Gareth Evans famously affirmed an explanatory connection between answering the question whether p and knowing whether one believes that p. This is commonly interpreted in terms of the idea that judging that p constitutes an adequate basis for the belief that one believes that p. This paper formulates and defends an alternative, more modest interpretation, which develops from the suggestion that one can know that one believes that p in judging that p.

Wittgenstein on colour exclusion : not fatally mistaken / Andrew Lugg -- Dummett's criticism of the context principle / Philip A. Ebert -- What is wrong with classical negation? / Nils Kürbis -- Plain particulars / Ernâni Magalhães -- Frege and the description theory : an attempt at rehabilitation / Ari Maunu -- Die Moralpille : über Risiken und Nebenwirkungen denken Sie eigenständig nach und fragen Ihren Philosophen oder Ihre Philosophin / Dorothee Bleisch --Agency & the pill that makes us (...) moral / Philip Fox -- Breaking good : is there a patent recipe for cooking up the moral pill? / David Heering. (shrink)

The physical activity-related health competence model assumes that individuals require movement competence, control competence, and self-regulation competence to lead a healthy, physically active lifestyle. Although previous research has already established some measurement factors of the three dimensions, no attempts have so far been made to statistically aggregate them on the sub-competence level. Therefore, the goal of the present study was to test two additional factors for PAHCO and subsequently model the second-order structure with two samples from the fields of rehabilitation (...) and prevention. We conducted two questionnaire surveys with persons with multiple sclerosis and teaching students undergoing a basic qualification course in physical education. After performing exploratory items analysis, we used second-order confirmatory factor analysis and multidimensional scaling to investigate whether the scales could be bundled in accordance with the PAHCO model. The CFAs with 10 factors demonstrated a good model fit. In contrast, the second-order analysis with a simple loading structure on the three sub-competencies revealed an unacceptable model fit. Instead, a second-order model variant was preferred [comparative fit index = 0.926, root mean square error of approximation = 0.048, standardized root mean square residual = 0.065] in which body awareness and self-efficacy had theory-conform cross-loadings. The results of multidimensional scaling were in line with the extracted second-order structure. The present results suggested that the extension of the measurement instrument to 10 first-order factors was psychometrically justified for the two populations. The results from the second-order analyses provided the basis for the creation of sum scores, representing manifest indicators of movement competence, control competence, and self-regulation competence. Future studies are needed that cross-validate the extended measurement model with other populations and that relate the sub-competencies of PAHCO to indicators of health-enhancing physical activity. (shrink)

In this article, we discuss recent evidence from experimental economics on the impact of social preferences on workplace behavior. We focus on situations in which a single employer interacts with multiple employees. Traditionally, equity and efficiency have been seen as opposing aims in such work environments: individual pay-for-performance wage schemes maximize of efficiency but might lead to inequitable outcomes. We present findings from laboratory experiments that show under which circumstances partially incomplete contracts can create equitable work environments while at the (...) same time reaching surprisingly efficient outcomes. (shrink)

In fields where science and technology overlap, so do different function-ascriptions. The entities of Synthetic Biology research are a case in point, where organisms with biological functionality are altered to perform technical functions. A function theory for SynBiofacts has to address artifactual as well as biological functions of one and the same entity. Further demands on a function theory for Synthetic Biology emerge from methods of SynBiofact creation called kludging and the use-scenarios of SynBiofacts in proof-of-concept research and BioArt. After (...) discussing intentional accounts of technical functions, etiological function theory, contextual causation and contextual selection, a pluralist and weakly normative account of function will be outlined, that, or so it will be argued, can indeed cover all function ascriptions in Synthetic Biology. Lastly, some of the advantages and disadvantages of taking this stance will be outlined. (shrink)

It is a commonplace that “the map is not the territory.” The phrase goes back to Alfred Korzybski, while the insight—formulated by insisting on an apparent triviality—is surely older and has received poetical expressions from Lewis Carroll and Jorge Luis Borges among others. The difference between map and territory is a difference of categories and is at the base of the representation relation. Hence maps play a prominent role in the discourse about representation which takes place in a number of (...) disciplines and from different perspectives. Three of them are of special interest for the present paper.One influential view has been put forward by historian of art Ernst Gombrich in his classical lecture on.. (shrink)

Die Arbeit widmet sich dem Person- und Freiheitsverstandnis des Freiburger Religionsphilosophen Bernhard Welte (1906-1983). Damit werden unter Berucksichtigung bisher unveroffentlichter Schriften anthropologische Voraussetzungen ethisch relevanter Grundphanomene menschlichen Daseins zuganglich gemacht.

Episodic representations can be entertained either as “remembered” or “imagined”—as outcomes of experience or as simulations of such experience. Here, we argue that this feature is the product of a dedicated cognitive function: the metacognitive capacity to determine the mnemicity of mental event simulations. We argue that mnemicity attribution should be distinguished from other metacognitive operations (such as reality monitoring) and propose that this attribution is a “cognitive gadget”—a distinctively human ability made possible by cultural learning. Cultural learning is a (...) type of social learning in which traits are inherited through social interaction. In the case of mnemicity, one culturally learns to discriminate metacognitive “feelings of remembering” from other perceptual, emotional, action-related, and metacognitive feelings; to interpret feelings of remembering as indicators of memory rather than imagination; and to broadcast the interpreted feelings in culture- and context-specific ways, such as “I was there” or “I witnessed it myself.” We review evidence from the literature on memory development and scaffolding, metacognitive learning and teaching, as well as cross-cultural psychology in support of this view before pointing out various open questions about the nature and development of mnemicity highlighted by our account. (shrink)

This book is the first to trace the origins and significance of positivism on a global scale. Taking their cues from Auguste Comte and John Stuart Mill, positivists pioneered a universal, experience-based culture of scientific inquiry for studying nature and society—a new science that would enlighten all of humankind. Positivists envisaged one world united by science, but their efforts spawned many. Uncovering these worlds of positivism, the volume ranges from India, the Ottoman Empire, and the Iberian Peninsula to Central Europe, (...) Russia, and Brazil, examining positivism’s impact as one of the most far-reaching intellectual movements of the modern world. Positivists reinvented science, claiming it to be distinct from and superior to the humanities. They predicated political governance on their refashioned science of society, and as political activists, they sought and often failed to reconcile their universalism with the values of multiculturalism. Providing a genealogy of scientific governance that is sorely needed in an age of post-truth politics, this volume breaks new ground in the fields of intellectual and global history, the history of science, and philosophy. (shrink)

The Philosophy of Sri Aurobindo. Indian Philosophy and Yoga in the Contemporary World, edited by Dedidatta Aurobinda Mahapatra, aims to apply central ideas of Aurobindo’s philosophy to problems of the contemporary world. Based on an interpretation of Aurobindo’s work as a practical spiritual philosophy, the contributions in this volume develop reconstructions of different aspects of his work in order to further our understanding of concrete political and societal problems.

This article highlights the challenges and opportunities of Christian social workers in the tradition of deaconesses and deacons in today’s Germany. Their professional self-conception as social workers between church and society is analysed. By this, a new approach of linking up a theological perspective with diaconal professionalism, is presented.

One of the consequences of global warming is reduced final body sizes in animals of different orders, mainly in aquatic ectotherms like fish or water-breathing invertebrates. In this article, we identify August Pütter (1879–1929) as the originator of what is now called the “temperature–size rule” and as the first physiologist to develop a mechanistic explanation for this phenomenon. While Pütter’s growth model was indirectly influential through its adaptation by Ludwig von Bertalanffy (1901–1972), his explanation of the influence of temperature on (...) growth remained either unknown or misunderstood. In this contribution, we reconstruct the theoretical framework of his model and compare it to recent critiques of mechanistic models on growth and temperature. As we argue, Pütter’s theory of “similarities of growth” provides explanations for observed temperature–size patterns trends that avoid later accounts of underlying “biological laws.” While recent findings suggest that some aspects of Pütter’s model need revision—for example, the proposed exponents of the anabolic and catabolic terms in his growth equation—we argue that his mechanistic model was designed in a way that could account for the multiple apparent exceptions to the temperature–size rule that were recently found. (shrink)

Is Feminism without the agency of sexed subjects possible? Can the problems of a highly gendered world be formulated and tackled without resorting to the notion of fundamental sexual difference? Is it possible for a Feminism that is not based on the assumption of sexed beings to gain any consistency and follow any concerted strategy? The project of this study is not only to show that all these questions can be answered with a full-hearted – Yes! – but to explore (...) the huge scope of conceptual and also practical possibilities that are created by this change of paradigms. Possibilities that are foreclosed – as the first chapters attempt to work out – by Judith Butler’s so important theory of gendered subjects, and limited by Rosi Braidotti’s or Elizabeth Grosz’s endeavours to read Deleuzian concepts under the assumption of Irigarayan sexual difference. Gilles Deleuze’s and Félix Guattari’s thinking provides us with conceptual tools for a thorough analysis of the status quo – and means for conceptualising resistance that do not perpetuate the power structures it is fighting against. This book is an invitation to get in touch with these tools, join the alliance (no matter whether ‘queer’ or ‘feminist’) – and ‘Make Rhizomes’! "Zugegeben: Ich habe nicht alles verstanden. Und habe mich doch maßlos bereichert an diesem reichen Buch. So viel Beglückendes, so viel Verqueres liegt in diesem schwerelosen Denken." "Admittedly, I have not understood it all. Yet I feel enriched beyond measure by this book. So much delightfulness, so much queer quirkiness, lies within these weightless thoughts." (Antje Rávic Strubel). (shrink)

ZusammenfassungIn vielen literarischen Texten umkreist Goethe problematische Effekte von Bildern und Bildpraktiken. Bilder können dazu einladen, das bildlich Dargestellte für einen Teil der Wirklichkeit zu halten, sie können Gegenstand fragwürdiger Projektionen werden oder aber dazu beitragen, die Wirklichkeit selbst bildhaft erstarren zu lassen. Diese Gefahren im Umgang mit Bildern sind nicht zuletzt auf deren spezifische temporale Verfasstheit zurückzuführen, insbesondere wenn die physische Präsenz eines Bildes genutzt wird, um Vergangenes oder Abwesendes zu vergegenwärtigen. Der Beitrag entfaltet diese Problemlage an verschiedenen exemplarischen (...) Texten Goethes. Am Beispiel des Aufsatzes »Ruysdael als Dichter« skizziert er eine alternative Form des Umgangs mit Bildern, die nicht allein auf deren Präsenzeffekt setzt, sondern eine dem Bild eigene Temporalität im Prozess des Sehens und Reflektierens zur Geltung bringt.In many literary works, Goethe deals with problematic effects of pictures and their perception. Pictures can invite their viewers to take that what they represent as part of reality; they can become the object of questionable projections or encourage to freeze reality like a static depiction. These dangers in dealing with images are not least due to their specific temporal constitution, particularly when the physical presence of a picture is used to visualize the past or the absent. The paper unfolds this problem by referring to various exemplary texts of Goethe. Dwelling on the essay »Ruysdael as a poet«, it outlines an alternative way in dealing with pictures, which does not rely solely on their presence effect, but rather emphasizes a temporality that is inherent in the picture and can be put into effect in the process of seeing and reflecting. (shrink)