The paper presents a dialogical approach applied to the analysis of argumentative strategies in philosophy and examines the case of the critical comments to the Tanner Lectures given by the Dutch biologist and primatologist, Frans de Waal, at Princeton University in November 2003. The paper is divided into five parts: the first advances the hypothesis that what seem puzzling aspects of philosophical argumentation to scholars in other academic fields are explained by the global role played by a series of arguments (...) within a broader argumentative strategy, e.g. arguing that a question that seems important is not really worthwhile; the second presents five groups of dialectical operations, making use of concepts and tools from the dialectical dialogical approach (WaltonWalton and Krabbe, Commitment in Dialogue: Basic Concepts of Interpersonal Reasoning, SUNY Press, Albany, 1995), Hubert Marraud's Argument dialectic (Marraud, En buena lógica. Una introducción a la teoría de la argumentación, Editorial Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara, 2020) and from the vast tradition of formal dialectics and dialogical logic. In the remaining three sections, the comments of philosophers Christine M. Korsgaard, Philip Kitcher and Peter Singer to de Waal's Tanner Lectures are analyzed dialectically. (shrink)

Durante el pasado siglo y como consecuencia de la proyección europea en Oriente, las potencias de la época apoyaron las investigaciones que llevarían al redescubrimiento de las capitales asirias y la verdadera historia del Oriente antiguo. Ajena al área por razones evidentes, España tenía, sin embargo, buenos motivos para haber participado en aquellos descubrimientos. Una tradición viajera importante, antiguos vínculos culturales e intereses económicos así lo sugerían, pero nuestro país hubo de contentarse con la empresa africana. Con todo, ciertos espíritus (...) curiosos y especialmente dotados llenarían con su esfuerzo páginas y hechos de la mayor altura. Ellos representan las raíces primeras del desarrollo que los estudios sobre Oriente Próximo han tenido en las dos últimas décadas. Entre las de otros equipos, varias excavaciones abiertas por la Universidad Autónoma de Madrid tienen el mérito de haber sido las pioneras de la investigación española en Siria, Iraq y la Península de Omán. (shrink)

El objetivo principal de este trabajo pasa por mostrar la presencia de ciertos valores clásicos y estructuras del medievo –sin por ello absolutizar su importancia– dentro del inconcluso proceso de construcción de una modernidad específicamente latinoamericana. En primer lugar, analizaremos el contexto intelectual de Nueva España durante el siglo XVI, profundamente influenciado en un sentido amplio por el humanismo renacentista europeo. En segundo lugar, atenderemos a la emergencia de una conciencia criolla en Perú a partir del siglo XVII y en (...) Nueva España a lo largo del siglo XVIII como resultado de la hibridación cultural. (shrink)

This paper discusses the introduction of fraudulent “molecular detector” technology into Mexico. The case is used to argue that contemporary science and technology studies’ approaches to scientific policy-making make basic assumptions about the societies they operate in that are inconsistent with the Mexican context. This paper also argues that contrary to what happens in the so-called Global North, the relative power of Mexican science in government and policy circles is as much limited by its relatively weak position as much as (...) it is by self-censorship and unrealized impact in the country’s fragile democracy. The case is also used to highlight the necessity for more politically involved scientific institutions in Mexico, as these become critical safeguards against incoming destabilizing technologies from more powerful nations into the local “peripheral” context. (shrink)

ABSTRACTThis article analyzes different positions on the relationship between politics and the experience of time, both those which defend the legitimacy of institutions and those which claim to liquidate them. Recognizing the links between certain theological arguments and certain modalities of time and politics, the article describes and analyzes three different theses: the one that defends institutions against the erosion of subjectivity in capitalist societies, the one that proposes a mystical anarchism with a messianic profile and, finally, the thesis that (...) argues for the need to accelerate the contradictions of capitalism in order to overcome it and, at the same time, to preserve its conquests. Finally, I vindicate certain experiences that involve and prioritize the body against sense or meaning. To do this, I make use of some ideas of Agamben and Hans U. Gumbrecht. (shrink)

Este trabajo plantea un ejercicio de interpretación del relato bíblico de los macabeos, su rebelión y resistencia religiosa, política y militar frente a la imposición imperial desde algunas perspectivas recogidas de los escritos de Walter Benjamin sobre la juventud. Se ponen de relieve temas como la situación religiosa ante el horizonte de la Ilustración; la relevancia que tiene la religión en los movimientos sociales juveniles; el mesianismo reinterpretado por el movimiento romántico de los intelectuales judíos de la Mitteleuropa, según lo (...) ha estudiado el académico Michael Löwy para, finalmente, ensayar una reflexión sobre la ideología de la soberanía militar en contraste con el mesianismo utópico. (shrink)

Resumen En este artículo de reflexión se plantea que el concepto de ‘pensamiento crítico’ formulado por los pensadores del Movimiento de Pensamiento Crítico contiene un presupuesto que mina en gran medida su empresa: el movimiento asume que el pensador crítico desarrolla un autoconocimiento directo y transparente, lo que implicaría cuasi-infalibilidad. En la historia de la filosofía algunos pensadores han defendido esta posibilidad de un autoconocimiento directo e infalible, por ejemplo René Descartes y más recientemente Donald Davidson. Sin embargo, tal conocimiento (...) parece tener unos límites más o menos claros que no son tenidos en cuenta por los pensadores del MPC al formular su noción de pensamiento crítico, y debido a este presupuesto su proyecto filosófico e incluso pedagógico podría quedar sin fundamento.Palabras clave: pensamiento crítico; autoconocimiento; autoatribuciones infalibles; habilidades del pensamiento; disposiciones; estados mentales. (shrink)

In the wake of corporate ethical scandals that have harmed millions of employees and investors, there has been an increase in the number of works written in the last decade, which aim to answer one apparently simple question: what causes unethical behavior, and what can we do, if anything, to prevent similar transgressions in the future? The extensive research around this question is the best proof of its real complexity as the challenge of disentangling the background of ethical behavior has (...) obvious academic and practical interest. This study aims to take a further step toward that goal. Much research has noted the impact of multiple aspects of organizational contexts on individuals’ ethical behavior. However, studies that analyze the impact of organizational learning capability (OLC) on employees’ ethical behavior are few and far between. This was the first aim of this study. The second centered on gaining a deeper understanding of the relationship between OLC and ethical behavior by analyzing the mediating role of employability and organizational commitment. We tested our hypotheses through a structural equation methodology applied to a sample of 641 workers from 166 Spanish consultancy firms and found a positive, direct relationship between OLC and employability, OLC and organizational commitment, employability and organizational commitment, and organizational commitment and ethical behavior. (shrink)

Resumen: En la actualidad uno de los libros más usados para dar lógica elemental es el de Irving Copi y Carl Cohen (Introducción a la lógica, 2001), allí se presentan unas reglas para decidir la validez de los silogismos categóricos de forma estándar. Pero en tal texto ni en ninguno que nosotros conozcamos se ofrece una fundamentación de las mismas. Es decir, una demostración de que ellas son realmente una condición necesaria y suficiente de la validez de un silogismo categórico (...) de forma estándar, lo único que hemos leído es su motivación como condición necesaria. El objetivo de este trabajo es ofrecer una fundamentación de las mismas usando la noción de conjunto (o clase) y la técnica de diagramas de Venn, un concepto y una técnica que están expuestos en los principales textos de lógica elemental, incluyendo el referido anteriormente. -/- Abstract: Currently, one of the most widely used textbooks in elementary logic is the one by Irving Copi and Carl Cohen (Introduction to Logic, 2001). They offer rules for deciding the validity of standard categorical syllogisms. But neither that textbook, nor any other we know of, provides the foundations of these rules; that is to say, the demonstration that they are a necessary and sufficient condition for the validity of a standard categorical syllogism. We have only found motivations for the necessary condition. The main goal of this work is to provide a foundation of these rules using the notion of set as well as Venn diagrams, a concept and a technique exposed in the main textbooks of logic, including the aforementioned. (shrink)

Hunger reduction, a universal goal, is often pursued through the concept of food security, which partially shifts the responsibility from national states to food banks. However, the active involvement of various stakeholders in food banks is frequently overlooked. The first waves of the COVID-19 pandemic prompted the High-Level Panel of Experts on Food Security and Nutrition of the Committee on World Food Security to acknowledge the necessity of stakeholders´ participation in achieving food security. Despite the significant influence of power relations (...) on the operations of a food bank, there is a shortage of evidence on the role of power relations among stakeholders in food banks, particularly in developing countries. Therefore, this paper delves into the power dynamics among actors in a food bank in a metropolitan region in Bolivia (Plurinational State) before and during the COVID-19 pandemic and their impact on the food sovereignty of the actors and the region. Our research was guided by an analytical framework based on Gaventa’s Power Cube and the definition of food sovereignty from the Declaration of Nyéléni. We employed rigorous qualitative research methods, including participatory observation and semi-structured in-depth interviews, over three months in an iterative process. Our findings reveal that power relations can enhance the food distributed by the food bank, but they can also limit the agency of actors, particularly the most vulnerable, such as women and children, leading to constraints in food access. These power relations were influenced by trust among actors, their motivations and needs, cultural and spiritual values, and their presence in social media. (shrink)

On this paper, we intend to make a psychological description of Creon as presented in Antigone, Sophocles tragedy. First, we will make a general description of the narcissistic personalities, based on the descriptions that the DSM-V and some authors make of this personality disorder. Then we will show that Creon’s case corresponds to this psychological description and intend to study the cause of his behavior. Finally, we will answer possible objections that could be made to the fact that we are (...) applying psychological categories to the Greek tragedy. Based on Kierkegaard’s description of the Greek tragedy, we will show that it cannot be understood on purely moral terms and how psychoanalysis allows us to rescue the tragic character of Creon. (shrink)

In this article I tease out a conception of reason in Pierre-Joseph Proudhon’s writings that is both decoupled from Enlightenment notions of human nature, progress, and transcendental truth, as well as auto-critically engaged with the anti-authoritarian Enlightenment ethos of anarchist thought. In so doing, I hope to reveal how the Proudhonian deployment of reason retained a healthy skepticism of foundationalism, philosophical systems-building, and the intellectualism bred of its dogmatic excesses as well as reconsider Proudhon’s relation to our most privileged faculty.

Joaquín M. Fuster is an eminent cognitive neuroscientist whose research over the last five decades has made fundamental contributions to our understanding of the neural structures underlying cognition and behaviour. This book provides his view on the eternal question of whether we have free will. Based on his seminal work on the functions of the prefrontal cortex in decision-making, planning, creativity, working memory, and language, Professor Fuster argues that the liberty or freedom to choose between alternatives is a function of (...) the cerebral cortex, under prefrontal control, in its reciprocal interaction with the environment. Freedom is therefore inseparable from that circular relationship. The Neuroscience of Freedom and Creativity is a fascinating inquiry into the cerebral foundation of our ability to choose between alternative actions and to freely lead creative plans to their goal. (shrink)

Mounting evidence suggests that participation in clinical trials confers neither advantage nor disadvantage on those enrolled. Narrow focus on the question of a “trial effect,” however, distracts from a broader mechanism by which patients may benefit from ongoing clinical research. We hypothesize that the existence of clinical trials infrastructure—the organizational culture, systems, and expertise that develop as a product of sustained participation in cooperative clinical trials research—may function as a quality improvement lever, improving the quality of care and outcomes of (...) all patients within an institution or region independent of their individual participation in trials. We further contend that this “infrastructure effect” can yield particular benefits for patients in low- and middle-income countries. The hypothesis of an infrastructure effect as a quality improvement intervention, if correct, justifies enhanced research capacity in LMIC as a pillar of health system development. (shrink)

Nativism is a forgotten ideology which nevertheless operates in the current era as illustrated by the resurgence of anti-immigrant sentiment and restrictionistic policies in response to growing Latino/a immigration. This response to Latino/a immigration recalls a historic era from the early 1900s known as the Americanization period which was also characterized by a strong nativist agenda and harsh restrictionistic policies. Developments from the Americanization period continue to influence immigration and education policies in the current era and are visible in the (...) attacks against bilingual education, in mandated English-only laws, in locating struggles over national identity in the schools, and in the narrow focus on the acquisition of English in immigrant education. Identifying nativist themes from the Americanization era that have been reinvigorated in today's anti-immigrant climate makes visible a type of discrimination directed at immigrants that is not often recognized as discrimination due to a Black and White view of prejudice termed racial dualism. In addition to identifying the influence of the nativist legacy of the Americanization period in the current era, the implications of the conflict of legacies between the Civil Rights and Americanization eras for the education of immigrant students are discussed. (shrink)

Emancipación contra natura. La crítica ecológica a la teoría marxiana de la alienación.

This book introduces profound reflections of Xavier Zubiri on the history of philosophy to English-speaking audiences. The book discusses the transcendental in Western philosophy and how a firm grasp of it reveals underlying unity, but also fundamental problems that Zubiri believed require a complete rethinking of certain theories.

El proceso de construcción de una escuela de calidad es un reto permanente que intentan abordar tanto los sistemas educativos como los centros y los profesionales que trabajan en ambos. Sirven a este propósito las recientes muestras de evaluación externa y las experiencias de autoevaluación interna, que a menudo se acompañan de programas de innovación y cambio con o sin soporte externo. Sin embargo, lograr cambio no es fácil, dado el dinamismo de los sistemas educativos, las respuestas que no se (...) dan a una realidad sociocultural cambiante y el desencanto docente. (shrink)