El presente artículo trata de hacer ver que el desencuentro entre la modernidad ilustrada y la religión católica, fue debido a una serie de factores y circunstancias desgraciadas, y no a una incompatibilidad inevitable. Es más, a pesar de los malentendidos y desencuentros, no son pocos los ideales de la modernidad ilustrada que, si profundizamos en ellos, descubriremos su inspiración y raíces cristianas. Es más, guste o no a algunos, el patrimonio espiritual y moral que ha ido configurando la identidad (...) europea ha tenido una de sus más importantes fuentes de inspiración en la tradición judeo-cristiana, sin menoscabar, por supuesto, la herencia griega, el derecho romano, la tradición liberal-ilustrada, y la revolución científica. Especialmente, hemos hecho hincapié en la autoridad moral del sufrimiento de la tradición judeocristiana, como una baza fundamental de cara la defensa de la dignidad humana. Para profundizar en esta compleja problemática hemos tenido en cuenta, entre otros, los análisis de Karl Löwith, Hans Blumenberg, J. Habermas, Benedicto XVI y J.B. Metz. Nuestra conclusión es que no tiene razón el actual secularismo-laicismo excluyente al pretender minusvalorar, o borrar simplemente del mapa, las raíces cristianas de Europa, como portadoras de valores y actitudes, que son tan necesarias ante el relativismo, el nihilismo postmoderno, y la crisis de valores de una sociedad, cada vez más deshumanizada. Frente al euroescepticismo que hoy sobrevuela amenazante, hay que reivindicar el “humanismo socrático-cristiano” como una seña de identidad irrenunciable. Otra cosa es el integrismo religioso, que no acaba de admitir la autonomía de la sociedad civil y del Estado, como presupuesto fundamental de una sana secularidad. Es precisamente en el seno de la sociedad civil donde la institución religiosa tiene derecho a dejar oír su voz, en diálogo respetuoso con las otras voces que en ella se ubican, de cara a consensuar soluciones frente a los graves problemas que nos acucian. Y sólo desde una identidad europea bien asentada, podremos enfrentarnos con el reto de la multiculturalidad al que Europa se ve inevitablemente abocada, en el contexto de la globalización.This article attempts to show, that the disagreement between enlightened modernity and Catholic religion, was due to a number of factors and unfortunate circumstances and not to an unavoidable incompatibility. There is more, despite misunderstandings and disagreements, there are many ideals of enlightened modernity that when we go deeper into them, we discover their Christian inspiration and roots. Even more, like it or not some people, spiritual and moral heritage, which has configured European identity, had Judeo- Christian tradition as one of its sources of inspiration, without underestimating, of course, Greek heritage, Roman law, liberal enlightenment tradition and scientific revolution. We have emphasized, especially, the moral authority of suffering of Judeo-Christian tradition as something basic to defend human dignity. To go deeper into this complex problem, we took into account, among others, the analyses of Karl Löwith, Hans Blumemberg, J. Habermas, Benedit XVI, and J:B: Metz. Our conclusion is that the current exclusive secularism is not right trying to underestimate or eliminate the Christian roots in Europe as carriers of values and attitudes, so necessary against relativism, postmodern nihilism and the crisis of values in a society increasingly dehumanized. Against an Euroscepticism which overflies threatening, we must claim a Socratic-Christian humanism as a sign of indispensable identity. Religious secularismis something different, it does not admit the authority of a civil society and state, as a fundamental prerequisite for a healthy secularity. It is precisely within a civil society where a religious institution has the right to be heard in a respectful dialogue with others voices that are located in there to agree on solutions against the problems we are facing and, only from a well established European identity, we will be able to face the challenge of multiculturalism to which Europe is inevitably doomed in a context of Globalization. (shrink)

La actual globalización está promoviendo una independencia del poder económico con relación al control de los estados nacionales. Mundialización, pues, de los mercados que está aumentando la distancia entre los grupos y países del mundo que se enriquecen y los que se empobrecen. Esta hegemonía del dinero es un atentado a la democracia, ya un sistema de libertades políticas y de justicia. La globalización económica también está imponiendo una uniformización mental y de comportamientos sociales en la sociedad consumista y del (...) bienestar, que despersonaliza a los individuos y a los grupos. La crisis de identidad que esto conlleva está produciendo, como reacción, la recuperación de la “diferencia”, de la memoria cultural, de “la patria chica”. Pero lo grave es que estos fenómenos socio-culturales, se están convirtiendo en armas legitimadoras por parte de los que sufren la exclusión económico-política, para condenar y oponerse a los que les excluyen. Esto explica los fenómenos del fundamentalismo e integrismo religiosos, y el fenómeno letal del terrorismo. Frente a ello, sólo el diálogo intercultural en general, y el interreligioso en particular, pueden constituir una ocasión humanizadora, para descubrir lo que nos une, más allá de las diferencias, y poder tomar diversos caminos y alternativas que promuevan la causa de la humanidad. (shrink)

Los docentes de los distintos conservatorios realizan las programaciones didácticas en base a la formación recibida. En este trabajo se realiza un análisis sobre la coherencia entre la legislación y las programaciones didácticas. También se estudia lo que dice la normativa vigente al respecto y qué cambios solicita la Unión Europea y la Unesco.La planificación es esencial para poder atender a la diversidad del alumnado y a que estos puedan conseguir todos los objetivos planteados de manera individual y a ritmos (...) distintos. (shrink)

La actual globalización está promoviendo una independencia del poder económico con relación al control de los estados nacionales. Mundialización, pues, de los mercados que está aumentando la distancia entre los grupos y países del mundo que se enriquecen y los que se empobrecen. Esta hegemonía del dinero es un atentado a la democracia, ya un sistema de libertades políticas y de justicia. La globalización económica también está imponiendo una uniformización mental y de comportamientos sociales en la sociedad consumista y del (...) bienestar, que despersonaliza a los individuos y a los grupos. La crisis de identidad que esto conlleva está produciendo, como reacción, la recuperación de la “diferencia”, de la memoria cultural, de “la patria chica”. Pero lo grave es que estos fenómenos socio-culturales, se están convirtiendo en armas legitimadoras por parte de los que sufren la exclusión económico-política, para condenar y oponerse a los que les excluyen. Esto explica los fenómenos del fundamentalismo e integrismo religiosos, y el fenómeno letal del terrorismo. Frente a ello, sólo el diálogo intercultural en general, y el interreligioso en particular, pueden constituir una ocasión humanizadora, para descubrir lo que nos une, más allá de las diferencias, y poder tomar diversos caminos y alternativas que promuevan la causa de la humanidad. (shrink)

Mindreading capacity has been widely understood as the human ability to gain knowledge about the inner processes and states of others that bring about the behavior of these agents. This paper argues against this epistemic view of mindreading on the basis of different empirical studies in linguistics and social and developmental psychology: we are systematically biased in attributing mental states, and many everyday uses of mental ascription sentences do not reflect an epistemic function in our social interactions. We introduce an (...) alternative view of mental ascriptions, the social cover view, which is consistent with the evidence. The social cover view holds that the main function of mental ascriptions is to cover the social status and reputation of an agent rather than to gain knowledge about her inner processes and states. Finally, we discuss two possible objections to our proposal. (shrink)

El reencantamiento del mundo del que está siendo testigo la sociedad actual es una reacción, hasta cierto punto comprensible, frente a la crisis de identidad y a la deshumanización de una sociedad donde predominan una competitividad y un individualismo hedonista y consumista exacerbados. Pero es un reencantamiento que, a parte de su traumática versión fundamentalista, configura un mundo ambiguo y polimorfo, que garantiza la ceremonia de la confusión. Es necesario, pues, para poder aprovechar su posible potencial humanizador distinguir entre la (...) “verdadera religión” y sus falsos sucedáneo. (shrink)

It can be stated that self-regulated learning (SRL) brings broad benefits to the process of students' learning and studying. However, research has yet to be undertaken in relation to one of its components, namely self-regulation of motivation and affectivity. The main objectives of this study are to examine the use of self-motivation strategies that involve classmates and to obtain models on the influence of academic goals and self-efficacy on such self-motivation strategies. To this end, was conducted a study using two (...) different samples of students in the compulsory secondary education or baccalaureate stages in Spain (N = 613 and N = 910). The results obtained indicate that, with regard to gender, differences only exist in the use of the strategy of deception (t = 5.450, p <.001, d =.364). That the two pairs of strategies positively and significantly correlated with one another (r =.239, p <.01 and r =.355, p <.01). That only the strategy of annulation of others correlates with a more adaptive type of motivation. Thus, the group of students that reported the greatest level in its use also did so in relation to task and ego self-enhancing goals, to self-efficacy, and being negatively associated with the goal of work avoidance. Finally, were offered models on relationships between academic goals, self-efficacy and enhancement and annulation strategies (χ² (8) = 5.204, p =.736) and deception and annulation strategies (χ² (4) = 3.228, p =.520). (shrink)

En este trabajo se presenta una parte de los resultados de la investigación sobre la formación de investigadores en España, realizada mediante una encuesta postal a los becarios de investigación españoles. En el cuestionario se incluyeron preguntas destinadas a recoger el punto de vista de los beneficiarios de las becas respecto a las motivaciones para acceder a las mismas y los diversos aspectos relacionados con el proceso de formación. Después de exponer brevemente las principales características de los becarios, se atiende (...) a las motivaciones para optar a las becas y a las opiniones sobre las becas de investigación y la actividad científica. Posteriormente, se consideran diversos aspectos de la experiencia de ser becario: las condiciones en que se ha desarrollado la beca y los problemas y deficiencias principales que, desde el punto de vista de los becarios, caracterizan al sistema español de formación de investigadores. Por último, se considera el grado de satisfacción respecto a la experiencia de ser becario. En todos los casos se consideran las diferencias entre los becarios de distintas áreas de la ciencia y los destinos de realización de la beca. Toda esta información constituye una evaluación, realizada por los propios becarios, del sistema de becas y de las condiciones en que se lleva a cabo el trabajo científico. (shrink)

The treatment of the goatherd Melanthius in these lines received remarkably little animadversion from earlier commentators . In contrast, the late Manuel Fernandez-Galiano devoted an extremely full note to the passage. One may wonder, however, whether he was right to base it on the automatic assumption that what we have depicted here is an act of murder. He himself admits that we are not ‘told exactly at what moment the unfortunate Melanthius dies’. :πότομος ατη κα δεινοτάτη ποιν, ξ (...) ς εκς κα θανεν τν Μελάνθιον, ε κα ποιητς κα ατ σιγι. Such lack of specificness would be most unlike Homer, and the removal of hands, feet, ears, nose and genitalia would be a remarkably laborious and uneconomical mode of instantly killing someone. Since we are not told that Melanthius dies I infer that he did not, any more than Eurytion did at Od. 21.300–2, in similarly trying circumstances: ‘they cut off his ears and nostrils with the sharp brass; but he, injured in his feelings, went about, enduring that calamity with a frantic mind’, to quote the translation by Buckley for which Housman was so grateful. (shrink)

Review of J.S.Mill: _Capítulos sobre el socialismo. Civilización._ Edición de Carlos Mellizo. Madrid, Alianza Editorial, 2012.

This article analyzes the relationship between cyberbullying profile by racist reasons and social abilities in a group of intercultural teenagers living in Spain. The study includes participants aged between 12 and 16 years old. Of these, 738 were male and 740 were female. A correlational study was carried out using online tools with suitable psychometrics parameters. The first one was a scale that measured social abilities, and the second one evaluated racist or xenophobic cyberbullying, differentiating the victim and aggressor profiles. (...) The results indicated five main findings: generally, the participants analyzed present all their social abilities; for the most part, these participants do not normally experience cyberbullying; a positive correlation exists between the majority of social abilities analyzed and the cybervictim profile. It was also observed a negative correlation between the social ability associated with the ability of making requests and this profile; there is a positive correlation among the six social abilities analyzed and the cyberaggressor profile; the racist or xenophobic cyberbullying are driven not only by the absence of social abilities, but in some cases, they are also driven by socio-demographic variables. Likewise, this work shows how the absence of some social abilities in some participants involve racist or xenophobic experiences as victims and as aggressors, which may be of interest for the analysis of teenagers’ behavior in intercultural contexts, as well as according to age and gender. More transcultural research need to be carried out to know the global perspective of the link between social abilities and the different profiles of racist and xenophobic cyberbullying, framed in the context of social psychology and studies of mass communication. (shrink)

This paper addresses the question of who should be trusted as an expert and when, particularly in the context of public deliberation. Trust in experts is crucial in making decisions about public policies that involve complex information beyond the expertise of most people. However, fruitful deliberation also requires being able to resist misinformation campaigns, no matter how widespread these might be; being able, in general, to evaluate the evidence at our disposal and form our own opinions. The purpose of this (...) paper is to reflect on this apparent tension between epistemic deference and epistemic independence. The paper has two goals. First, it aims at providing a more nuanced understanding of the question of who should be trusted as an expert by examining cases in which seemingly factual claims are made in public settings by experts. Second, it emphasizes the need to pay attention to the conditions under which we actually trust each other. We suggest that fostering trust in science may be better approached by modifying the conditions under which scientific dialogue takes place, rather than trying to convince the public to trust experts, or blaming them for not doing so. (shrink)

Talking about ‘suffering’ in relation to ‘old age’ implies reflecting on its semantic fields, its various references and the relationship between the two in a dynamic way. We therefore propose to reflect first of all, in a philosophical way, on ‘suffering’ and its specificity in relation to other terms such as ‘pain’; then we will look at the meaning of ‘old age’ and its semantic field: ‘old age’, ‘third age’, ‘senectitude’; we will continue with the question of the relationship between (...) suffering and elderly people to detect if there is a determination and connection between both realities; to, finally, propose, in continuity with our conclusions, a practical look from the human activity in a humanistic paradigm of Occupational Therapy. (shrink)

The main aim of this paper is to introduce an approach for understanding social cognition that we call the normative approach to social cognition. Such an approach, which results from a systematization of previous arguments and ideas from authors such as Ryle, Dewey, or Wittgenstein, is an alternative to the classic model and the direct social perception model. In section 2, we evaluate the virtues and flaws of these two models. In section 3, we introduce the normative approach, according to (...) which human, socio-cognitive competences rely on a myriad of social norms and routines that mediate our social interactions in such a way that we can make sense of each other without taking into consideration their mental states. In sections 4 and 5, we find some common premises shared by the two prior models and offer some arguments against them. In section 6, we advance some possible arguments against our approach and offer some responses against them. (shrink)