PICU length of stay for some patients. (shrink)

In this article I explain the origin of the concept “postsecular”. I argue that such concept, spread by Jürgen Habermas since 2001, has its origin in the reformist Jewish thought from 70’s in the United States. In this context, the postsecular is drafted as a phase which Jewish Theology is experiencing as result of its contact with secular lifestyle. Such contact summons to a reflection on ethic values which secularization missed. I argue that some of the meanings of the current (...) concept of “postsecular”, which Habermas articulates, were already present in the first uses of such concept from Eugene B. Borowitz and Emil Fackenheim. Finally, I argue that it might be set up a correlation between the ethical origins of the postsecular and the Habermas’s as “awareness of what is missing”. (shrink)

National days often represent unifying narratives about nation-states. Recent calls for historical redress within settler-colonial nations, however, have been based on redefinitions of triumphalist historical narratives, incorporating darker histories of colonialisation’s ongoing effects. This has resulted in controversy about national days, especially in Australia (celebrated on the anniversary of British colonisation). Discussions about Australia's national day may show us if, and how, these competing historical narratives can be integrated into a unified national story. A critical discursive examination of Australian news (...) media articles demonstrated the ways historical narratives were deployed to construct competing understandings of the national day’s meaning. Analysis showed how the narrative of colonisation as a force for cultural advancement was used to justify celebrating the current date. In contrast, acknowledging and reckoning with the past was positioned as crucial to moving forward, and, correspondingly, that changing the date was necessary. Respecifying the historical narrative in this way brought together a more complex, nation-building story unifying Indigenous peoples, settlers, and newer migrants in celebrating the (new?) national day. Such reimagined national stories offer potential ‘golden futures’, but risk allowing nations to continue to avoid reckoning with their dark histories, and, especially, the connection of these to present-day inequalities. (shrink)

O artigo visa a analisar como a Psicologia tem encarado os desafios colocados pelo desempenho escolar. Discute os princípios e as ferramentas q ue têm orientado as práticas psicológicas no campo do fracasso escolar. Faz um debate acerca da interface Psicologia e Educação, partindo dos princípios da ..

Despite recent efforts, little research has been done concerning the issue of medical ethics in Georges Canguilhem’s work. This is mainly due to the critical position the author takes regarding the humanistic medicine practices that began to proliferate after World War II. However, we hold that the medical philosopher´s insights do contribute to the field of medical ethics, since they rescue the patients’ individuality, which is highly valued in today´s person centered medicine: over the “objectifying” rationality of modern medicine. We (...) also propose that Canguilhem poses an “interactive” understanding of human life that goes beyond a reductionistic vision of life and which allows the development of an ethical subject capable of producing new norms. (shrink)

The ongoing pandemic caused by coronavirus disease 2019 has enforced a shutdown of educative institutions of all levels, including high school and university students, and has forced educators and institutions to adapt teaching strategies in a hasty way. This work reviews the use of gamification-based teaching during the pandemic lockdown through a search in Scopus, PsycINFO, ERIC, and Semantic Scholar databases. A total of 11 papers from Chemistry, Business, Computer Science, Biology, and Medical areas have been identified and included in (...) the present work. All of them analyzed the use of gamification strategies during the COVID-19 pandemic and assessed student’s learning and motivation outcomes. In general, students reported that gamification was innovative, engaging, and an efficient strategy to deliver curricula material; moreover, it was perceived as a fun activity. Some students reported that gamified videoconferences aided to connect with their classmates during isolation time providing effective social support. However, some students reported a bad physical or psychological condition, as consequence of the confinement, and did not get involved in the activity. Some weaknesses of the reviewed studies are the small sample size and its homogeneity, which makes it difficult to generalize their results to other scenarios and academic areas. Furthermore, although there is a feeling of learning during the activity, this result is mainly based on subjective perceptions, and any of the studies demonstrated that superior learning was achieved in comparison with traditional teaching strategies. Nevertheless, gamification can be implemented together with traditional lectures and can be a valuable instrument during post-COVID times. (shrink)

Resumo: Arthur Schopenhauer possui uma concepção acerca da natureza do conceito que atravessa o seu pensamento, desde o início de sua produção filosófica. Inicialmente abordado a partir de sua acepção racional abstrata, em O mundo como vontade e como representação, o conceito adquire traços mais profundos em função do sentimento. O conceito “não-conceito” sentimento determinará os rumos da filosofia de Schopenhauer, ao evidenciar os limites da linguagem. A linguagem filosófica, por consequência, exprime um paradoxo, pois pretende expressar em linguagem abstrata (...) um conteúdo concreto cuja natureza não pode ser por ela determinado. Por ser um construto conceitual abstrato, a linguagem filosófica possui um estatuto ontológico secundário e, portanto, incompleto, em relação ao conteúdo da realidade concreta. Este artigo pretende mostrar que os sentimentos são, nesse sentido, o meio não conceitual que esclarece a própria natureza dos conceitos e, por consequência, a via não-filosófica que paradoxalmente melhor expressa o conteúdo da filosofia. No registro do sentimento, Schopenhauer reconhece na linguagem musical o âmbito de justificação adequado da linguagem filosófica.: Arthur Schopenhauer has a notion about the nature of the concept that runs through his thinking since the beginning of his philosophical production. Initially approached from its abstract rational meaning, in The world as will and representation, the concept acquires deeper traces from sentiment. The “non-concept” concept of sentiment will determine the direction of Schopenhauer”s philosophy by highlighting the limits of language. The philosophical language, therefore, expresses a paradox, since it intends to manifest, in abstract language, a concrete content, whose nature cannot be determined by it. As an abstract conceptual construct, philosophical language has a secondary and, thus, incomplete ontological status in relation to the content of concrete reality. Sentiments are the non-conceptual medium that clarifies the nature of concepts itself, and, consequently, the non-philosophical way that paradoxically best expresses the content of philosophy. In the recording of sentiment, Schopenhauer recognizes in musical language the proper justification scope of philosophical language. (shrink)

Los escritos sobre la contemplación y la Trinidad en Ricardo de San Víctor ponen de relieve la importancia que tienen las ideas de imagen y de reflejo especular en su pensamiento. Para el victorino, la belleza invisible se hace reconocible en la belleza de lo visible, principalmente en el hombre, creado a imagen y semejanza de Dios. Eso explica la relevancia que otorga al conocimiento propio en el camino de la contemplación: en la medida en que el hombre profundiza en (...) el conocimiento de sí puede descubrir, como en un espejo, la imagen de Dios. Siguiendo cuanto dice Ricardo en el Liber exceptionum, en el Beniamin minor, en el Beniamin maior y en el De quatuor gradibus violentae caritatis, se presentará el papel de la imagen y el espejo como claves interpretativas de sus enseñanzas sobre el ascenso contemplativo hacia la Trinidad. (shrink)

Este artículo se inscribe en la discusión sobre el productivismo académico y aporta una propuesta para una vida buena en la academia. Se entiende el productivismo académico como la orientación de las labores académicas limitada a la rentabilidad y a los resultados tangibles que lleva a su instrumentalización, automatización, y a distintos perjuicios éticos, sociales, de salud, entre otros. También, entendemos la vida buena en la academia como un estado de equilibrio entre las fuerzas y necesidades de quienes la componen, (...) equilibrio disponible a actualizarse constantemente. Se exponen los perjuicios que acarrea el productivismo académico, a propósito del cual se presenta una propuesta para favorecer la vida buena en la academia, retomando las perspectivas de la buena artesanía, el disfrute, la resonancia y el cuidado propio, de los otros y del mundo. (shrink)

Este artículo se inscribe en el debate sobre las «luchas por el reconocimiento de la diferencia» (Fraser, 2008) que ha ido creciendo y desarrollándose en los últimos años. Se enfoca concretamente en el denominado Movimiento Loco como territorio de confluencias para las reivindicaciones de personas y colectivos que han vivido la experiencia de la psiquiatrización en el ámbito de la salud mental. El texto plantea una serie de variables analíticas y conceptos que permiten una aproximación a este Movimiento en España (...) como un espacio político de construcción en común para producir testimonio y conocimiento que habiliten otras posibilidades de comprensión de la experiencia social del sufrimiento psíquico. Propone un itinerario que permite observar el fenómeno como un territorio de disputa, diálogo y escucha social que deriva en la promoción de una conciencia crítica; como un intento de emancipación, como una instancia en donde las personas renuncian a ser objetos de intervención de los saberes expertos para devenir sujetos en sus propios proyectos vitales. A partir de la incorporación del concepto de «Injusticia Epistémica» de Miranda Fricker y de la teoría del etiquetado entre otras referencias, el artículo entiende las violencias vividas por las personas psiquiatrizadas como punto de partida para el origen del Movimiento. Al mismo tiempo, reflexiona sobre las dificultades que genera la noción de locura como eje de identificación en la articulación de las acciones. No se plantea una definición cerrada de lo que significa ser loco sino que se entiende como una categoría que se construye a partir de articularse como sujeto de derecho frente a un otro experto que históricamente ha clausurado esa posibilidad. (shrink)

Enaction, as put forward by Varela and defended by other thinkers (notably Alva Noë, 2004; Susan Hurley, 2006; and Kevin O’Regan, 1992), departs from traditional accounts that treat mental processes (like perception, reasoning, and action) as discrete, independent processes that are causally related in a sequen- tial fashion. According to the main claim of the enactive approach, which Thompson seems to fully endorse, perceptual awareness is taken to be a skill-based activity. Our perceptual contact with the world, according to the (...) enactionists, is not mediated by representations but is enacted, and the notion of representation, belonging to the classic computational paradigm, has no place in this alternative approach. Though Thompson does not pronounce directly on the issue of representationalism, he is most definitely keeping the company of anti-representationalists, and in that context it is not unreasonable to take his silence for consent. In this paper, we will argue that the enactive approach to imagery is unworkable unless it makes appeal to representations, understood in a particular way. Not understood as pictures, to be sure. Or sentences for that matter. But those aren’t the only options. (shrink)

En esta investigación se analizará y fundamentará el concepto de pensamiento crítico, entendido como un importante objetivo educativo, en relación con el concepto de verdad. En primera instancia se revisará el concepto de pensamiento crítico encontrado en el currículo nacional como ejemplo. Luego se analizará y fundamentará epistemológicamente el pensamiento crítico desde sus componentes epistémicos, desde los aportes del filósofo educativo Harvey Siegel y la epistemología confiabilista de Alvin Goldman. Desde esta fundamentación se vinculará el pensamiento crítico con el concepto (...) de verdad al entenderlo como un proceso conducente a la verdad. Esto permitirá tener una base diferente para conceptualizar el pensamiento crítico como objetivo educativo, reformular este concepto en los documentos ministeriales y derivar sugerencias docentes por medio de las cuales formar en los estudiantes el pensamiento crítico. Lo anterior lleva a reconsiderar la verdad como un objetivo epistémico primario en la educación por derecho propio, junto al desarrollo del pensamiento crítico. (shrink)

Diversos trabalhos têm apontado a existência de correlações entre o Espiritismo, tal como sistematizado por Allan Kardec, e a vertente do Socialismo utópico, ou romântico, fundada por Charles Fourier. As referências do próprio Kardec em suas publicações ao pensamento fourierista e a interação entre seguidores do Fourierismo e o nascente movimento espírita reforçam a presença de conexões que ensejam investigações mais aprofundadas. Este trabalho tem o propósito de confrontar alguns dos postulados fundamentais dessas duas doutrinas influentes e originárias do século (...) XIX, comparando suas concepções a partir de três vértices. O primeiro deles é o moral, em que se pode identificar, entre outros aspectos, a maneira pela qual as duas correntes de pensamento apreciam o problema das paixões humanas. O segundo é a perspectiva de ambas sobre a marcha evolutiva do mundo, culminando com o terceiro, que é a percepção que exibem acerca da sociedade ideal. Esse exame permite uma breve demonstração das semelhanças e diferenças que se podem encontrar nos dois sistemas de pensamento, explicitando que as características similares não implicam subordinação teórica ou equivalência entre suas propostas. (shrink)

Este artigo busca relacionar os fundamentos da Ética e da Organização do Conhecimento, percebendo-os como internamente conectados, para construir pontes conceituais entre os dois campos. O objetivo é propor uma caracterização da Ética e da Justiça Social, apontando as consequências de sua negação ou ausência na Organização do Conhecimento. Para isso, foi realizada uma investigação qualitativa que situa o debate ético em Platão e na formação da filosofia grega antiga, bem como apresenta o conceito de Justiça Social como paridade de (...) participação, nos moldes estabelecidos por Nancy Fraser. Os resultados indicam que a práxis voltada para a Justiça Social pode ser considerada um supravalor para a Organização do Conhecimento, atuando no sentido de fortalecer sua própria fundamentação teórica e sua orientação pela ampliação da democracia. (shrink)

This article has the scope to analyze the influences left by Hans Kelsen and his Teoria Pura do Direito for legal hermeneutic sand the uncertainties still present in his classic book on the interpretive process. Positivism kelseniano, recognized by the separation between law and morality, not omitted as to the reality of legal interpretation, and, without disregarding their theoretical bases, left guidelines for the consolidation of a theory of interpretation. Kelsen developed the concept of legal frame as a limit to (...) the authentic interpreter of the rule whose subjectivity influence the interpretative process,but also saw interpretations outside this frame. This work intends to understand these possibilities of interpretation, analyzing Hans Kelsen and his teachings about legal interpretation. (shrink)

El objetivo del artículo es analizar el feminismo islámico en tanto que discurso teórico que involucra tres aspectos: 1) una hermenéutica del texto sagrado (Corán) que restituya la voz de las mujeres; 2) la asunción, por ende, de un objetivo feminista: el reconocimiento de la igualdad entre mujeres y hombres en el islam; 3) la convergencia de ambos objetivos en un proyecto emancipatorio traducible en igualdad jurídica, política y social. Las conclusiones versarán sobre las posibilidades de que el discurso del (...) feminismo islámico pueda tornarse proyecto político sin pasar por procesos secularizadores que, en parte, son criticados por algunas pensadoras musulmanas. (shrink)

Tradução do artigo originalmente publicado em The Southern Journal of Philosophy, Vol. XLV, 2007, pp. 565-582, intitulado Schopenhauer on the Values of Aesthetic Experience.

Portuguese introduction to volume 2, issue 2.

Resumen: la cohesión de la cultura ha sido posible con el acaecer de la renuncia pulsional y de la póstuma instauración de la educación en la vida del hombre. Desde tiempos arcaicos se ha trazado un esquema de enseñanza y docilidad a partir de las necesidades vigentes de la época. De aquí que los objetivos de este trabajo sean examinar esta dialéctica histórica de la educación y, por otra parte, explorar los conceptos de disciplina y castigo como instrumentos configuradores de (...) la práctica educativa. Para abarcar estos objetivos, se colocan en contexto la formación del sujeto en la historia, la disciplina como elemento de control que gobierna en minucia el entorno del sujeto, y el castigo como elemento que garantiza la completa docilidad del individuo. Se discute que para alcanzar la docilidad humana deben desplegarse diferentes mecanismos de doblegamiento de la voluntad, solo que en nuestro tiempo los dispositivos de contención se han hecho tan flexibles, que han perdido la fortaleza necesaria para forjar el carácter humano con un nivel conciencia adecuada. Finalmente, se concluye que lo que realmente interesa al sistema social son cuerpos normalizados listos para las funciones del trabajo. (shrink)

Especialistas em desenvolvimento de Inteligência Artificial prevêem que o avanço no desenvolvimento de sistemas e agentes inteligentes irá remodelar áreas vitais em nossa sociedade. Contudo, se tal avanço não for realizado de maneira prudente e crítico-reflexiva, pode resultar em desfechos negativos para a humanidade. Por este motivo, diversos pesquisadores na área têm desenvolvido uma concepção de IA robusta, benéfica e segura para a preservação da humanidade e do meio-ambiente. Atualmente, diversos dos problemas em aberto no campo de pesquisa em IA (...) advêm da dificuldade de evitar comportamentos indesejados de agentes e sistemas inteligentes, e ao mesmo tempo especificar o que realmente queremos que tais sistemas façam, especialmente quando prospectamos a possibilidade de agentes inteligentes atuarem em vários domínios ao longo prazo. É de suma importância que agentes inteligentes artificiais tenham seus valores alinhados com os valores humanos, dado ao fato de que não podemos esperar que uma IA desenvolva valores morais humanos por conta de sua inteligência, conforme é discutido na Tese da Ortogonalidade. Talvez tal dificuldade venha da maneira que estamos abordando o problema de expressar objetivos, valores e metas, utilizando de métodos cognitivos representacionais. Uma solução para este problema seria a abordagem dinâmica proposta por Dreyfus, que com base na filosofia fenomenológica mostra que a experiência humana do ser-no-mundo em diversos aspectos não é bem representada pelo método cognitivo simbólico ou conexionista, especialmente na questão de aprendizagem de valores. Uma possível abordagem para esse problema seria a utilização de modelos téoricos como SED para abordar o porblema de aprendizagem de valores em IA. (shrink)