Recent investigations surprisingly indicate that single RNA "stem-loops" operate solely by chemical laws that act without selective forces, and in contrast, self-ligated consortia of RNA stem-loops operate by biological selection. To understand consortial RNA selection, the concept of single quasi-species and its mutant spectra as drivers of RNA variation and evolution is rethought here. Instead, we evaluate the current RNA world scenario in which consortia of cooperating RNA stem-loops are the basic players. We thus redefine quasispecies as RNA quasispecies consortia (...) and argue that it has essential behavioral motifs that are relevant to the inherent variation, evolution and diversity in biology. We propose that qs-c is an especially innovative force. We apply qs-c thinking to RNA stem-loops and evaluate how it yields altered bulges and loops in the stem-loop regions, not as errors, but as a natural capability to generate diversity. This basic competence-not error-opens a variety of combinatorial possibilities which may alter and create new biological interactions, identities and newly emerged self identity functions. Thus RNA stem-loops typically operate as cooperative modules, like members of social groups. From such qs-c of stem-loop groups we can trace a variety of RNA secondary structures such as ribozymes, viroids, viruses, mobile genetic elements as abundant infection derived agents that provide the stem-loop societies of small and long non-coding RNAs. (shrink)

El presente artículo aborda las consideraciones de la alteridad del otro en las elaboraciones tempranas de Heidegger. Entendidas como condición de posibilidad para un abordaje propio de las cuestiones éticas, aquí analizamos tensiones y limitaciones en la tematización del otro, con el objetivo de dar cuenta de la transición hacia una comprensión radical de la alteridad en sus trabajos posteriores a 1930, más allá de las limitaciones antropológicas y subjetivas de las elaboraciones de Husserl. Para dar cuenta de ello, en (...) primer lugar, analizamos los tratamientos respectivos en la fenomenología de Husserl, poniendo énfasis en los límites de su enfoque. En segundo lugar, abordamos las elaboraciones en torno a la alteridad del otro en los trabajos de Heidegger, para dilucidar el carácter transicional de la comprensión de base, a partir de sus desplazamientos y limitaciones propias. Finalmente, circunscribimos su enfoque sobre las estructuras relacionales, destacando algunas discusiones sobre implicancias éticas. De este modo, nos proponemos dar cuenta del carácter fronterizo de una comprensión filosófica del otro, en su empuje hacia su radicalización en el pensamiento contemporáneo. (shrink)

This paper studies the possible influences on Boole's logic of the writings related to the controversy over the quantification of the predicate between the philosopher William Hamilton and the mathematician Augustus De Morgan. As Boole himself testified in the introduction to his book The mathematical analysis of logic , this controversy was the external agent that stimulated him into writing up his earlier thoughts about a new conception of logic. But in addition to the external role that was played by (...) the controversy, it seems that other kinds of influences on Boole of Hamilton's and De Morgan's ideas about logic, which were made explicit in writings related to the controversy, can also be traced. (shrink)

En el siguiente trabajo nos detendremos en un análisis y reconstrucción de las relaciones entre singularización y tiempo, respecto de sus especificaciones en torno al instante, a partir de una relación entre las elaboraciones de Heidegger en _Sein und Zeit_ y su curso de 1929-1930. En ese marco, nos proponemos demostrar que sus consideraciones en torno a la relación dinámica Dasein-temporeidad-singularización profundizan la comprensión de fondo en la que se articulan, a partir de un cambio de acento que permite precisar (...) con mayor claridad el concepto relacional de Dasein frente a las perspectivas subjetivistas tradicionales. De esta manera, buscamos desarrollar las relaciones entre singularización-tiempo en la obra de Heidegger y cotejar desde allí las condiciones para un marco interpretativo y recepción acorde al marco comprensivo de su obra. (shrink)

One of the potentially most significant objections to a cosmopolitan moral approach charges an essential arrogance: cosmopolitanism disdains particularist moral insights even while – in what is said to be its most coherent form – it seeks to bind all persons within global political institutions. It is argued here that adopting a form of institutional cosmopolitanism actually helps to meet this sort of objection. An appropriately configured such approach will have a conception of equal global citizenship at its core. It (...) will seek to place individuals in relations of political humility, understood not as plain deference to competing moral claims, but as concrete recognition of the equal moral status of others. It will seek to progressively empower as actual citizen equals those whose interests are often ‘arrogantly’ neglected in the current system, and to multiply mechanisms of input and challenge for them over time. (shrink)

Information is a peculiar quantity. Unlike matter and energy, which are conserved by the laws of physics, the aggregation of knowledge from many sources can in fact produce more information (synergy) or less (redundancy) than the sum of its parts. This feature can endow groups with problem‐solving strategies that are superior to those possible among noninteracting individuals and, in turn, may provide a selection drive toward collective cooperation and coordination. Here we explore the formal properties of information aggregation as a (...) general principle for explaining features of social organization. We quantify information in terms of the general formalism of information theory, which also prescribes the rules of how different pieces of evidence inform the solution of a given problem. We then show how several canonical examples of collective cognition and coordination can be understood through principles of minimization of uncertainty (maximization of predictability) under information pooling over many individuals. We discuss in some detail how collective coordination in swarms, markets, natural language processing, and collaborative filtering may be guided by the optimal aggregation of information in social collectives. We also identify circumstances when these processes fail, leading, for example, to inefficient markets. The contrast to approaches to understand coordination and collaboration via decision and game theory is also briefly discussed. (shrink)

La fenomenología ha sido atacada recientemente por los promotores del realismo especulativo. En este artículo presento y analizo estas críticas, y argumento que, o bien son superficiales y simplistas, o bien carecen de novedad.Key words: Phenomenology, speculative realism, correlationism, idealism, naturalism.

Resumen Este artículo proponemos un abordaje de las elaboraciones en torno a la singularización en la época de Sein und Zeit. Mediante un recorrido por sus consideraciones respecto al Dasein y las especificaciones sobre las dinámicas de mismidad, tanto en su carácter primario y cotidiano, como en su modalidad propia, buscaremos demostrar el carácter correlativo entre el tratamiento de la singularización en la analítica y la propia articulación discursiva de Heidegger en sus relaciones con la tradición, destacando algunas tensiones y (...) discusiones respectivas. Junto a ello, distinguiremos en qué medida estas caracterizaciones pueden condicionar la modalidad de abordaje y lectura de su obra. De esta manera, esperamos desplegar una articulación comprensiva fundamental del existente humano en vistas de sus continuidades y derivas en el pensamiento contemporáneo.In this article we propose an approach to the elaborations around the singularization at the time of Sein und Zeit. Through a tour of their considerations regarding Dasein and the specifications on the dynamics of sameness, both in their primary and daily character, and in their own modality, we will try demonstrate the correlative character between the treatment of the singularization in the analytics and the articulation itself Heidegger's discourse in his relations with tradition, highlighting some tensions and respective discussions. Along with this, we will distinguish to what extent these characterizations can condition the approach and reading modality of his work. In this way, we hope to display a fundamental comprehensive articulation of the existing human in view of its continuities and drifts in contemporary thinking. (shrink)

The following article addresses Heidegger’s considerations on tradition and philosophical legacy in two fundamental periods of his thought. I seek to demonstrate that the notion of tradition is articulated in different ways in the Sein und Zeit period and in his post-Kehre considerations. I show irreducible connections that manifest this understanding with his considerations on language and temporal dynamics. For this purpose, firstly, I analyze the destructive strategies that Heidegger deploys during the former period within the framework of his considerations (...) on history. Secondly, I address his ideas on metaphysics and their consequences in works published after 1930. Finally, I distinguish some links with his ideas on language. (shrink)

The essay aims to illuminate the current crisis, as it has been diagnosed by important currents of contemporary European thought, from the baroque remarkably the Hispanic perspective. The author argues that one of the fundamental figures of the Baroque is what he calls an infinite aporethic difference. According to this, Baroque understands the world as a set of differences that bind aporethically tending to infinity. This figure is, at the same time, shown as a critical operator with regard to reality, (...) which has lost its pre-modern configuration as Cosmos. The author also holds that in its present projection, the figure of the infinite aporethic difference takes the form of a new normativity, namely, that of the Chaosmos, which is particularly visible in post-structuralism and in the Ibero-American Neo-baroque. By its virtue, it is possible to distinguish two ways of coping with the current crisis. The chaosmotic one would be characteristic of a compromised strong trans-modernity, which contrasts with the evasive weak postmodernity. This problem is finally investigated from the point of view of the subtle baroque heroism and its shadow in the present. (shrink)

In Who's Afraid of Idealism? the philosophical concept of idealism, the extent to which reality is mind-made, is examined in new light. Author Luis M. Augusto explores epistemological idealism, at the source of all other kinds of idealism, from the viewpoints of Immanuel Kant and Friedrich Nietzsche, two philosophers who spent a large part of their lives denigrating the very concept. Working from Kant and Nietzsche's viewpoints that idealism was a scandal to philosophy and the cause of nihilism, Augusto (...) evaluates these philosophers and their role in shaping epistemological idealism. Using textual evidence from their writings and their reactions to western philosophers such as Plato, Descartes, and Hegel, Who's Afraid of Idealism? argues that in fact Kant and Nietzsche were really idealists at heart. In accessible prose, this text puts forward a theory that goes against current scholarly opinion, and even Kant and Nietzsche's opinions of themselves. (shrink)

Viruses and related infectious genetic parasites are the most abundant biological agents on this planet. They invade all cellular organisms, are key agents in the generation of adaptive and innate immune systems, and drive nearly all regulatory processes within living cells.

Existe un consenso general en torno a la condena de los textos de Foucault sobre la revolución iraní, a los que se considera un error manifiesto, ya sea debido a que el entusiasmo por la revolución islámica lo habría alejado imprudentemente de sus verdaderos intereses teóricos, ya sea debido a que ellos revelan un trasfondo totalitario, ingenuo y hasta misógino de su filosofía, lo cual, por supuesto, ahorra a los comentadores un trabajo hermenéutico sobre la inserción de tales escritos en (...) una obra cuya apuesta general aún es objeto de disputa académica. En este trabajo proponemos una vía alternativa de comprensión que no toma estos textos como un error, sino como parte de un diagnóstico al que se busca echar luz a través de la dimensión del viaje, el periodismo radical y la heterotopología como elementos fundamentales de una apuesta filosófica por la alteridad. There is consensus in disapproving the journalistic articles written by Foucault about the Iranian revolution. They are considered clear mistakes. Some say that this is so because the enthusiasm of Foucault towards the Islamic revolution moved him away from his true theoretical interests; others say that what those texts reveal is a totalitarian, naive, and even misogynistic background of his philosophy. By doing this, commentators spear themselves a hermeneutical work on the incorporation of those texts into a work whose general bet remains the subject of academic discussion. In this paper, we propose an alternative approach to the issue; one in which the texts are not considered a mistake but rather they are seen as part of a diagnosis that can get some light from the ideas of travel, radical journalism and heterotopology. These considered as fundamental elements of a philosophical bet on alterity. (shrink)

El artículo indaga y compara diferentes posturas que se tiene sobre la informalidad comercial en Latinoamérica, en donde se realiza una revisión detallada y analítica de este fenómeno; que se define como el conjunto de actividades comerciales no reguladas, que en estos países desborda la institucionalidad, generando un deterioro de la estructura social, económica, política e inclusive humana. Estas dificultades tienen su origen en una serie de situaciones como la pobreza, el desempleo, el desplazamiento, la migración, el analfabetismo, entre otros; (...) las cuales son importantes conocer y analizar a fin de generar soluciones reales a estas profundas dificultades. (shrink)

Recent years have seen a remarkable resurgence in rigorous thought on global government by leading thinkers in international relations, economics, and political theory. Not since the immediate post-World War II period have so many scholars given serious attention to possibilities for global political integration.This book will be of interest to students of international relations, political theory, international economics, secuity and gender studies. It pulls together some of the leading current thinkers on global government into a conversation about provocative global institutional (...) visions. Chapters here explore whether a world state should be viewed as inevitable, ways in which global moral and political communities might be sustained, and reasons to reject world government in favor of improvements to governance in the United Nations and other institutions. (shrink)

Volume 16, Issue 1, April 2020, Page 110-115.

Tomando como punto de partida el artículo 27.7 de la Constitución Española, que reconoce expresamente que "los profesores, los padres y, en su caso, los alumnos intervendrán en el control y gestión de todos los Centros sostenidos por la Administración con fondos públicos, en los términos que la ley establezca", nuestro sistema jurídico educativo ha venido estableciendo un marco de actuación de los conocidos Consejos Escolares de los Centros, marco que lejos de haber permanecido inalterado desde la Ley Orgánica reguladora (...) del Derecho a la Educación (19885), he evolucionado llamativamente con el transcurso de los años, a través de las sucesivas Leyes orgánicas: Ley Orgánica de Participación, Evaluación y Gobierno de los Centros (LOPEG, 1995), Ley Orgánica de Calidad de la Educación (LOCE, 2002) y Ley Orgánica de Educación (LOE, 2006. (shrink)

Suprastate policy formation in such bodies as the WTO remains fundamentally exclusive of individuals within states. This article critiques the "don't kill the goose" arguments commonly offered in defense of such exclusions.

A partir de los planteamientos de Michel Foucault se abordan las maneras de gobernar del Estado neoliberal con el objetivo de identificar y comprender las diferencias que existen entre la gubernamentalidad liberal y neoliberal. También se busca determinar si los Estados neoliberales sustentan su gubernamentalidad en la producción de precariedad, planteamiento propuesto por Isabell Lorey. Se concluye, de este ejercicio, que el neoliberalismo establece unas formas de gobernar distintas a las del liberalismo clásico, formas que se encuentran en constante expansión (...) como procesos económico-jurídicos inacabados que reposan, fundamentalmente, sobre el Estado. Se logra determinar, también, que no es un objetivo del Estado neoliberal producir precariedad. Sin embargo, la precariedad es producto de una manera de gobernar que considera que tanto el Estado como los sujetos y las poblaciones se encuentran sometidos a las reglas del mercado. (shrink)

Based on the hypothesis that modified human beings will have successful life projects, the biopolitical presuppositions of genetic manipulation in modern society are reflected. Considering the theories presented by Michel Foucault, Jürgen Habermas, Michael J. Sandel, Hans Jonas and Achille Mbembe, a genetic Africanization of the economically disadvantaged population is identified. In this scenario, concepts of class and race are confused and social prejudice increases. Faced with the new technologies of genetic engineering, gene manipulation presents itself as a new face (...) of biopower, since science now has the power to give life from the selection of characteristics considered superior. It is argued that the criticism surrounding the process of genetic manipulation is necessary as it opens the possibility of debating mutual recognition as a condition of life, above the identification of race or class, geographic location or other characteristics of the individuals that make up society. (shrink)

In this paper, I intend to defend the following hypothesis: Foucault's definition of politics from 1979, i.e. the game between heterogeneous governmentalities, overdetermines the two other dimensions of the concept: the warlike or antagonistic relationship between subjects and the resistance of a form of subjectivation against a governmentality. To this end, I address the problem of the possible relationship between overdetermination and the Foucauldian concept of politics. In this sense, Laclau and Mouffe’s work and Althusser’s criticism delimit the field of (...) inquiry, although they do not exhaust it. This contrast will serve to bring to light the implications of a Foucauldian interpretation of overdetermination and thus describe Foucault’s critiques of the poststructuralist model for political thought. From this, I intend to state the fact that Mouffe’s latest writings seem to be oriented towards avoiding the risks that Foucault pointed out, bringing her reflection close to that of the French philosopher. (shrink)

Aristotle's conception and use of ta endoxa are key points to our understanding of Aristotelian dialectic. But, nowadays, they are not of historical or hermeneutic importance alone, as, in Aristotle's treatment of endoxa, we still see a relevant contribution to the modern study of argumentation. I propose here an interpretation of endoxa to that effect: namely, as plausible propositions. This version is not only defensible in the Aristotelian context, it may also shed new light on some of his assumptions and (...) methodological shortcomings – e.g. concerning the 'plausible/implausible' pair –; finally, it will even enable us to show certain basic hints and guidelines, advanced by Aristotle's study of endoxa, which still serve nowadays to orientate our studies of argumentation from the angle of a theory of plausible argument currently under construction. These hints and guidelines suggest a pragmatic, gradual and comparative discursive concept of plausibility, and point, in particular, towards the reasonable dealing with, and weighing up of, differences of opinion within this frame of reference. (shrink)

El cultivo de la filosofía, particularmente el de la metafísica, constituye el fin último del hombre y cuyo acto tiene por objeto la contemplación de Dios ut auctornaturae. Ahora bien, la Revelación cristiana introduce dos factores determinantes que modificaron la condición pura de nuestra naturaleza: la elevación al orden sobrenatural y la intromisión del pecado original. De allí que, por un lado, el fin último del hombre consistirá en la visión sobrenatural de Dios ut auctor gratiae y, por otro, la (...) necesidad de la gracia sanadora y elevadora para llegar a esa visión. No obstante, Santiago Ramírez siguiendo a Santo Tomás de Aquino, explicará que el hombre actual –es decir, caído por el pecado– es impotente incluso para alcanzar su fin connatural sin la ayuda de la gracia. (shrink)

One of the key ethical and political issues in South Africa today is the decolonization of education. In 2015, a movement called Rhodes Must Fall was born in South Africa precisely with the purpose of engaging in activism to promote this decolonization. The Rhodes Must Fall movement to further this purpose engaged in some violent protests. The objective of this article is to assess whether South Africans are justified to believe that these protests can or cannot be morally justified from (...) the perspective of Ubuntu. To explore this question, I assess the morality of the actions using a consequentialist interpretation of African values. I contend that the symbolic violent protests of the Rhodes Must Fall movement were morally justified, whereas its indiscriminate violent protests were not. Hence, I do not myself mean to defend the position they are morally justified; instead, I wish to show that it is a moral implication of African values. (shrink)