Social entrepreneurs need resources to develop their organizations and catalyze social impact. Existing research focuses on how social entrepreneurs access and use resources, yet it neglects how they search for resource holders. This issue is particularly salient in social entrepreneurs’ decisions about whom to approach for interpersonal feedback as a valuable resource. The current literature offers lists of individuals whom social entrepreneurs approach for feedback and implies these individuals can be easily accessed. Thus, it offers little insight into how social (...) entrepreneurs select whom to approach for feedback and why, or why they struggle to access feedback. We conducted an in-depth inductive study based on 82 interviews with 36 nascent social entrepreneurs to investigate how they search for and select individuals to approach for feedback within and outside their social networks through an iterative appraisal process. Our findings start to open the black box of searching for resource holders in the resource mobilization process and offer insights on power and stigma in social entrepreneurship. (shrink)

The purpose of my remarks is to draw some conclusions about the conditions which must be realized if physical, biological and social scientists are to work effectively in reaching common goals. I shall draw these conclusions on the basis of my experience as a psychologist whose participation in the war effort found him a member of a team composed principally of physicists and research engineers. I may say that while my experiences were largely at the level of the lower echelons (...) of the working fraternity, the conclusions appear to me to have application without regard to the extent of the brass which, in a figurative sense, decorates the scientist's hat. (shrink)

Improving the treatment of life threatening emergency illness or disease requires that new or novel therapies be assessed in clinical trials. As most subjects for these trials will be incapacitated there is some controversy about they might best protected whilst still allowing research to continue. Recent European and UK clinical trials legislation, which has effectively stopped research into emergency conditions, is discussed. Possible changes to these regulations are proposed.

These essays use particular issues, thinkers and texts to engage the question of God in early Christianity.

A striking and unexplained feature of granulomatous inflammation is its anatomical association with the lymphatic system. Accumulating evidence suggests that lymphatic tracks and granulomas may alter the function of each other. The formation of new lymphatics, or lymphangiogenesis, is an adaptive response to tumor formation, infection, and wound healing. Granulomas also may induce lymphangiogenesis which, through a variety of mechanisms, could contribute to disease outcomes in tuberculosis and sarcoidosis. On the other hand, alterations in lymph node function and lymphatic draining (...) may be primary events which attenuate the risk and severity of granulomatous inflammation. This review begins with an introduction of granulomatous inflammation and the lymphatic system. A role of the lymphatic system in tuberculosis and sarcoidosis is then hypothesized. With a focus on lymphangiogenesis in these diseases, and on the potential for this process to promote dissemination, parallels are established with the well‐established role of lymphangiogenesis in tumor biology. (shrink)

In April 1939, G. E. Moore read a paper to the Cambridge University Moral Science Club entitled ‘Certainty’. In it, amongst other things, Moore made the claims that: the phrase ‘it is certain’ could be used with sense-experience-statements, such as ‘I have a pain’, to make statements such as ‘It is certain that I have a pain’; and that sense-experience-statements can be said to be certain in the same sense as some material-thing-statements can be — namely in the sense that (...) they can be safely counted on. When Moore later read his paper to Wittgenstein, Wittgenstein took violent exception to it, and the two entered into a heated exchange. The only known notes of this exchange are a previously unpublished verbatim record of part of it, taken by Norman Malcolm. This paper is an edition of Malcolm’s notes. These notes are valuable for both philosophical and scholarly reasons. They give us a glimpse of a sustained exchange between Wittgenstein and a real-life interlocutor; they contain a defence by Wittgenstein of the idea that a word’s use can illuminate its meaning; and they provide evidence of Wittgenstein’s philosophical engagement with the topic of certainty, and with Moore’s thought on it, long before he began to write the notes which make up On Certainty, in 1949. (shrink)

Helicopter cabin noise was simulated by combining a broadband signal (pink noise, or PN) with a triad of pure tones (PT) at 650,1900, and 5000 Hz. Each component was presented at four loudness levels (0,60,70, and 80 dB[A]), with all 16 combinations arranged in two unsystematic orders. Intelligibility was measured by means of sentences to be judged as true or false. A male speaker presented 10 sentences at each noise condition. One group of subjects heard the sentences at 50 dB(A) (...) and another group at 55 dB(A). The annoyance of each noise combination was rated by the same subjects on a 5-point scale. Both sources and their interaction were significantly related to reduced intelligibility and increased annoyance at both speech levels. In general, the PN component was more responsible for loss of intelligibility, and the PT component more responsible for annoyance. (shrink)

This article examines how cultural schema theory has been employed to explore some aspects of Aboriginal English oral discourse. The merit of this approach lies in the explanatory tools provided by cultural schema theory in accounting for those features of oral discourse in Aboriginal English which are distinctive and which often impair its lucidity to non-Aboriginal speakers. In particular, we have focused on the exploration of recurrent semantic and formal patterning across a large body of narratives, evidence of speakers' use (...) of indigenous schemas in associative responses as well as in processing oral narrative, and schema maintenance in discourse in non-traditional settings and in the context of non-traditional subjects. (shrink)

Shanker & King argue for a shift in the focus of ape language research from an emphasis on information processing to a dynamic systems approach. We differ from these authors in our understanding of how this “new paradigm” emerged and in our perceptions of its limitations. We see information processing and dynamic systems as complementary approaches in the study of communication.

This study reports on the use of like in Aboriginal English teen talk. The analysis of a sub-corpus of 40 adolescent texts from a corpus of 100 narratives by speakers of Aboriginal English in Western Australia revealed that like is often employed by these speakers, and that it achieves a multitude of functions. In general it is observed that like may mark off a) a discrepancy between the intended conceptualization and the expressed concept, b) an attitude, feeling, or certain degree (...) of commitment towards a lexical item, and c) a shift in some element of discourse. The results of this study support and extend the analysis carried out by Andersen on London teen talk. (shrink)

The psychological work environment is composed of both stressful and motivational work conditions at different levels of analysis. However, most relevant theory and research lack an integrative conceptualization and appropriate instrumentation to account for this work context structure. These limitations are particularly present in non-mainstream populations, such as the Spanish community of researchers and practitioners. In this study, based on the job demands–resources model, we present an updated conceptualization in which stressful and motivational psychosocial factors are integrated and defined at (...) the job, the group, and the organizational level of analysis into a single conceptualization. Furthermore, derived from this conceptualization, we present a study of the development and validation of a questionnaire to account for the psychosocial work environment in Spanish, labeled Psychosocial Factors Questionnaire 75, which provides measures for 23 different psychosocial factors. The results of this study supported the questionnaire’s construct, convergent, divergent, and predictive validity, together with its reliability. Thus, this conceptualization and questionnaire provides researchers and partitioners with a more comprehensive approach to the assessment of the psychosocial work environment and promises benefits for interventions in the workplace. (shrink)

In lieu of an abstract, here is a brief excerpt of the content:Reviewed by:Birth, Death and Motherhood in Classical GreeceCynthia PattersonNancy Demand. Birth, Death and Motherhood in Classical Greece. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1994. xx + 276 pp.Motherhood appears in the title of this book, but inasmuch as motherhood is more than simply giving birth the book does not in fact have much to do with motherhood. The experience of giving birth and the likelihood of dying while doing (...) so are important topics for understanding women’s lives in antiquity, but they are neither all there is to motherhood nor all there is to the historical record of ancient Greek women’s lives. Believing, however, that it is “anachronistic” and the result of “modern preconceptions” to look for ways in which women’s lives and women’s social roles were valued in ancient Greek society, Demand begins with the assertion that “[Greek] women’s central role was as childbearers and little other evidence exists for them” (1) and ends with the sweeping conclusion that in its anxiety to control female sexuality and reproduction, the male Greek polis “fostered methods of control over women’s reproductivity that prejudiced their success in the primary role that the culture assigned to them, that of childbearing” and thus “the Greek polis was detrimental to the interests of both women and polis” (154). In brief, the argument is that the development of the medical discipline, and particularly the field of gynecology, in the fifth century served more the need of Greek males to control female sexuality than that of Greek females for physical well-being.Although the sources Demand makes use of are often non-Athenian in origin (e.g., the Hippocratic corpus itself) “the situation of women” in classical Athens is taken as her story’s low point and the connection between Athenian citizenship law and control of women is the highlight of her thesis: “The increasingly restrictive definition of citizenship status that went with the development of the [Athenian] polis thus brought with it suspicions that haunted male lives and fed men’s obsession with the control of their womenfolk” (151). To read the Periclean law of 451/50 requiring that citizens have both citizen father and citizen mother, however, as motivating an increasingly oppressive control of Athenian wives makes little sense. The need to guarantee the paternity of a woman’s child was as much present before as after 451. Demand takes it as given that Athenian women were subject to increasing control in the latter part of the fifth century, an assumption for which she offers no supporting evidence. Here and elsewhere in the book Demand’s unquestioning adherence to the “hypothesis of a connection between state formation and the subordination of women” (xx) produces forced and so unconvincing interpretations of important and complex texts and evidence. For those interested in ancient Greek scientific and medical views on human reproduction I would still recommend G. E. R. Lloyd, Science, Folklore and Ideology (Cambridge 1983) and now Lesley Dean-Jones, Women’s Bodies in Classical Greek Science (Oxford 1994).Birth, Death and Motherhood begins with a description of “The Lives of Greek Women” (Ch. 1) centering on the oikos (household), “the cultural context [End Page 323] for reproduction for all women” (2). The topics are the standard ones: the prevalence of female infanticide, arranged marriages, and pressure to produce male offspring; and the life described is one that Demand clearly thinks Greek women themselves found oppressive. For example, she speaks of the Thesmophoria as the “most widely celebrated of the occasions that allowed women a temporary respite from the routines of the oikos,” and comments that the “newfound freedom” of women who were beyond the childbearing years “must have been welcome” despite the fact the “male community accorded them less value” (24 and 28). Although Demand recognizes that women’s religious responsibilities were significant—and “offered women the most socially acceptable opportunities to venture outside the home”—she insists that “to seek to find ways in which women functioned in public space, and to attribute a positive value to them, is basically anachronistic” (25). How so? It seems potentially much more anachronistic to insist, as Demand does, that the... (shrink)

Aristotle's Politics is widely recognized as one of the classics of the history of political philosophy, and like every other such masterpiece, it is a work about which there is deep division.

Resetting the agenda -- The conflict motif in historical perspective -- From conflict to concordism -- Integration under the microscope : historical perspective -- Integration : contemporary views -- Insights from n neuropsychology : an overview -- Insights from neuropsychology about spirituality -- Insights about conversion, morality, wisdom, and memory -- Insights from evolutionary psychology -- Insights about human needs and motivation -- Social psychology and faith : stories of conflict, concordism, and authentic congruence (by David G. Myers) -- The (...) way ahead for psychological science and Christian faith. (shrink)