In this essay, I explore the relationship between film form, academic star personas, and the concept of resentment through a discussion of Jürgen Schaflechner’s film ‘The Toxic Reigns of Resentment’ (2020). I will argue that through its form, ‘Toxic Reigns’ allows us to consider different meanings of ‘faces’ – from individualising star personas, the circulation of resentment to a sense of affect that goes beyond individuation. By doing so, I argue that the film enables academic viewers to rethink how (...) we often overly personalise the concepts we use in our everyday academic life. Furthermore, I argue that this also pertains to academic star-personas we come to see as the bearer of the concepts and who are often invested with resentment. In the course of my discussion, I will show how the film’s form leads us beyond the deadlocks of identitarian and personalised resentment that are tangled up with such academic star-personas. (shrink)

In this important book, Jürgen Habermas takes up certain fundamental questions of philosophy. While much of his recent work has been concerned with issues of morality and law, in this new work Habermas returns to the traditional philosophical questions of truth, objectivity and reality which were at the centre of his earlier classic book _Knowledge and Human Interests_. In this new work Habermas returns to the traditional philosophical questions of truth, objectivity and reality. Habermas pursues these questions from the perspective (...) of his own formal pragmatic theory which is based on an analysis of speech acts and language use. He asks: How can the idea that our world exists independently of our attempts to describe it be reconciled with the insight that we can never reach reality without the mediation of language? Addresses the limits of philosophy and reassesses the relation between theory and practice from a ‘post-Marxist' perspective. (shrink)

Frequently, historical comparisons are asymmetrical in the sense that they investigate one case carefully while limiting themselves to a mere sketch of the other case which serve as comparative reference point. The debate on the German Sonderweg and the rich historical literature originating from this debate can serve as examples. This article reconstructs the pros and cons within this controversial debate, reports its results and puts it into a broader historical context. It analyzes the comparative logic implied by the Sonderweg (...) thesis and argues that the interpretation of modern German history in the sense of a Sonderweg can only be maintained if related to the question why Germany turned fascist and totalitarian in the interwar period while other societies did not, and if Western countries are selected as units of comparison. The choice of comparative reference points turns out to be decisive and partly dependent on normative priorities and conventions. The article points to dangers and opportunities inherent in asymmetrical comparison. (shrink)

The history of science can be better understood against the background of a history of knowledge comprising not only theoretical but also intuitive and practical knowledge. This widening of scope necessitates a more concise definition of the concept of knowledge, relating its cognitive to its material and social dimensions. The history of knowledge comprises the history of institutions in which knowledge is produced and transmitted. This is an essential but hitherto neglected aspect of cultural evolution. Taking this aspect into account (...) one is led to the concept of extended evolution, which integrates the perspectives of niche construction and complex regulative networks. The paper illustrates this concept using four examples: the emergence of language, the Neolithic revolution, the invention of writing and the origin of mechanics. (shrink)

The authors discuss Popper's and Kuhn's theories of science and consider whether these can explain the real course taken by the history of science, that is the real behaviour of scientists seen in an historical light. It has mainly to do with the problem of what criteria influence scientists in deciding on the acceptance of one of several possible theories. The authors postulate the necessity of introducing the category of "objective technological Erkenntnisinteresse" to help solve the problem. They illustrate this (...) by analysing the various models of the structure of Benzol, proposed by Kekulé, Claus and Ladenburg. According to the authors, Popper and Kuhn cannot explain the fact that the model of Kekulé was readily accepted. It can however be explained with the category of Erkenntnisinteresse. (shrink)

Friedrich Nietzsche has emerged as one of the most important and influential modern philosophers. For several decades, the book series Monographien und Texte zur Nietzsche-Forschung (MTNF) has set the agenda in a rapidly growing and changing field of Nietzsche scholarship. The scope of the series is interdisciplinary and international in orientation reflects the entire spectrum of research on Nietzsche, from philosophy to literary studies and political theory. The series publishes monographs and edited volumes that undergo a strict peer-review process. The (...) book series is led by an international team of editors, whose work represents the full range of current Nietzsche scholarship. (shrink)

Reminiscing on the fact that E. Schrödinger was rooted in the same physical tradition as M. Planck and A. Einstein, some aspects of his attitude to quantum mechanics are discussed. In particular, it is demonstrated that the quantum-mechanical paradoxes assumed by Einstein and Schrödinger should not exist, but that otherwise the epistemological problem of physical reality raised in this context by Einstein and Schrödinger is fundamental for our understanding of quantum theory. The nonexistence of such paradoxes just shows that quantum-mechanical (...) effects are due to interference and not to interaction. This line of argument leads consequently to quantum field theories with second quantization, and accordingly quantum theory based both on Planck's constant h and on Democritus's atomism. (shrink)

Der Aufsatz analysiert Fichtes Verhältnis zu dem durch die Französische Revolution eingeleiteten Epochenumbruch und der damit verbundenen philosophischen Positionsbildung The essay analyzes Fichte's relationship to the epochal upheaval initiated by the French Revolution and the associated formation of philosophical positions. El ensayo analiza la relación de Fichte con el cambio de época iniciado por la Revolución Francesa y la formación asociada de posiciones filosóficas. В эссе анализируется отношение Фихте к эпохальным потрясениям, инициированным Французской революцией, и связанное с этим формирование философских (...) позиций. (shrink)

Der Konstruktionsbegriff erfuhr er unter dem Eindruck technischer Fortschritte wie soziokultureller Veränderungen vor allem im 19. Jahrhundert wesentliche Wandlungen. Mit dessen selbstverständlich erscheinender Nutzung ergibt sich die Frage nach seinem Bedeutungsfeld: Ist Konstruieren ein Prozess, der sich auf das Entwerfen, die Präsentation der äußerlichen Gestalt des zu erzeugenden Gegenstandes konzentriert oder sind in ihm wesentlich mehr Aspekte impliziert? Im 17./18. Jahrhundert war Konstruktion verbunden mit dem Maschinenbegriff und vom Anspruch getragen, das geschlossene Ganze der Maschine als Objekt zu erfassen. Im (...) Unterschied dazu wurde namentlich in der klassischen deutschen Philosophie der Konstruktionsgedanke in ganz anderer Weise ausgebildet. Insbesondere Fichte vollzog einen Paradigmawechsel, indem er die Konstruktion zur universellen Fähigkeit der Begriffsbildung erhob. Wissen galt ihm als ideale "Nachkonstruktion" des Seins unter der Form des Wissens. Es verbindet sich damit der Wechsel vom ordnenden zu einem entwerfenden Weltverhältnis. Das Wissen erscheint nun als ein Werdendes. Im Herausarbeiten der theoretischen-begrifflichen Fassung des Wesens eines Gegenstandes manifestiert sich der entwerfende, tätige Charakter des Subjektes. Der Artikel verfolgt zum einen Aspekte der philosophischen und zum anderen der technischen Entwicklung. The concept of construction underwent significant changes under the influence of technical advances and socio-cultural changes, especially in the 19th century. With its seemingly obvious use, the question of its field of meaning arises: Is construction a process that focuses on design, the presentation of the external shape of the object to be produced, or are significantly more aspects implied in it? In the 17th/18th In the 19th century, construction was associated with the concept of machine and supported by the claim to grasp the closed whole of the machine as an object. In contrast to this, the idea of ​​construction was developed in a completely different way, especially in classical German philosophy. Fichte in particular carried out a paradigm shift by elevating construction to the universal ability of concept formation. Knowledge was for him the ideal "reconstruction" of being under the form of knowledge. This is linked to the change from an ordering to a designing world relationship. Knowledge now appears as something in the making. The drafting, active character of the subject manifests itself in the working out of the theoretical-conceptual version of the essence of an object. The article follows aspects of philosophical and technical development on the one hand. (shrink)

Die öffentliche Wahrnehmung der Forschung mit extrakorporalen Embryonen bildet den Kern des vorliegenden Beitrags. Hierzu wurden über 400 Personen schriftlich befragt. Die Art der Embryonengewinnung (künstliche Erzeugung vs. überzählige Embryonen) wird als bedeutsam für die Bewertung der Forschung angesehen. Mehrheitlich besteht der Wunsch nach rechtlich klaren Grenzen. Die größte Ambivalenz zeigt sich hinsichtlich der Frage nach einer gesetzlichen Erlaubnis der Embryonenforschung. Umgekehrt hat die Bevölkerung eine eindeutigere Meinung zum Verbot von Embryonenforschung und zur Einführung strikter rechtlicher Regelungen. Die Wahl der (...) Mittelkategorie bei der Untersuchung der Einstellung ist durch das Ausmaß der Ambivalenz mitbestimmt. Es konnte nachgewiesen werden, dass Laien das Dilemma der Embryonenforschung ähnlich bewerten wie Experten. Der Wunsch nach einer Freigabe der Forschung mit Embryonen besteht bei einer Teilgruppe, jedoch ist dieser Wunsch von einem hohen Ausmaß an Ambivalenz begleitet. (shrink)

In a thought experiment we want to test how the emergence of adult neural stem cells could constitute an example for a scientific revolution in the sense of Thomas Kuhn. In his major work, The structure of scientific revolutions, 3rd edn, University of Chicago Press, Chicago (Kuhn 1996), the philosopher of science, Thomas Kuhn, states that scientific progress is not a cumulative process, but new theories appear by a rather revolutionary sequence of events. Kuhn built his theory on landmark events (...) taken from chemistry and physics, lacking examples from biology. Beginning with Ramon y Cajal’s famous quote, no new neurons after birth , from the early years of the twentieth century, and Reynolds and Weiss’s conflicting finding in 1992 of adult neural stem cells giving rise to new neurons, we will test how the finding of neural stem cells in the adult brain matches with Kuhn’s theory. The pivotal problem of defining a paradigm will be our main focus, since the emergence of adult neural stem cells has been acclaimed by the scientific community as the rebuttal of Ramon y Cajal’s paradigm. (shrink)

Shape and locomotion of tissue cells depend on the interaction of elements of the cytoskeleton, adhesion to the substrate and an intracellular hydrostatic pressure. The existence of this pressure becomes obvious from increase in cell volume on cessation of contractile forces and from observations with ultrasound acoustic microscopy. Wherever such an internal pressure is established, it is involved in generation of shape and driving force of cell locomotion. Therefore each hypothesis on cell shape and locomotion must consider this property of (...) a living cell. Apparently different types of locomotion depend on differences in substrate adhesion and/or cytoskeleton organisation. (shrink)

This volume brings together a range of theoretical responses to issues in Irish politics. Its organising ideas: recognition, equality, and democracy set the terms of political debate within both jurisdictions. For some, there are significant tensions between the grammar of recognition, concerned with esteem, respect and the symbolic aspects of social life, and the logic of equality, which is primarily concerned with the distribution of material resources and formal opportunities, while for others, tensions are produced rather by certain interpretations of (...) these ideas while alternative readings may, by contrast, serve as the basis for a systematic account of social and political inequality. The essays in this collection will explore these interconnections with reference to the politics of Northern Ireland and the Republic. The Republic has gone through a period in which its constitution was the focus for a liberal politics aimed at securing personal autonomy, while Northern Ireland’s political landscape has been shaped by the problem of securing political autonomy and democratic legitimacy. While the papers address key questions facing each particular polity, the issues themselves have resonances for politics on each side of the border. (shrink)

Der Artikel verfolgt, in welcher Weise Johann Gottlieb Fichte mit seiner Wissenschaftslehre die Diskussion um das Wesen der Natur in ihrem Verhältnis zum Subjekt beeinflusst. Dabei wird besonders sein Ansatz zur Fassung der Subjektivität und der Dialektisierung der Erkenntnisbeziehung zwischen Subjekt und Objekt herausgearbeitet. Dabei wird Fichtes Beitrag zur Entwicklung einer modernen dialektischen Methode gewürdigt. -/- The article follows the way in which Johann Gottlieb Fichte influences the discussion about the essence of nature in its relationship to the subject with (...) his science theory. His approach to the definition of subjectivity and the dialectization of the cognitive relationship between subject and object will be worked out in particular. Fichte's contribution to the development of a modern dialectical method is acknowledged. -/- В статье показано, как Иоганн Готлиб Фихте влияет на дискуссию о сущности природы в ее отношении к предмету своей научной теорией. В частности, вырабатывается его подход к определению субъективности и диалектизации познавательных отношений между субъектом и объектом. Признан вклад Фихте в развитие современного диалектического метода. -/- El artículo sigue la forma en que Johann Gottlieb Fichte incide en la discusión sobre la esencia de la naturaleza en su relación con el sujeto con su teoría de la ciencia. En particular, se trabaja su aproximación a la definición de subjetividad y la dialéctica de la relación cognitiva entre sujeto y objeto. Se reconoce la contribución de Fichte al desarrollo de un método dialéctico moderno. (shrink)

В развитии своего аналитико-синтетического метода Фихте восходил к диэрезису, методически отраженному со времен Платона. Если Платон несомненно указывает на историческое происхождение диэрезис, то у Фихте нет прямого указания на его концептуальную дифференциацию. Таким образом, в эссе исследуется, какие современные научные и философские проблемы привели к возобновлению и новому формированию диэрезиса. Далее показано, как Фихте развил диэрезис в особый трансцендентально-философский метод и таким образом обозначил решающий поворот в философии. Разнообразные методологические и гносеологические размышления о понимании единства и многообразия явлений природы и (...) истории составляют современный фон для разработки Фихте нового аналитико-синтетического метода: взятия за основу основной формы, которая сама по себе содержит возможность дифференцированного образования философское развитие понятия становится прослеживаемым в его генезисе. Таким образом, концепция Фихте превосходит современные таксономические подходы и их пространственно-статическую наслоенность терминов. То же самое относится и к подходам, формирующим гибридизацию с их латентной темпорализацией цепи понятий. В противоположность этому концепция Фихте образует разрыв в мышлении о цепи видов, поскольку мысль об опосредовании видов (понятий) между собой становится идеей, направляющей познание. Генетическая реконструкция идет по пути трансформации абсолютного Я и тем самым субъекта, вовлеченного в эти изменения в процессе познания как чего-то, так сказать, «разворачивающегося» в иных модусах явления вплоть до «реальности» как объективного существования. In the development of his analytical-synthetic method Fichte sought recourse to diaeresis, which reflects back methodically to Plato. While Plato indisputably provides the historical origin of diaeresis, very little is given as a direct reference for Fichte’s decision of terms. Therefore, the essay examines which contemporary scientific and philosophical problems led to the reference point for the resumption and reformation of diaeresis. It also shows how Fichte developed the diaeresis into a special transcendental philosophical method as well as tracking how it marks a turning point in philosophy. The multifaceted methodological and epistemological considerations for formulating the unity and diversity of appearances in nature and history form the contemporary background for Fichte’s development of a new type of analytical-synthetic method. By laying down a basic form which in itself contains the possibility of a differentiated formation, the philosophical development of the concept becomes traceable in its genesis. This marks the point where Fichte's conception transcends the contemporary taxonomic approaches and their spatially-static stratification of concepts. The same applies to the approaches that shape hybridization with their latent temporalization of the conceptual chain. It forms a rupture in thinking related to the linking of species, in that the idea of the mediation of the species (of concepts) among themselves becomes the idea guiding the knowledge. Genetic reconstruction follows the path of the transformation of the absolute I and thus the subject involved in these changes in the process of cognition as a kind of ›unwrapping‹ into other modes of appearance up to ›reality‹ as a representational existence. (shrink)

Translation of: Geist, Gehirn, Verhalten.

This review article gives an overview of the two most influential definitions of antisemit­ism in Europe: the non-legally binding working definition by the International Holocaust Remembrance Alliance (IHRA) and the so-called Jerusalem Declaration on Antisemitism. Furthermore, the article explains where the definitions come from and summarises the current debates and discourses on how to define antisemitism in view of the history and politics of Europe. It also gives brief attention to the Nexus Document as a third influential definition, which plays (...) a more important role in the United States. The article ends with a reflection on the definition offered by the historian Helen Fein, which is more action-based, and Amos Morris-Reich’s statement of the importance of reflecting on the role of language and the ability of language to create hate and to hurt. (shrink)