Artykuł opisuje widzenie praw i wolności w Kazaniach sejmowych Piotra Skargi. We wstępie ukazano dzieło jezuity w kontekście innych traktatów społeczno-politycznych XVI wieku. We właściwej części artykułu przedstawiono rozumienie praw przez kaznodzieję. Zaprezentowano różne ich kategorie. Następnie dowiedziono konieczności istnienia ustaw państwowych. Kolejno przybliżono cechy dobrych praw, czyli: sprawiedliwość, krzewienie cnoty i obronę czci Boskiej. Ukazano błędy w polskim prawodawstwie, wśród których na plan pierwszy wysuwa się zniesienie jurysdykcji sądów duchownych oraz pobłażliwe traktowanie morderców. Zobrazowano zależność praw od obyczajów. Podkreślono (...) znaczenie odpowiedniej władzy wykonawczej i przedstawiono kilka uwag w sprawie sądownictwa. W następnej części pracy przybliżono wizję wolności w dziele Skargi. Ukazano więc wartość złotej wolności szlacheckiej ze wskazaniem nieprawidłowości w jej pojmowaniu. Podniesiono złe traktowanie chłopów. Zwrócono uwagę na zagrożenia płynące ze strony innowierców. Kolejno przedstawiono cztery rodzaje wolności. Potem dowiedziono istnienia związku praw i wolności. Wykazano, że do zniewolenia często prowadzi grzech i dlatego należy zapewnić prawne wsparcie religii. Zobrazowano, że rolą praw jest ograniczenie sprawujących władzę — by nie naruszali autonomii innych. Stwierdzono, iż sprawiedliwe prawa mają chronić wszystkich członków narodu. Na końcu dowiedziono, iż posłuszeństwo prawu współgra z koncepcją wolności chrześcijańskiej — w jej tradycyjnym rozumieniu. (shrink)

Prior used our emotions to argue that tensed language cannot be translated by tenseless language. However, it is widely accepted that Mellor and MacBeath have shown that our emotions do not imply the existence of tensed facts. I criticise this orthodoxy. There is a natural and plausible view of the appropriateness of emotions which in combination with Prior’s argument implies the existence of tensed facts. The Mellor/MacBeath position does nothing to upset this natural view and therefore is not sufficient to (...) block one drawing conclusions for the metaphysics of time from the nature of our emotions. (shrink)

In his writings on teaching, Isreal Scheffler has argued for the close connection between teaching and reason, an argument which can be summarized by, Teaching is. . an initiation into open rational discussion. This essay examines Schefflier's thesis in the light of criticisms drawn from feminist writings on teaching. It is argued that Scheffler's thesis is consistent with a view of teaching in which it can be achieved through kindness, good example and the efficacy of unconscious imitation, characteristics of the (...) private, reproductive processes typical of women. It is then argued that Scheffler's concept of teaching is compatible with views of education that try to do justice to both reason and emotion, mind and feeling. (shrink)

In this paper, I consider Aristotle’s views in relation to the Humean theory of motivation. I distinguish three principles which HTM is committed to: the ‘No Besires’ principle, the ‘Motivation Out—Desire In’ principle, and the ‘Desire Out—Desire In’ principle. To reject HTM, one only needs to reject one of these principles. I argue that while it is plausible to think that Aristotle accepts the first two principles, there are some grounds for thinking that he might reject the third.

It may not occur to a modern reader of the Poetics to think that Aristotle is drawing contrasts between poetry and oratory. But there is one aspect of tragedy which must have forced him to think of a contrast with oratory, especially forensic oratory, even though he seems to make no special effort to draw it to the reader's attention. This is the matter of characterization. He does not believe that it is the purpose of tragedy to illustrate character; he (...) says that action, not ethical quality, is the of tragedy, that action and plot are what matter most and that action is not subordinate to character-representation. (shrink)

There is no established agreement concerning the meaning of πτυχας. The scholiasts give three alternatives: τας ποισεσιν πε διαιρεται ες στρος κα ντιστρΦους κα πδς. To the same effect, but more comprehensively, Boeckh interprets: artificiosi flexus numerorum harmoniae saltationis. Similarly Donaldson, Paley, Fennell, and Mezger apply the expression to the artistic turns of poetry; and Gildersleeve's sinuous songs is explained to mean the same thing. Myers translated sounding labyrinths of song, which Sandys modified to sounding bouts of song; but I (...) am not sure that I understand their metaphors. Embroidery of song is apparently a suggestion of the scholiast, since he remarks that πτυχας is suitably attached to δαιδαλωσμεν and ποικλλειν—σπερ π κατασκευσματος. But we look in vain for a justification of πτυχα so employed. Then comes the counsel of despair μνων πτυχας: τος μνοις κατ περΦρασιν, for which it is perhaps unnecessary to refer to Rutherford's Annotation, p. 250. I cannot think that anyone is really satisfied with such explanations, although there are no open notes of dissent. There must be some objection which I do not see to the rendering ‘glorious pages of minstrelsy,’ and yet πτυχ is well established in that connexion: Aesch. Suppl. 947 οδ' ν ββλων πτυχας κατεσΦραγισμνα where Schuetz rightly finds a reference to charta papyracea )( πνακες. Everyone remembers Gray's ‘Knowledge … her ample page rich with the spoils of time did ne'er unroll.’. (shrink)

This article examines the early modern idea of‘the witch as a violent space —both as a perpetrator of violent maleficia and as a victim of violence. It then goes on to look at the extent to which the location of violence in the witch figure has been taken up and used by feminist witches and Wiccans, asking what happens when a polyvalent symbol of violence is used as a central identificatory trope. The fact that the violence of the witch is (...) now largely resisted by Wiccans leads me to question how much this resistance is based on a desire to accommodate greater knowledge of witchcraft historiography and an unwillingness to engage in a false rhetoric centred on the violence of abstraction and exclusion. Through an exploration of the rhetorics of violence surrounding representations of ‘the Witch’, I aim to extend analysis of the witch and witchcraft into the contexts of contemporary Feminist Witchcraft and Wicca. (shrink)

Evripides Rhes. 161 sqq. Dolon, having undertaken to visit the Greek lines as a spy, addresses Hector:οủκûν πονεεîν μèν χρή, πο;νοûνταμιαθòν φéρεαθαι. παντì γàρ προακε;íμενονκéρρς πρòς.