This article offers an interpretation of Descartes’s method of doubt. It wields an examination of Descartes’s pedagogy—as exemplified by The Search for Truth as well as the Meditations—to make the case for the sincerity (as opposed to artificiality) of the doubts engendered by the First Meditation. Descartes was vigilant about balancing the need to use his method of doubt to achieve absolute certainty with the need to compensate for the various foibles of his scholastic and unschooled readers. Nevertheless, Descartes endeavored (...) to instill willful, context-independent, universal doubt across his readership. If all goes well, readers of the Meditations are like method actors; the Meditator is the character they are meant to bring to life, via the method of meditating on reasons for doubt. The article concludes with the suggestion that Descartes was the same kind of skeptic as the early Academic skeptics Arcesilaus and Carneades. (shrink)

In earlier work (“Why irony is pretence”, in S. Nichols (ed) The Architecture of Imagination, Oxford University Press, 2006) I have argued for a version of the pretence theory of irony — a version according to which the ironist is pretending to adopt a perspective which is defective in some way. I also contrasted this version of the pretence theory with the echoic theory of Sperber and Wilson, concluding that the pretence theory is superior. Deirdre Wilson has now responded to (...) this paper (“The pragmatics of verbal irony : echo or pretence?” Lingua 116 (2006) 1722-1743). In the present paper I respond to Wilson’s counterarguments. I also generate a counterexample to the echoic theory which helps to show that, contrary to what some have thought, the echoic and pretence theories are not equivalent. Finally, I consider some of the consequences for literary theory of thinking of irony as pretending to have a defective point of view. (shrink)

Temor y Temblor, de Kierkegaard, escrito bajo el seudónimo de Johannesde silentio, nos ofrece una recreaciónpoética de la historia bíblica de Abraham. Johannes alaba a Abraham como el más eminente caballero de la fe, pero nuestro análisis encuentra que las caracterizaciones que hace de Abraham, como decidido y al mismo tiempo angustiado por el sacrificio de Isaac, entran en conflicto y se mantienen sin resolver. Esto, sumado a la reconocida ignorancia de Johannes en cuestiones de fe, hace que la representación (...) de la fe en Temor y Temblor no sea convincente. Sólo en sus obras tardías Kierkegaard concilia estas dificultades introduciendo una condición "metaestable" de la fe. (shrink)

Las soluciones a la paradoja de la ficción propuestas por Kendall Walton y Gregory Currie, a pesar de diferir en puntos de detalle importantes, suponen dos movimientos conceptuales comunes para entender la situación de quien está inmerso en una obra de ficción, a través del recurso a la noción de “cuasi-emociones” y de la idea de construcción de escenarios imaginarios. Aquí propondré que sus propuestas fallan en sus dos puntos centrales, a partir de problemas que son, sin embargo, independientes. (...) Por un lado, sus ideas sobre las emociones que sentimos al estar atrapados por una obra de ficción fallan al suponer una versión inaceptable de la tesis cognitivista acerca de las emociones. Por otro, sus ideas sobre la construcción de mundos imaginarios por parte de los “consumidores de ficción” fallan al suponer una dicotomía entre mundos de ficción y realidad. Finalmente, discutiré brevemente el modo en que ambos tipos de problemas repercuten sobre la viabilidad del planteo de la paradoja misma. (shrink)

Los poemas históricos de Ships in Bottles de Neil Curry ofrecen una oportunidad de hacer una reflexión sobre la posible vigencia de la teoría del gran hombre. Contrasta la desconsideración que dicha aportación de Carlyle tiene en la actualidad con su seguimiento en otros campos, como los negocios o la política. En el caso de la poesía, los poemas seleccionados hacen ver de qué manera los grandes actantes de la historia conviven con las personas que hacen la microhistoria.

La teoria delle obbligazioni rappresenta un significativo esempio di come un insieme di tecniche logiche possa essere applicato, in maniera feconda, a contesti disputazionali in cui la dimensione dialogica e l’interazione tra soggetti coinvolti in un confronto dialettico hanno un ruolo di primo piano.L’attenzione che numerosi studiosi hanno manifestato nei confronti di questa parte della logica modernorum negli ultimi quarat’anni testimonia la profondità e la difficoltà dei problemi teorici che stanno alla base della teoria.Molte interpretazioni sono state avanzate circa le (...) motivazioni che spingono i logici medievali a scrivere trattati in cui il portato delle loro dottrine logiche – come, ad esempio, la teoria delle consequentiae - viene declinato ed elaboratamente applicato al gioco dialettico tra due disputanti. La gamma di tali letture comprende differenti ipotesi: la teoria delle obbligazioni potrebbe fornire un nucleo di regole per l’impostazione di un metodo assiomatico rudimentale così come rappresentare un tentativo di elaborare esercizi volti a valutare le capacità logiche degli studenti o, ancora, un gioco teorico, svincolato dall’effettiva applicazione a contesti concreti, la cui finalità sarebbe il mantenimento della coerenza logica.E’ stata sostenuta da più interpreti la funzione pedagogica svolta dalla teoria, al di là del fatto che si tratti o meno di un metodo per la conduzione effettiva di dispute reali. Un’altra linea interpretativa collega la teoria delle obbligazioni al contesto della letteratura dei sophismata e degli insolubilia, dal cui repertorio, in effetti, sono spesso tratti molti degli esempi che si incontrano nella lettura dei trattati de obligationibus. In questo senso, la teoria offrirebbe regole e schemi di risposta che un interlocutore deve utilizzare per risolvere o rispondere a enunciati problematici o paradossali. Non si può escludere, inoltre, che nella teoria si realizzi un intreccio delle differenti motivazioni sopra esposte: potrebbe trattarsi di uno strumento che viene sviluppato tanto per la risoluzione di sophismata e insolubilia quanto per indagare il rapporto tra linguaggio e metalinguaggio o altre questioni teoriche. Altri studiosi hanno infine sostenuto che lo scopo della teoria delle obbligazioni consisterebbe nell’elaborazione di un metodo adatto alla costruzione e alla discussione di esperimenti mentali e che questo costituirebbe una sorta di metametodologia della scienza medievale sulla linea del ragionamento secundum imaginationem. (shrink)

La logica matematica di Russell, di K. Gödel.--Che cos'è il problema del continuo di Cantor?, di K. Gödel.--Osservazioni al Convegno su i problemi di matematica per il secondo centenario di Princeton, di K. Gödel.--Matematica e logica, di A. Church.--Osservazioni sulla definizione e sulla natura della matematica, di H.B. Curry.--Sull'infinito, di D. Hilbert.--Il programma di Hilbert, di G. Kreisel.--Fondamenti storici, principi e metodi dell'intuizionismo, di L.E.J. Brouwer.--Disputa, di A. Heyting.--L'intuizionismo in matematica, di A. Heyting.--Verso un nominalismo costruttivo, di N. Goodman e (...) W.V. Quine.--Un mondo di individui, di N. Goodman. (shrink)

Este capítulo presenta dos versiones de la teoría según la cual deberíamos centrarnos en ciertas acciones realizadas por los artistas para comprender qué tipo de objetos son las obras de arte: la propuesta de Gregory Currie (An Ontology of Art, 1989) y la de David Davies (Art as Performance, 2004). Si bien estas teorías no están exentas de problemas, es cierto que estas proporcionan una guía completa de algunos de los temas en los que uno debería meditar al evaluar (...) y desarrollar teorías sobre qué son las obras de arte. Además, Currie y Davies presentan algunos de los argumentos más refinados contra los puntos de vista contextualistas y estructuralistas sobre la metafísica de las obras de arte, así como contra el empirismo estético. (shrink)

Intercultural perspective on Higer Education requires epistemic porpuses that strong learn and convivences processes. On this way, I present the Native Pedagogical Model as an alternative to contextualize learning on formal education, for indigenous student, but fo no indigenous too, everybody in classroom. This article is an investigation work in universities en Puebla, México. Expose the strenghts of Native Pedagogical Model as a context tool for learnings. Keywords: Intercultural Education, Indigenous Epistemology, Intercultural curriculum.

Introduction. Il est bien connu que la correspondance de Curry-Howard permet d'associer un programme, sous la forme d'un λ-terme, à toute preuve intuitionniste, formalisée dans le calcul des prédicats du second ordre. Cette correspondance a été étendue, assez récemment, à la logique classique moyennant une extension convenable du λ-calcul. Chaque théorème formalisé en logique du second ordre correspond donc à une spécification de programme.Il se pose alors le problème, en général tout à fait non trivial, de trouver la spécification associée (...) à un théorème donné; autrement dit, de déterminer le comportement opérationnel commun aux λ-termes associés aux diverses démonstrations formelles du théorème considéré.Cette question est résolue ici pour le théorème de complétude de la logique classique.La première étape consiste à formaliser convenablement ce théorème en logique du second ordre. Ce travail est fait complètement dans la section 1. Il a comme sous-produit, peut-être inattendu, de montrer que ce théorème est prouvable en logique intuitionniste du second ordre. Ceci, toutefois, à condition d'introduire une légère variante de la notion de modèle, en admettant un modèle supplémentaire trivial, où toute formule est satisfaite.On notera, à ce sujet, que des preuves intuitionnistes du théorème de complétude de la logique intuitionniste, utilisant des variantes de la notion de modele de Kripke, ont été données par H. Friedman [7] et W. Veldman [8]. On remarquera également qu'un argument de G. Kreisel [2] montre que le théorème de complétude habituel de la logique intuitionniste n'a pas de preuve intuitionniste. (shrink)

The thesis according to which the meaning of a mathematical sentence is given by its proof was held by both Wittgenstein and the intuitionists, following Heyting and Dummett. In this paper, we clarify the meaning of this thesis for Wittgenstein, showing how his position differs from that of the intuitionists. We show how the thesis originates in his thoughts, from the middle period, about proofs by induction, and we sketch his answers to a number of objections, including the idea that, (...) given the particular meaning he gives to this thesis, he cannot account for mathematical conjectures. We conclude by showing how his views find a favourable echo today in the paradigm of “proposition-as-type” and extensions of the Curry-Howard isomorphism from which this paradigm originates. (shrink)

We propose a rudimentary formal framework for reasoning about recursion equations over inductively generated data. Our formalism admits all equational programs , and yet singles out none. While being simple, this framework has numerous extensions and applications. Here we lay out the basic concepts and definitions; show that the deductive power of our formalism is similar to that of Peano's Arithmetic; prove a strong normalization theorem; and exhibit a mapping from natural deduction derivations to an applied λ -calculus, à la (...) Curry–Howard, which provides a transparent proof of Gödel's result that the provably recursive functions of PA are definable by primitive recursion in finite types. Also of interest is the extent, uncommon among similar constructions, to which our mapping is oblivious to first order terms, including first order quantification and equality. Additional applications and extensions of the method will be presented in sequel papers. In particular, the methodology introduced here lends itself to systematic links between natural sub-formalisms and computational complexity classes. Since these sub-formalisms are largely transparent, allowing one to reason formally in the full system while leaving to automatic software tools the task of verifying that restrictions are complied with, the framework is particularly attractive for the development of Feasible Mathematics. (shrink)

Les mathématiques telles qu’elles se sont développées entre 1935 et 1970 jouent un rôle très important dans La Méthode. Ce rôle est explicite en ce qui concerne la logique, plus implicite en ce qui concerne la théorie du contrôle, l’incertitude, et certaines notions vues hors du champ mathématique et particulièrement probabiliste . Sur un exemple de résultats récents de la logique mathématique, la correspondance de Curry-Howard et les travaux de Jean-Louis Krivine nous montrent la pertinence des idées et des intuitions (...) d’Edgar Morin concernant la logique, la réalité et le cerveau.Mathematics as they are developed between 1935 and 1970 played a very important role in the method. This role is explicit with respect to the logical, implied regarding control theory, uncertainty, and some notions out of the field and especially mathematical probability . On a recent example of results of mathematical logic, the Curry-Howard correspondence and the work of Jean-Louis Krivine show the relevance of the ideas and insights of Edgar Morin on logic, reality and brain. (shrink)

Thesaurus of references quoted in Śābarasvāmi's Mīmāṃsābhāṣya, commentary on Mīmāṃsāsūtra of Jaimini.

Complete works of Gujarati author ; chiefly on Jaina spiritual life and philosophy.

En 1993, disparaissait Julien Freund. Onze ans après, en dehors de son ouvrage incontournable L'essence du politique, son œuvre demeure méconnue en France, en dépit de sa grande richesse.

L’épreuve projective intitulée « spatiographie projective familiale » a pour objectif de comprendre l’image inconsciente du corps familial à travers l’analyse du dessin groupal de la « maison de rêve ». Par cette méthodologie, les auteurs peuvent établir un diagnostic de la structure des liens inconscients de la famille et en faire un objet médiateur pour la prise en charge psychothérapique et une épreuve projective groupale familiale pour le diagnostic. Le dessin de la « maison de rêve » est un (...) outil original qui investigue les dimensions diachronique et synchronique permettant une approche complète de la structuration de l’image du corps familial. (shrink)

This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work. This work is in the public domain (...) in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work. As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant. (shrink)

The attitude toward mathematics is shaped by cognitive components such as beliefs and cognitive processes. However, the importance of cognitive processes in attitude toward mathematics has not yet been researched. Therefore, this study aimed to identify the role of cognitive processes, creativity and cognitive flexibility, in the attitude toward mathematics of future teachers. For that purpose, 218 University students and preservice teachers, completed assignments on creativity and cognitive flexibility and a questionnaire on attitude toward mathematics. The results showed that the (...) use of innovative details (a creativity subscale) rises the probability of exhibiting a positive attitude toward mathematics by 1.81. Besides, cognitive flexibility rises this probability by 2.32. The conclusion is that both, details and cognitive flexibility act as good predictors of a positive attitude toward mathematics. This has implications for educational practice in the planning of mathematics instruction in higher education, specifically, in future teachers. (shrink)

Creativity and aesthetic experience, according to Indic tradition; a study.

This paper draws from critical data studies and related fields to investigate police officer-involved homicide data for Los Angeles County. We frame police officer-involved homicide data as a rhetorical tool that can reify certain assumptions about the world and extend regimes of power. We highlight the possibility that this type of sensitive civic data can be investigated and employed within local communities through creative practice. Community involvement with data can create a countervailing force to powerful dominant narratives and supplement activist (...) projects that hold local officials accountable for their actions. Our analysis examines four Los Angeles County police officer-involved homicide data sets. First, we provide accounts of the semantics, granularity, scale and transparency of this local data. Then, we describe a “counter data action,” an event that invited members of the community to identify the limits and challenges present in police officer-involved homicide data and to propose new methods for deriving meaning from these indicators and statistics. (shrink)

En este artículo conceptualizamos a los mass media como dispositivos sociales de control destinados a reproducir una violencia simbólica que pretende mantener los esquemas de dominación derivados del consenso entre dominantes y dominados. En este contexto, analizamos cómo el término “antisistema” es utilizado por los medios de comunicación de masas, en un sentido claramente peyorativo, para designar a los colectivos que se posicionan en contra del funcionamiento del sistema político y económico actual. Así, intentaremos vislumbrar cómo el discurso dominante consigue (...) crear una vinculación directa entre los grupos que llevan a cabo acciones violentas en las movilizaciones y los movimientos sociales de protesta. El principal objetivo de esta forma de control social es conectar la protesta social con la violencia, y en última instancia, conseguir la criminalización de los movimientos sociales. Argumentamos que este control social persigue luchar contra la idea misma de movilización a favor de un sistema económico alternativo. (shrink)

Este ensayo apunta a una reorientación crítica del proyecto de democracia radical de Mouffe, basada en un análisis de las limitaciones de su aproximación al potencial político de los afectos. Para ello, propongo una recuperación material de las formas de identificación político-social –que en el marco discursivo de Mouffe no se integra adecuadamente–, sobre la base de una comprensión transferencial (Dean) y participativa de los partidos. Lo que defiendo es una rehabilitación social-republicana de la práctica ciudadana, regulada por las virtudes (...) sociales necesarias para la mantención y refuerzo del compromiso democrático, frente a las amenazas de desafección, polarización y manipulación populista. (shrink)

A theory of collective violence must explain both why it is collective and why it is violent. Whereas my earlier work addresses the question of why collective violence is violent, here I apply and extend Donald Black's theory of partisanship to the question of why violence collectivizes. I propose in general that the collectivization of violence is a direct function of strong partisanship. Strong partisanship arises when third parties support one side against the other and are solidary among themselves. Such (...) support occurs when third parties are socially close to one side and remote from the other and when one side has more social status than the other. Third parties are solidary when they are intimate, culturally homogeneous, and interdependent. I focus in particular on lynching: Lynching is a joint function of strong partisanship toward the alleged victim and weak partisanship toward the alleged offender. Unequal strong partisanship appears in both classic lynchings and communal lynchings across societies and history. Where partisanship is weak or strong on both sides, lynching is unlikely to occur. Evidence includes patterns of lynching in various tribal societies, the American South, imperial China, and medieval Europe. (shrink)

Joel Katzav’s article describes and explains the realist perspectivist views of Grace de Laguna, showing the distinctiveness of her positions in a number of fields. My focus will be on her views of the self and persons, and how they are embedded in their communities, experience emotions, and develop morality. As Katzav outlines, de Laguna’s position can be characterized as a form of speculative philosophy that develops an ontology of modes of being. Katzav sees speculative philosophy and naturalism intertwining in (...) her work as de Laguna extends and criticizes science (the speculative aspect) as well as drawing on it (the naturalistic aspect). De Laguna’s project is to create a philosophical system that can be communicated to others. This system, according to Katzav, uses imagination, metaphor, and paradoxical formulations, such as ‘qualitative uniqueness’ to describe individuality, in a way that is common in continental philosophy. My commentary examines de Laguna’s views as they are set out by Katzav and suggests how his article opens up lines of philosophical inquiry concerning the self, community and morality. De Laguna’s views on these issues can also usefully be compared to those of Hannah Arendt to see how her articulation of these themes intersects with and differs from Arendt’s ideas. (shrink)

The combination of student Self-Regulation (SR) and the context of Regulatory Teaching (RT), each in varying degree, has recently been demonstrated to have effects on achievement emotions, factors and symptoms of stress, and coping strategies. The aim of the present research study is to verify its possible further effects, on academic behavioral confidence and procrastination. A total of 1193 university students completed validated online questionnaires with regard to specific subjects in their degree program. Using an ex post facto design, multivariate (...) analyses and structural equation modeling (SEM) were carried out in order to test the relationships predicted by the model. SR and RT had a significant joint effect in determining the degree of academic behavioral confidence and of procrastination. Academic behavioral confidence also significantly predicted reasons for procrastinating, and these in turn predicted activities of procrastination. Conclusions are discussed, insisting on the combined weight of the two variables in determining academic behavioral confidence, reasons for procrastinating and activities subject to procrastination, in university students. Implications for guidance and educational support of university students and teachers are analyzed. (shrink)