En el presente estudio se analizan diversos fragmento de la poética brasileña, que apareció desde el siglo XIX y principios del XX, autores como Manuel Bandeira; Jorge de Lima; Cecilia Meireles, entre otros, fijaron las bases de la poesía modernista, inspirada en las románticas.

La presencia e integración de la investigación cualitativa a los protocolos de investigación biomédica ha cobrado cada vez mayor relevancia, por la importancia de la antropología cultural. El caso particular de la etnografía adquiere aún más preeminencia en relación con la definición de riesgo para el sujeto de investigación. El presente artículo expone las principales características de la investigación etnográfica que deben ser evaluadas por un comité de ética de la investigación, y define una serie de recomendaciones para la evaluación (...) del riesgo para los sujetos que se someten a este tipo de estudio. Los miembros de los Comités de Ética en Investigación deben tener en cuenta la etnografía para realizar a cabalidad su función. (shrink)

Researchers working in the field of ecosystem services (ES) have long acknowledged the importance of recognising multiple values in ecosystems and biodiversity. Yet the operationalisation of value pluralism in ES assessments remains largely elusive. The aim of this research is to present a taxonomy of values and valuation methods to widen the evaluative space for ES. First, we present our preanalytic positions in regards to the values and valuation of ES. Second, we review different value definitions that we deem relevant (...) for the discussion of ES valuation. Third, we propose a taxonomy of ES values based on different conceptions of human–nature relationships. Finally, we present a taxonomy of different methods that can be used to recognise plural values in ES. This taxonomy for a plural valuation can help ES scientists and practitioners with their aim of representing people's multiple and context-specific ways of valuing nature. The taxonomy can also serve to pay broader attention to ES values that are overlooked or misrepresented in assessments that restrict their focus to monetary valuations. (shrink)

Diseases of complex origin have a component of quantitative genetics that contributes to their susceptibility and phenotypic variability. However, after several studies, a major part of the genetic component of complex phenotypes has still not been found, a situation known as “missing heritability.” Although there have been many hypotheses put forward to explain the reasons for the missing heritability, its definitive causes remain unknown. Complex diseases are caused by multiple intermediate phenotypes involved in their pathogenesis and, very often, each one (...) of these intermediate phenotypes also has a component of quantitative inheritance. Here we propose that at least part of the missing heritability can be explained by the genetic component of intermediate phenotypes that is not detectable at the level of the main complex trait. At the same time, the identification of the genetic component of intermediate phenotypes provides an opportunity to identify part of the missing heritability of complex diseases. (shrink)

En los escritos esotéricos o privados de los años treinta y cuarenta, el concepto de un estilo del Da-sein puede resultar sorprendente. Sorprendente, en gran medida, porque en los escritos de ese período Heidegger desarrolla una crítica radical de la Modernidad, la cual acaba tomando la forma de una historia del ser. En esta historia, el estilo, figura moderna, artística y cultural por excelencia, difícilmente encuentra su sitio. El objetivo de este artículo es reconstruir este concepto, aparentemente secundario y menor, (...) para así desentrañar los sentidos filosóficos que contiene. Trataremos de mostrar cómo el estilo del Da-sein, al formar parte de la metafísica de la subjetividad moderna, tanto en la historia del arte como en la confrontación con Nietzsche, exhibe el proyecto filosófico de la Kehre. Sin embargo, si, en última instancia, el estilo del Da-sein concierne a nuestra relación con el ser, la de Heidegger podría no ser la única aproximación fenomenológica relevante al problema. (shrink)

Tarski implicitly postulated that a certain pre-theoretical concept of logical consequence and his technical concept of logical consequence are co-extensional. This chapter makes explicit a few theses about logical consequence or logical truth that sound Tarskian somehow, including one that most deserves the name ‘Tarski's Thesis’. Some of these theses are probably true or close to true but weaker than Tarski's. Some are false but stronger than Tarski's. Tarski's Thesis plausibly postulated that a sentence of a classical language possibly extended (...) with non-traditional extensional logical constants is logically true, if it is true in all classical interpretations of all its non-logical constants. But it is noted that this thesis turns out to be false on most conceptions of logical truth, for some sentences of a classical language extended with extensional logical constants are true in all classical interpretations of all its non-logical constants, but are not necessary. (shrink)

Contrary to what often seems to be the implicit belief, Tarski's 1933 version of the theorem on the indefinability of truth did not mention semantic notions, either defined or intuitive. I state this version in a somewhat modernized form and explain briefly the self-imposed mathematico-philosophical constraints that led Tarski to formulate it as he did. I also point out that close attention to its content suggests a refined view of the exact contrast between Tarski's achievement and Gödel's achievement in his (...) earlier discovery of another version of the result. (shrink)

I postulate that the extension of a degree adjective is fixed by implicitly accepted non-analytic reference-fixing principles (“preconceptions”) that combine appeals to paradigmatic cases with generic principles designed to expand the extension of the adjective beyond the paradigmatic range. In regular occasions of use, the paradigm and generic preconceptions are jointly satisfied and determine the existence of an extension/anti-extension pair dividing the adjective’s comparison class into two mutually exclusive and jointly exhaustive subclasses. Sorites paradoxical occasions of use are irregular occasions (...) of use in which the paradigm and generic preconceptions are not jointly satisfied. In them, the relevant degree adjective lacks an extension, and utterances of sentences containing it appearing in sorites arguments do not have truth conditions. I also postulate a probable psychology of paradigm intuitions, used in a psychological explanation of the preference for solutions of the sorites paradox on which paradigm preconceptions retain their intuitive truth-values. (shrink)

The use of some nonhuman primates in invasive research—unlike that on animals more generally—has been severely restricted or banned in much of the world. This trend toward severe restrictions or bans raises the question: Has the time come to end invasive research with all primates? In this chapter, we offer an overview of the main ethical questions surrounding the use of primates in invasive research, evaluate some of the leading arguments in favor of and against such research, and propose some (...) ethical recommendations for conducting this research. As we argue, the case for phasing out the use of primates in invasive research is not as straightforward as some might think. Stringent restrictions must be adopted if scientifically and ethically justifiable invasive research with primates is to continue. (shrink)

Quotation marks are ambiguous, although the conventional rules that govern their different uses are similar in that they contain quantifications over quotable expressions. Pure uses are governed by a simple rule: by enclosing any expression within quotation marks one gets a singular term, the quotation, that stands for the enclosed expression. Impure uses are far less simple. In a series of uses the quotation marks conventionally indicate that (part of) the enclosed expression is a contextually appropriate version of expressions uttered (...) by some relevant agent. When the quotation marks have this meaning, it is tempting to think of them as contributing that indication to the truth-conditional content of the utterance. I adopt a cautious attitude towards this hypothesis, for the evidence in its favor is inconclusive. In other uses the quotation marks conventionally indicate that the enclosed expression should be used not “plainly” but in some broadly speaking “distanced” way, or that it is being so used by the utterer, and typically context makes clear the exact nature of the “distance” at stake. In these cases the quotation marks do not even appear to contribute that indication to the truth-conditional content of the utterance. (shrink)

Reseá crítica sobre el libro de Ángeles Eraña, De un mundo que hila personas (o de la inexistencia de la paradoja individuo/sociedad), UNAM-Instituto de Investigaciones Filosóficas/UAM-Cuajimalpa-División de Ciencias Sociales y Humanidades, Ciudad de México, 2021, 175 pp.

En este artículo pretendemos demostrar la existencia de una teoría de la propiedad en la obra de Joaquín Costa. Esta subyace tanto en sus escritos dirigidos a influir en la política de su tiempo como en sus estudios filosóficos de otros autores. En ese sentido, trataremos de discernir cuál es el posicionamiento de Costa entre todos aquellos que estudia, así como de mostrar con exactitud cuáles son los orígenes de la teoría de este autor, los cuales se pueden localizar en (...) la teología política del catolicismo social, las prácticas colectivistas del mundo agrario español y los autores de la que denomina escuela española del derecho. En ese sentido, aclararemos cuál es el lugar de la teoría económica costista ―el colectivismo agrario― entre las teorías modernas de la propiedad, singularmente en su relación con el socialismo. Finalmente, mostraremos la estrecha relación entre propiedad y derecho consuetudinario en Costa. Todo ello nos servirá para mostrar la posibilidad de entender a Costa como un autor fértil para la tradición progresista española. (shrink)

The sexual double standard refers to the acceptance of different criteria to assess the same sexual behavior in men and women. To date, the few studies that have addressed the relationship between SDS and sexual satisfaction have obtained inconclusive results. In addition, no study has analyzed sexual satisfaction in people who maintain different forms of adherence to the SDS. This study establishes three SDS typologies of adherence in two areas of sexual behavior to examine the predictive capacity of personal variables, (...) interpersonal variables and social variables in sexual satisfaction. A sample of 1194 heterosexual adults aged between 18 and 87 years, who had been in a relationship for more than 6 months, was evaluated. In men, the highest sexual satisfaction levels were obtained in the egalitarian typology in the sexual freedom area. In women, no significant differences were found between the typologies of adherence to the SDS. Regression models showed that relationship satisfaction was the main predictor of sexual satisfaction in all the typologies in both men and women. In addition, the predictive relationship of personal variables with sexual satisfaction varied according to gender and the SDS adherence type. The results show the importance of studying sexual satisfaction by taking into account not only the differences between men and women. Furthermore, it is essential to consider other differences between people; for example, the difference that derives from the way of psychologically internalizing attitude toward the SDS. (shrink)

El sufismo es una corriente estrictamente islámica cuyos seguidores se entregan a la práctica de un misticismo de base ascética en un ambiente religioso de gran ritualidad. Es característica fundamental del sufismo la imprescindible participación de un maestro de espíritu que asume el papel de guía en la formación del novicio devoto, facilitando su progresión en el Camino. Algunos de estos personajes, poseedores de gran carisma y detentadores de virtudes extraordinarias y ejemplares, llegaron a despertar, primero en sus educandos y (...) luego en los seguidores de sus doctrinas y enseñanzas, tal nivel de admiración que llegaron a ser considerados santos. El artículo analiza las características y circunstancias que concurrían en estas singulares personas, así como la esencia de la cualidad que las adornaba, la santidad. Además, también se aborda un fenómeno relacionado con lo anterior, que se produjo en las zonas rurales y suburbanas de Marruecos y otros lugares del Magreb, el santonismo. Este último sería el culto que se daría a una determinada persona, el santón, por parte de sectores de la población poco islamizados en los que sobrevivirían ciertos atavismos preislámicos. (shrink)

Jean-Luc Godard’s Alphaville puts forward a cultural critique of modern capitalism in a poetic form. The film subverts the standard classification of cinematographic “genres” and of cinematographic languages, without separating the content of the criticism from its form of expression. Thus, it uses an original language that integrates both philosophical and poetic referents, putting together elements from the dystopic imagination, the science fiction, the romantic film, and other cinematographic “genres”. Unlike Orwell and Huxley’s dystopias, Alphaville depicts a deeper, insidious, invisible (...) and more efficacious form of totalitarianism that invades the so-called “democratic” societies. This type of totalitarianism is dominated by instrumental rationality and techno-science, which expel art and imagery, the poetic and the possible, emotion, feelings and everything that is free. This paper analyzes the construction of this original form and interprets its critical content from the perspective of Godard’s thought. It is an exercise of looking and knowing how to look. (shrink)

Il est tout à fait possible de soutenir que l’espace de Newton manque d’objectivité physique (ce qui est un corollaire de la théorie einsténienne) et néanmoins prendre tout à fait au sérieux la thèse de l’espace euclidien comme condition de possibilité de l’expérience. Condition de possibilité de l’émergence d’un sujet qui configure son monde en remettant tout point de son environnement à une métrique. Cette métrique ne serait autre que celle qui donne sens à la géométrie que l’on a appris (...) à l´école, c’est à dire, la métrique euclidienne. Tout en manquant de réalité physique, tout en n`étant pas fertile à l’heure de rendre compte de la forme de l’univers, la métrique euclidienne serait la seule modalité sous laquelle il y aurait pour l’homme une prise sur le monde. Qu’on l’appelle ou pas transcendantale, la reconnaissance de la métrique euclidienne comme condition de possibilité de l’expérience nous rapprocherait de Kant sans pour autant répudier Einstein ou Poincaré. (shrink)

Through history, predatory features are used to constructs when constructing textual representations on the human/animal frontier. The predatory act has remained a recurring motif that emerges from a metaphoric system in cultural imagination. An ecosemiotic approach to this topic allows us to understand how specific predatory behaviours constitute a source of meaning: in other words, how an alleged “animal tendency” is appropriated (translated) into various cultural texts through metaphors, creating a rhetorical order. To illustrate this, some features of metaphors of (...) predatoriness in certain texts in Argentinian culture will be reviewed. A particularly vivid example is provided by two species, the cougar and the jaguar, that have generated cultural translations which expand and proliferate into contemporaneity. These translations constitute a form in which culture metaphorizes aggressiveness and interprets certain species from a historical and ideological perspective. The Argentinian cases suggest a revision of how history has treated the cultural other in terms of cultural and biological inferiority. (shrink)

An exposition of Kripke's unpublished critique of dispositionalism about color, followed by a review of some recent defenses of dispositionalism and a sketch of some objections that could be made to these defenses from a broadly Kripkean perspective.

Different constructions of BL-chains are compared. We establish when the ordinal sum and the poset product of the same family of BL-chains coincide. We also compare the poset product of MV-chains and product chains with saturated BL-chains.

Second person intentional relations, involving intentional activities directed at the perceptor, are qualitatively different from first and third person relations. They generate a peculiar, bidirectional kind of intentionality, especially in the realm of visual perception. Systems specialized in dealing with this have been selected by evolution. These systems can be considered to be the evolutionary precursors to the human theory of mind.

El presente artículo se propone identificar los fundamentos de la teoría de la comunicabilidad de la Obra de Arte que se puede extraer de los escritos de Edith Stein. Tras presentar el problema de la empatía y la base antropológica que afecta a los sujetos y objetos del mundo del arte, además de los posibles problemas en la transmisión de dicho mensaje artístico, se ahonda en las implicaciones de la consideración del arte como objeto y sujeto de empatía y el (...) sistema comunicativo que se puede establecer en el mundo del arte. (shrink)

Diversos estudios han concluido que los pacientes con daño en la Corteza Frontal –CF– o Corteza Prefrontal Ventromedial –CPV– muestran una disposición a herir directamente a otra persona con el fin de salvar varias vidas en sus respuestas a los “dilemas morales personales”, revelando una posible carencia de empatía. No obstante, cuando evalúan conductas carentes de empatía sin justificación utilitarista, sus respuestas son normales. Defendemos aquí que los pacientes sufren una deficiencia cognitiva relacionada con la hipótesis de marcador somático de (...) Damasio y con juicios de valor. Criticamos la hipótesis del “paciente utilitarista”, que se ha atrincherado en la neurociencia cognitiva. (shrink)

En diciembre del 2019, en la provincia de Wuhan, China, se describió una nueva enfermedad respiratoria, aguda y potencialmente letal, causada por un coronavirus. A esta enfermedad se le denominó Covid-19. En México, la mortalidad por esta enfermedad es elevada y un porcentaje importante de los enfemos muere en los hospitales. Por ahora no existe en México un protocolo específico en el sistema de salud tanto público como privado, para que las familias puedan decirle adiós a los enfermos con Covid-19. (...) Un panel de expertos en cuidados paliativos y bioética proponen uno, para que pueda servir como referencia en cada unidad de salud de nuestro país. (shrink)

Student-centered pedagogy has been embraced by many feminist practitioners and educational theorists as an antidote to more “traditional” or “masculinist” forms of classroom relations, epistemological constructs, and theories of self. I will show that the margin-center schema, student-centered pedagogy’s foundational metaphor, undermines feminist projects when applied to teacher-student relations. Although the margin-center schema has been a useful diagnostic tool in feminist theory, it operates prescriptively in student-centered pedagogy. Student-centered pedagogy designates teachers’ “proper place” at the margins of classroom life, a (...) place that echoes bygone visions of domestic femininity. This paper is simultaneously a critique of student-centered pedagogy and a recuperative project to dislodge the work of John Dewey from the teacher-centered/student-centered binary. (shrink)

Los convulsos acontecimientos de estos últimos años han demostrado, a escala global, cuán enajenante es nuestra experiencia presente del tiempo. Las tendencias actuales de la teoría crítica y otros enfoques histórico-sociológicos insisten en el ritmo devorador de la aceleración (P. Virilio; H. Rosa) y en la reconfiguración temporal a partir del “presentismo” (Koselleck; F. Hartog). Sin embargo, sabemos que estas cuestiones distan de ser absolutamente nuevas, y que ya preocupaban a los filósofos y a los fenomenólogos en la primera mitad (...) del siglo XX. La publicación reciente de los últimos tratados del Ereignis y de los Cuadernos negros, redactados en los años 1930 y 1940, nos permite acceder a una reflexión original sobre lo que Heidegger nombra la maquinación o fabricación [Machenschaft]. Nos gustaría analizar la manera en la que, a partir de la fabricación, se puede replantear el sentido de nuestra experiencia temporal íntima frente a la situación moderna. Más concretamente, ahondaremos en las formas en las que la primacía de la fabricación funciona como cerrazón de posibilidades, llegando a impedir que pueda ocurrir algo realmente “histórico”. (shrink)

History and Decision in Heidegger’s Private Writings: The animal historicum and the Da-sein In this paper, we aim to reconstruct Heidegger’s critique of the modern conception of subjectivity, history and freedom, as it appears in his posthumous writings and in the Black Notebooks of the 1930’s and 1940’s. In order to do so, we will examine the meaning of decision ( Entscheidung ) and its links with the history of Be-ing ( Geschichte des Seyns ). Our first section will be (...) devoted to a critical reconstruction of Machenschaft as a symbol of our modern times. According to Heidegger, the Machenschaft represents a place in history where no new historical decisions can be made in any conceivable way, and humanity becomes an animal historicum. In spite of that, the way of a new beginning and a new decision concerning ourselves remains difficult but possible, a phenomenon that we analyze in our second section: how the essence of humanity can be transformed in Da-sein, but only if we think anew our relationship with being. (shrink)