We prove that RCA₀ + RT $RT\begin{array}{*{20}{c}} 2 \\ 2 \\ \end{array} $ ̸͢ WKL₀ by showing that for any set C not of PA-degree and any set A, there exists an infinite subset G of A or ̅Α, such that G ⊕ C is also not of PA-degree.

A belief in one or more superhuman or divine living things is commonly a component of religion, which may be demarcated as a collection of values, beliefs, and behaviours regarding the nature of the cosmos and existence. Many faiths have diverse beliefs, practices, and values, and there may be substantial differences even within the same religion. Many faiths offer ethical and moral principles to contribution individuals in directing difficult moral problems and making activities that are reliable with their beliefs. Ethical (...) values are beliefs or principles that govern our activities and results. Moral standards are vital for people to make moral decisions and live peacefully with one another. The moral values of beginning people are prejudiced by a variety of variables, including family, education policy, religion, and society. Young persons who regularly participate in religious groups are more inclined to exhibit beneficial features such as compassion, ethical thinking, and volunteerism. Religion gives young people a supportive and affectionate setting, training, and direction in handling significant moral and ethical challenges. According to the research result found that, religion has had a significant impact on modern culture and history, influencing philosophy, music, literature, art, and the development of social and political institutions. According to the findings, religious organizations should make an effort to build attractive and accepting environments in which young people may feel like they participate. Religious leaders should connect with youth and help them progress their own ethical standards. Furthermore, societies of religion should work with parents and educators to develop ethical behaviors and healthy principles among adolescents. (shrink)

The experience of emotion has a powerful influence on daily-life decision making. Following Plato’s description of emotion and reason as two horses pulling us in opposite directions, modern dual-system models of decision making endorse the antagonism between reason and emotion. Decision making is perceived as the competition between an emotion system that is automatic but prone to error and a reason system that is slow but rational. The reason system (in “the head”) reins in our impulses (from “the heart) and (...) overrides our snap judgments. However, from Darwin’s evolutionary perspective, emotion is adaptive, guiding us to make sound decisions in uncertainty. In this review, we provide a new model, called “The interactive influence model of emotion & cognition”, to elaborate the relationship of emotion and reason in decision making. Specifically, in our model, we identify factors that determine when emotions override reason and delineate the type of contexts in which emotions help or hurt decision making. We then illustrate how cognition modulates emotion and how they cooperate to affect decision making. (shrink)

In this paper, we argue that engineering ethics education does have moral implications. More specifically, practices in engineering ethics education can lead to negative moral consequences if not conducted appropriately. Engineering ethics educators are often passionate about teaching students ways to examine the ethical implications of engineering and technology. However, ethics educators may overlook the moral significance of their instructional classroom practices. In this paper, we discuss two issues: First, we discuss the moral impacts of ethics curriculum and pedagogies on (...) students’ learning experiences. Then we discuss the professional responsibilities of educators who are involved in designing ethics learning experiences for engineering students. The reflections presented in this paper will serve as catalysts for more comprehensive discussions regarding the impact of engineering ethics education on the ethical development of engineering students. (shrink)

This study aimed to elucidate the intrinsic artistic laws and aesthetic characteristics of Chinese youth films, thereby facilitating a more profound comprehension of the cultural transformations and spiritual outlook of contemporary Chinese society. By examining the evolution of Chinese youth films across different historical periods, it becomes evident that in the initial period (1930-1970), youth films predominantly depicted romantic idealization and emphasized the spiritual aspects of young people. With the advent of reform and opening up, youth films in the next (...) phase (1970-2010) began to shift their focus towards the inner world, philosophy, spirituality, and the confusion of reality experienced by young people. This shift is exemplified by films such as _Lushan Love_ and _Sunny Days_, which received widespread acclaim. When this genre entered its maturity stage (2010-2024), youth films exhibited a diversification of expressions, with a particular focus on campus love. However, they also encountered the challenge of narrative homogenization in subsequent stages, as evidenced by films such as _To Our Lasting Youth_ and _Small Times_. This study also explored the main factors affecting the development of domestic youth films through empirical analysis. The study found that box office revenue, the brand value of actors and directors, and changes in narrative style and aesthetic orientation were important factors affecting the development of domestic youth films. At the same time, social changes, technological progress and audience demand have also had a profound impact on the development of youth films. (shrink)

A generalized Bayesian inference nets model is proposed to aid researchers to construct Bayesian inference nets for various applications. The benefit of such a model is well demonstrated by applying GBINM in constructing a hierarchical Bayesian fuzzy inference nets to diagnose five important types of cardiovascular diseases. The patients' medical records with doctors' confirmed diagnostic results obtained from two hospitals in China are used to design and verify HBFIN. Bayesian theorem is used to calculate the propagation of probability and address (...) the uncertainties involved in each sequential stage of inference nets to deduce the disease. The validity and effectiveness of proposed approach is witnessed clearly from testing results obtained. (shrink)

Qualitative research is marked by context sensitivity with an inclusion of the participants’ points of view and setting, how they can affect how participants feel and how this feeling is captured and interpreted by researchers. This is the value of exploring affective variables through qualitative research. The present study focuses on the qualitative studies of L2 affective variables in recent years led by the complexity dynamic systems theory. This new line of research has employed innovative research methods compatible with the (...) CDST, and has had useful findings. Yet, they seem to lack rigor and systematicity of research. Thus, this observed lack of consistency is problematized in the present study and attempts are made to set evaluative criteria for the judgment of the burgeoning studies and guiding the future line of qualitative and dynamic inquiry in the L2 affective domain. To this aim, the different sets of evaluative criteria proposed for qualitative research are derived from the mostly cited scholars in the research methodology. The relevance of each to the dynamic qualitative investigations of L2 affective variables is discussed. Then these evaluative criteria are abstracted and put forth for the qualitative research in the dynamic phase of second language acquisition research. The overall goal is to guide future researchers with an interest in investigating the dynamic and developmental nature of L2 affective variables qualitatively. These evaluative criteria can pave the way for the emergence of more rigorous and systematic qualitative studies of L2 affective factors in the future. (shrink)

Voice mismatch between conjuncts is impossible in the gapping construction. Some recent studies explained this effect by analyzing gapping as involving the ellipsis of a category at least as large as VoiceP. One prediction this analysis makes is that mismatch of any head structurally lower than Voice should not be possible in gapping. In this study, through a series of acceptability judgment experiments examining argument structure mismatches in gapping, we provide empirical observations that challenge this prediction.

Nachdem China das Coronavirus weitgehend eingedämmt hat, ist es dabei, das Post-Pandemie-Zeitalter in Erwägung der internationalen Lage für sich zu gestalten. Sowohl diese Gestaltung als auch die Bewältigung der Epidemie basieren auf dem sogenannten „landesweit einheitlichen System“, das deswegen in diesem Aufsatz mit Blick auf seine historische Entwicklung genau betrachtet wird. Für die Zukunft sieht China vor, das Konzept des doppelten Wirtschaftskreislaufs anzuwenden, wobei der innere Kreislauf die tragende Säule der chinesischen Wirtschaft sein wird, obwohl China weiterhin den äußeren, internationalen (...) Kreislauf für wichtig hält. Die strukturellen Dispositionen und Probleme des Landes – vor allem die Lage und Probleme der Landbevölkerung – als Ausgangs- und Grundlage für diese Strategie werden ebenfalls dargestellt und analysiert. (shrink)

The authenticity of the company’s accounting information is an important guarantee for the effective operation of the capital market. Accounting fraud is the tampering and distortion of the company’s public disclosure information. The continuous outbreak of fraud cases has dealt a heavy blow to the confidence of investors, shaken the credit foundation of the capital market, and hindered the healthy and stable development of the capital market. Therefore, it is of great theoretical and practical significance to carry out the research (...) on the identification and governance of accounting fraud. Traditionally, accounting fraud identification is mostly based on linear thinking to build the fraud identification model. However, more and more studies show that fraud has typical nonlinear characteristics, and the multiobjective of fraud means also determines the limitations of using the linear model for identification. Considering that the traditional identification methods may have the defects of model setting error and insufficient information extraction, this paper constructs the support vector machine and logistic regression model to identify accounting fraud. The support vector machine is used to improve the learning ability and generalization ability of unknown phenomena, and the explanatory power of each variable to the whole model is identified by the logistic regression model. This paper breaks through the linear constraint hypothesis and explores the model setting form which is more suitable for the law of corporate fraud behaviour to extract the fraud identification information more fully and provide more powerful support for investors to effectively identify fraud. (shrink)

Science and Society presents comments on some of the social and economic implications of the new biology. Here, Cao Tian‐qin presents a perspective from China on recent developments in biotechnology.

There is little doubt that China's reform can be seen as a special case in the history of humanity, of modernization, and even in the relatively short history of economic transition. In terms of market-oriented choice, reform in China is not different from that in most countries in the world. With respect to the transition from a command to a market-based economy, comparable countries could be narrowed down to most of the former communist states that bear similarity. When taking into (...) consideration the circumstances in which the ongoing corporatization and/or privatization take place under the conditions of a regime that is nondemocratic in both polity and, to a large extent, resource allocation, however, the matching number of countries would be further reduced to a few, such as Vietnam and some autocratic small nations. Again, among these few, China's reform has its own specific features. (shrink)

Fourteen subjects were tape‐recorded while they undertook to find a law to summarize numerical data they were given. The source of the data was not identified, nor were the variables labeled semantically. Unknown to the subjects, the data were measurements of the distances of the planets from the sun and the periods of their revolutions about it—equivalent to the data used by Johannes Kepler to discover his third law of planetary motion.Four of the 14 subjects discovered the same law as (...) Kepler did (the period varies as the 3/2 power of the distance), and a fifth came very close to the answer. The subiects' protocols provide a detailed picture of the problem‐solving searches they engaged in, which were mainly, but not exclusively, in the space of possible functions for fitting the data, and provide explanations as to why some succeeded and the others failed.The search heuristics used by the subjects are similar to those embodied in the BACON program, computer simulation of certain scientific discovery processes. The experiment demonstrates the feasibility of examining some of the processes of scientific discovery by recreating, in the laboratory, discovery situations of substantial historical relevance. It demonstrates also, that under conditions rather similar to those of the original discoverer, a law can be rediscovered by persons of ordinary intelligence (i.e., the intelligence needed for academic success in a good university). The data for the successful subjects reveal no “creative” processes in this kind of a discovery situation different from those that are regularly observed in all kinds of problem‐solving settings. (shrink)

Previous studies on the effects of emotional context on memory for centrally presented neutral items have obtained inconsistent results. And in most of those studies subjects were asked to either make a connection between the item and the context at study or retrieve both the item and the context. When no response for the contexts is required, how emotional contexts influence memory for neutral items is still unclear. Thus, the present study attempted to investigate the influences of four types of (...) emotional picture contexts on recognition memory of neutral words using both behavioral and event-related potential (ERP) measurements. During study, words were superimposed centrally onto emotional contexts, and subjects were asked to just remember the words. During test, both studied and new words were presented without the emotional contexts and subjects had to make “old/new” judgments for those words. The results revealed that, compared with the neutral context, the negative contexts and positive high-arousing context impaired recognition of words. ERP results at encoding demonstrated that, compared with items presented in the neutral context, items in the positive and negative high-arousing contexts elicited more positive ERPs, which probably reflects an automatic process of attention capturing of high-arousing context as well as a conscious and effortful process of overcoming the interference of high-arousing context. During retrieval, significant FN400 old/new effects occurred in conditions of the negative low-arousing, positive, and neutral contexts but not in the negative high-arousing condition. Significant LPC old/new effects occurred in all conditions of context. However, the LPC old/new effect in the negative high-arousing condition was smaller than that in the positive high-arousing and low-arousing conditions. These results suggest that emotional context might influence both the familiarity and recollection processes. (shrink)

Empirical studies have suggested that language-capable robots have the persuasive power to shape the shared moral norms based on how they respond to human norm violations. This persuasive power presents cause for concern, but also the opportunity to persuade humans to cultivate their own moral development. We argue that a truly socially integrated and morally competent robot must be willing to communicate its objection to humans’ proposed violations of shared norms by using strategies such as blame-laden rebukes, even if doing (...) so may violate other standing norms, such as politeness. By drawing on Confucian ethics, we argue that a robot’s ability to employ blame-laden moral rebukes to respond to unethical human requests is crucial for cultivating a flourishing “moral ecology” of human–robot interaction. Such positive moral ecology allows human teammates to develop their own moral reflection skills and grow their own virtues. Furthermore, this ability can and should be considered as one criterion for assessing artificial moral agency. Finally, this paper discusses potential implications of the Confucian theories for designing socially integrated and morally competent robots. (shrink)

本书围绕"春秋穀梁传"的政治哲学与伦理哲学, 通过对"穀梁传"思想研究之背景的天命信仰, 时间观念与宗法渊源的研究, 论析了"穀梁传"政治哲学之纵向演进的尊周与内鲁倾向,横向展开的华夷观和重民思想, 及作为"穀梁传"伦理哲学之典范的夫妇伦理与兄弟伦理; 并对中国哲学史中的先秦儒道思想, 魏晋有无之辩, 宋代东莱学与事功学等问题作了探讨.

本书介绍曾子的身世背景、曾子的生平、曾子的著作、曾子的思想、曾子与《孝经》的关系、《孝经》的思想内容、《孝经》的影响、历代对曾子的推崇。.

This paper will first introduce the development of professional ethics of counseling and psychotherapy in mainland China. Ethical awareness is often limited due to variations in training experiences. Aligning with ethics codes can also bring challenges due to nuances within Chinese culture. Furthermore, the authors discuss the ethical challenges regarding the principles of multiple relationships, informed consent, and confidentiality in the context of Chinese culture. These ethical issues are often discussed within an individualistic cultural frame and presentation from a collectivist (...) culture offers a unique perspective in the ethics literature. (shrink)

Drawing on the transactional model of stress, we propose that organizational identification and positive affectivity moderate the relationship between abusive supervision and proactive behavior. In Study 1, we collected data from a sample of 165 dentists and 41 supervisors in two Chinese hospitals. In Study 2, we used a sample of 226 employee-supervisor dyads from a large Chinese transportation company. The results of two studies showed that the interaction between abusive supervision and organizational identification on proactive behavior occurred only when (...) positive affectivity was high. We discuss theoretical and managerial implications and indicate future research directions. (shrink)

This study examines whether and how board gender diversity can affect corporate wage inequity by drawing on diversity theory and gender socialization and ethicality theories. Building on an exogenous relaxation of China’s one-child policy (OCP) in 2013, which led to a substantial decline in the female labor force participation rate. Our empirical analysis suggests that board gender diversity is negatively associated with corporate wage inequity. This result is robust to various endogeneity and sensitivity analyses. We find that the OCP relaxation (...) only increases average executive pay; it does not affect employee pay. One potential mechanism driving our results is that the decline in board gender diversity caused by the OCP relaxation reduces supervision, restriction, and fairness within the firm, which increases executives’ pursuit of personal interests and ultimately leads to the rise of wage inequity. Our findings are particularly significant for firms in capital-intensive industries, firms with a low level of employee bargaining power, and large firms. (shrink)

Engineering is a social enterprise. A successful engineering career depends on how engineers manage their relationships with diverse stakeholders including managers, clients, contractors, and the p...

Research has revealed that child abuse experience can increase pathological Internet use; however, few studies have focused on the influence of child abuse experience on pathological Internet use. This study examined the mediating roles of security and maladaptive cognitions in the association between child abuse and pathological Internet use. A total of 918 Chinese university students participated in the study, with measurements of child abuse, security, maladaptive cognitions, and pathological Internet use being employed. Structural equation modeling results indicated that child (...) abuse could positively predict pathological Internet use, pathological Internet use through the mediating role of security, pathological Internet use through the mediating role of maladaptive cognitions, and pathological Internet use through the chain mediating role of security and maladaptive cognitions. These results indicated that security and maladaptive cognitions were the primary factors in the association between child abuse and pathological Internet use. (shrink)

Grammatical error correction is an important element in language learning. In this article, based on deep learning, the application of the Transformer model in GEC was briefly introduced. Then, in order to improve the performance of the model on GEC, it was optimized by a generative adversarial network. Experiments were conducted on two data sets. It was found that the performance of the GAN-combined Transformer model was significantly improved compared to the Transformer model. The F 0.5 value of the optimized (...) model was 53.87 on CoNIL-2014, which was 2.69 larger than the Transformer model; the generalized language evaluation understanding value of the optimized model was 61.77 on JFLEG, which was 8.81 larger than that of the Transformer model. The optimized model also had a favorable correction performance in an actual English essay. The experimental results verify the reliability of the GAN-combined Transformer model on automatic English GEC, suggesting that the model can be further promoted and applied in practice. (shrink)

Purpose: Sensory feedback for prosthetics is an important issue. The area of forearm stump skin that has evoked tactile sensation of fingers is defined as the projected finger map, and the area close to the PFM region that does not have ETS is defined as the non-projected finger map. Previous studies have confirmed that ETS can restore the tactile pathway of the lost finger, which was induced by stimulation of transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation on the end of stump skin. This (...) study aims to reveal EEG features between the PFM and the NPFM regions of the stumps under the same TENS stimulation condition.Methods: The PFM and NPFM regions of the two subjects were stimulated with the same intensity of TENS, respectively. TENS as target stimuli are modulated according to the Oddball paradigm to evoke the P300 components.Result: The PFM regions of both subjects were able to elicit P300 components, while their NPFM regions were not able to elicit P300 components. However, this P300 appears early and has continuous positive peaks in front of it.Discussion: N30 and P300 can prove that the two subjects with PFM can perceive and recognize ETS. The heteromorphisms of the P300 waveform may be related to the difficulty in subjects’ cognition of ETS or caused by the fusion of P150, P200, and P300. (shrink)

Various studies have recognized the importance of humility as a foundational aspect of virtuous leadership and have revealed the beneficial effects of leader humility on employee moral attitudes and behaviors. However, these findings may overestimate the benefits of leader humility and overlook its potential costs. Integrating person–supervisor fit theory and balance theory with the humility literature, we employ a dyadic approach to consider supervisor and employee humility simultaneously. We investigate whether and how the congruence of supervisor and employee humility influences (...) employee citizenship and deviance behaviors. We conducted a multilevel, multiphase, and multisource field study to test our hypotheses. The results of cross-level polynomial regression analyses revealed that when supervisors and employees were incongruent in humility, employees experienced higher levels of negative affect toward supervisors. Also, compared to those in low–low congruent dyads, employee negative affect toward supervisors was lower in high–high congruent dyads. The results further revealed asymmetric incongruence effects: employees experienced the highest levels of negative affect toward supervisors when their own humility was lower than their supervisors’. In addition, we found that employee negative affect toward supervisors mediated the impacts of supervisor–employee congruence in humility on employee organizational citizenship behavior and counterproductive work behavior. (shrink)

本书主要是针对我国当前改革建设的实践,运用马克思主义的哲学原理,加以深入的论述,特别是关于改革与社会心理、人的本质和人的价值、思维方式的变革、宗教等问题的论述、有新意、有深度。.

China leads the world in the development and rollout of 5G network, yet less research has been done on the drivers of Chinese people’s adoption of 5G network, especially the specific role of national sentiments, such as the influence of patriotism on their attitude toward 5G network. The study obtained 804 effective online questionnaires from the respondents of various ages, genders, areas, and educational levels. The results based on the structural equation modeling analysis showed that patriotism was an antecedent to (...) Chinese users’ cognition of the conditions provided by the government and telecom operators and the extent that users were influenced by media and surrounding people, which in turn increased users’ expectations of the performance of 5G network and their confidence in adapting to 5G network, and resulted in an increased willingness to use 5G network. This research helps to understand the role of patriotism, which is an emotional factor, in stimulating Chinese users’ attitudes toward 5G network at the time when 5G network is putting into large-scale commercial use in China. (shrink)