Les figures du rien. Leyenberger. Georges4070.

La pensée met en œuvre des entités, matérielles ou immatérielles, et leurs relations. Dès lors apparaît la catégorie de l’entre-deux, qui renvoie à des significations spatiales et temporelles, statiques et dynamiques. La typologie des usages permet de distinguer une variété qui va d’un sens faible, comme intervalle neutre, à un sens fort, supposant un tiers inclus. On étudie ces différents emplois dans des domaines qui vont du sacré à la sexualité. Thought implements material or immaterial entities, and their relations. From (...) then on appears the category of in-between, which sends back to spatial and temporal, static and dynamic meanings. The typology of uses allows to distinguish a variety which goes of a weak sense, as neutral interval, to a strong sense, supposing a third party. We study these various uses in domains which go of the sacred to the sexuality. (shrink)

Ce texte propose de revisiter l'éthique sous l'angle d'un concept peu approfondi qui est la distinction. Qu'est-ce que nous entendons la distinction? A l'heure où l'éthique semble drainer un ensemble de valeurs confuses et où sa demande paraît déceler un désaccord profond sur les éthos, il convient sans doute de revenir à l'approfondissement de ce concept de distinction. Celui-ci demeure une des clefs de la recherche personnelle que nous avons modestement entreprise depuis une trentaine d'années, d'abord comme juriste puis comme (...) philosophe. La distinction est, selon l'approche que nous proposons, un médian entre la séparation et la confusion. Elle est ce qui permet de saisir des nuances de chaque entité quelle qu'elle soit. La saisine de ces nuances est essentielle pour trouver les médiations elles-mêmes vitales pour l'équilibre de tout être, pris à la fois au sens individuel ou-et collectif du terme. Elle est donc un des outils d'une éthique digne de ce nom mais aussi d'une philosophie qui recherche à mettre en évidence - sans idéalisme ni cynisme - une harmonie des profondeurs. Les médiations, toutes en nuance, assurent les ponts entre deux extrêmes qu'il ne s'agit pas de vouloir éradiquer mais qu'il faut plutôt chercher à distinguer afin d'éviter qu'ils nous écrasent tant ils parlent et hurlent fort. La distinction est donc le seul moyen de ne pas se laisse emporter par ce flot de bavardages insipides. (shrink)

RésuméĽutilisation de tests statistiques sans en connaître les conditions de validité peut être fort discutable. Appliqués à des résultats déjà obtenus, il peuvent conduire à des conclusions erronées. Ľemploi de la statistique, au niveau de la planification de ľexpérience déjà, permet ?on;augmenter très généralement ?on;une façon sensible la précision des résultats.It may be debatable to use statistical tests without knowing the conditions under which they are valid. If tests are applied to result which have already been obtained, the conclusion drawn (...) may be incorrect. The use of statistics at the level of experimental design can often considerably improve the precision of the results.ZusammenfassungDie Verwendung statistischer Tests, ohne deren Gültigkeitsbedingungen zu kennen, kann sehr fraglich sein. Auf schon vorhandene Ergebnisse angewandt, können sie zu falschen Schlüssen führen. Eine Planung des Versuchsprogramms mit Hilfe der Statistik kann oft die Genauigkeit der Resultate merklich verbessern. (shrink)

Um dos vários esforços de Rousseau em relação à música foi a criação de um novo sistema de escrita musical. Seus objetivos foram sobretudo simplificar a representação das obras musicais em relação à notação musical tradicional sem perder o poder expressivo, tornando assim a música mais fácil de ser escrita, lida, ensinada e aprendida. Neste trabalho, apresentamos uma análise desse sistema, e buscamos avaliar seu sucesso em relação a tais objetivos. Para tanto, partimos de uma descrição da notação tradicional para, (...) em seguida apresentar o sistema de Rousseau e, por fim, avaliar o êxito desse sistema em relação a seus objetivos. (shrink)

Depuis plusieurs années, on constate que les sciences suscitent une tenace convoitise de la part de mouvements qu'on peut qualifier du terme générique de " spiritualistes ". Notre environnement culturel est en grande partie technoscientifique ; il leur faut donc investir cet espace pour diffuser encore et toujours des thèses pourtant éculées : l'existence d'un Plan cosmique ou divin, l'ordonnancement du monde par une intelligence transcendante, la fin du darwinisme, le principe anthropique fort... Ces mouvements, aux contours très divers, présentent (...) néanmoins une véritable unité de visée et de pensée, quand il s'agit pour eux de " montrer " que la science la plus en pointe rejoint les intuitions fondatrices des religions instituées ou des spiritualités moins organisées. Ainsi, foi et science deviendraient les deux faces indissociables de la " connaissance ". Beaucoup considèrent avec condescendance ces errements, ce qui leur évite de s'interroger avec force sur les symptômes d'une société qui voit se déliter les idées des Lumières, certainement améliorables mais en tout état de cause, d'une inestimable pertinence pour un projet de connaissance universelle, D'autres pensent qu'il est vraiment temps d'agir. C'est la raison d'être de cet ouvrage, issu du colloque organisé au Muséum national d'histoire naturelle par Jean Dubessy et Guillaume Lecointre, et préfacé par Jacques Bouveresse. Rassemblant une quinzaine de contributions, ce livre combat une pensée qui, sous prétexte de " ré-enchanter le monde ", n'a d'autre but que de subordonner la connaissance objective de ce monde à son projet irrationaliste, en la faisant ployer sous le fardeau de l'ineptie et de l'imposture intellectuelle. (shrink)

“A great story, full of twists and turns.... Careers made and ruined, departments torn apart, writing programs turned into sensitivity seminars, political witch hunts, public opprobrium, ignorant media attacks, the whole ball of wax. Read it and laugh or read it and weep. I can hardly wait for the movie.” —Stanley Fish, _Think Again, New York Times_ “In such a difficult genre, full of traps and obstacles, French Theory is a success and a remarkable book in every respect: it is (...) fair, balanced, and informed. I am sure this book will become the reference on both sides of the Atlantic.” —Jacques Derrida “The Atlantic Ocean has two sides, and so does French Theory. Reinvented in America and betrayed in its own country, it has become the most radical intellectual movement in the West with global reach, rewriting Marx in light of late capitalism. Breathtakingly moving back and forth between the two cultures, Francois Cusset takes us through a dazzling intellectual adventure that illuminates the past thirty years, and many more decades to come.” —Sylvere Lotringer During the last three decades of the twentieth century, a disparate group of radical French thinkers achieved an improbable level of influence and fame in the United States. Compared by at least one journalist to the British rock ‘n’ roll invasion, the arrival of works by Michel Foucault, Jacques Derrida, Jean-François Lyotard, Jean Baudrillard, Gilles Deleuze, and Félix Guattari on American shores in the late 1970s and 1980s caused a sensation. Outside the academy, “French theory” had a profound impact on the era’s emerging identity politics while also becoming, in the 1980s, the target of right-wing propagandists. At the same time in academic departments across the country, their poststructuralist form of radical suspicion transformed disciplines from literature to anthropology to architecture. By the 1990s, French theory was woven deeply into America’s cultural and intellectual fabric. French Theory is the first comprehensive account of the American fortunes of these unlikely philosophical celebrities. François Cusset looks at why America proved to be such fertile ground for French theory, how such demanding writings could become so widely influential, and the peculiarly American readings of these works. Reveling in the gossipy history, Cusset also provides a lively exploration of the many provocative critical practices inspired by French theory. Ultimately, he dares to shine a bright light on the exultation of these thinkers to assess the relevance of critical theory to social and political activism today-showing, finally, how French theory has become inextricably bound with American life. François Cusset, a writer and intellectual historian, teaches contemporary French thought in Paris at the Institut d’Etudes Politiques and at Columbia University’s Reid Hall. His books include Queer Critics and La Décennie. Jeff Fort is assistant professor of French at the University of California, Davis. He has translated works by Maurice Blanchot, Jean Genet, and Jean-Luc Nancy. (shrink)

La Nouvelle Héloïse di Jean-Jacques Rousseau, pur essendo a tutti gli effetti un romanzo, presenta molti elementi leggibili in chiave di filosofia politica. Tra questi emerge la descrizione di Clarens, la parte più politica dell’opera, che è stata interpretata da alcuni come una sorta di utopia, da altri come un laboratorio della politica, preparatorio di alcune delle tematiche del Contrat social. Entrambe queste interpretazioni hanno dei riscontri nel testo: lo dimostra il fatto che si rintracciano fianco a fianco (...) temi come quelli del dirigismo e dell’eudemonismo e quelli della creazione di un forte sentimento comunitario; il fatto che il problema dell’uguaglianza si pone in modo complesso, a volte affermato a volte negato; il fatto che la conduzione dell’economia della tenuta è retta da forti elementi utilitaristici e, nello stesso tempo, è ispirata dai principi del conseguimento del bene comune e della moderazione nelle fortune; infine, dal fatto che i ruoli di Julie e Wolmar all’interno della comunità invitano a meditare sulla difficile figura del Legislatore del Contrat social, non privo di connotazioni che possono in qualche modo riportarlo al fondatore delle utopie. (shrink)

" L'homme a toujours pensé que le visage du monde devait l'instruire sur lui-même. " Fort de cette certitude, le philosophe et historien des sciences français Jacques Merleau-Ponty a cherché toute sa vie à donner un sens à l'extraordinaire histoire que nous racontent les astronomes contemporains. Or le visage de l'univers actuel est une véritable énigme pour l'homme moderne : origine inaccessible, histoire chaotique, espace infini, temps relatif, avenir imprévisible... A l'accumulation des connaissances, il fallait répondre par le courage (...) de la pensée. Contemporain de toutes les découvertes cosmologiques du XXe siècle, Jacques Merleau-Ponty a été un des très rares philosophes à y réfléchir pour redonner une place à l'homme dans cet ensemble démesuré. Car si la science cosmologique appartient aux spécialistes, la description du ciel est un bien commun et la pensée du big bang une nouvelle nécessité. Ce livre expose pour la première fois cette pensée qui prend le risque de poser la plus universelle et intime des questions : quel est le sens de l'univers? Depuis Copernic, l'homme n'est décidément plus au centre du cosmos mais il est toujours au coeur de sa signification. (shrink)

Ecrits entre 1772 et 1776, les trois dialogues de Rousseau juge de Jean-Jacques apparaissent à première lecture comme une extension délirante des derniers livres des Confessions. Cette écriture du cauchemar repose en réalité sur une structure idéologique d'une extrême rigueur et révèle une logique fantasmatique d'une effrayante complexité, que l'on pourra comparer avec cet autre texte au sujet " abominable " qu'est Le Lévite d'Ephraïm, poème en prose composé par Rousseau sur la route de l'exil en juin 1762.

Frederick Watkins’ 1953 edition of Rousseau’s _Political Writings_ has long been noted for being fully accurate while representing much of Rousseau’s eloquence and elegance. It contains what is widely regarded as the finest English translation of _The Social Contract_, Rousseau’s greatest political treatise. In addition, this edition offers the best available translation of the late and important _Government of Poland_ and the only published English translation of the fragment _Constitutional Project for Corsica_, which, says Watkins, provides the clearest possible demonstration (...) of the practical implications of Rousseau’s political thought. (shrink)

This classroom edition includes On the Social Contract, the Discourse on the Sciences and the Arts, the Discourse on the Origins of Inequality, and the Preface to Narcissus. Each text has been newly translated and includes a full complement of explanatory notes. The editors’ introduction offers students diverse points of entry into some of the distinctive possibilities and challenges of each of these fundamental texts, as well as an introduction to Rousseau’s life and historical situation. The volume also includes annotated (...) appendices that help students to explore the origins and influences of Rousseau’s work, including excerpts from Hobbes, Pascal, Descartes, Mandeville, Diderot, Voltaire, Madame de Staël, Benjamin Constant, Joseph de Maistre, Kant, Hegel, and Engels. (shrink)

The dawn of music semiology showcases the work of ten leading musicologists inspired by the work of Jean-Jacques Nattiez. Reflecting the energy and diversity of the young field of music semiology, chapters in this volume discuss music and gesture, the psychology of music, and the role of ethnotheory, and offer new research on topics as diverse as modeling folk polyphony, spatialization in the Darmstadt repertoire, Schenker's theory of musical content, and modernism from Wagner to Boulez.

The work of Jean-Jacques Rousseau is presented in two volumes, together forming the most comprehensive anthology of Rousseau's political writings in English. Volume II contains the later writings such as The Social Contract and a selection of Rousseau's letters on important aspects of his thought. The Social Contract has become Rousseau's most famous single work, but on publication was condemned by both the civil and the ecclesiastical authorities in France and Geneva. Rousseau fled and it is during this (...) period that he wrote some of his autobiographical works as well as political essays such as On the Government of Poland. This volume, like its predecessor, contains a comprehensive introduction, chronology and guide to further reading, and will enable students to obtain a full understanding of the writings of one of the world's greatest thinkers. (shrink)

One of Rousseau’s later and most puzzling works and never before available in English, this neglected autobiographical piece was the product of the philosopher’s old age and sense of persecution. Long viewed simply as evidence of his growing paranoia, it consists of three dialogues between a character named “Rousseau” and one identified only as “Frenchman” who discuss the bad reputation and works of an author named “Jean-Jacques.” Dialogues offers a fascinating retrospective of his literary career.

Jean-Jacques Rousseau’s ideas about society, culture, and government are pivotal in the history of political thought. His works are as controversial as they are relevant today. This volume brings together three of Rousseau’s most important political writings—_The Social Contract and The First Discourse _and_ The Second Discourse _—and_ _presents essays by major scholars that shed light on the dimensions and implications of these texts. Susan Dunn’s introductory essay underlines the unity of Rousseau’s political thought and explains why his (...) ideas influenced Jacobin revolutionaries in France but repelled American revolutionaries across the ocean. Gita May’s essay discusses Rousseau as cultural critic. Robert N. Bellah explores Rousseau’s attempt to resolve the tension between the individual’s desire for freedom and the obligations that society imposes. David Bromwich analyzes Rousseau as a psychologist of the human self. And Conor Cruise O’Brien takes on the “noxious,” “deranged” Rousseau, excoriated by Edmund Burke but admired by Robespierre and Thomas Jefferson. Written from different, even opposing perspectives, these lucid essays convey a sense of the vital and contentious debate surrounding Rousseau and his legacy. For this edition Susan Dunn has provided a new translation of the _Discourse on the Sciences and Arts _and_ _has revised a previously published translation of _The Social Contract._. (shrink)

Discourse on the sciences and the arts -- Discourse on inequality -- On the social contract.

In his Confessions Jean-Jacques Rousseau tells the story of his life, from the formative experience of his humble childhood in Geneva, through the achievement of international fame as novelist and philosopher in Paris, to his wanderings as an exile, persecuted by governments and alienated from the world of modern civilization. In trying to explain who he was and how he came to be the object of others' admiration and abuse, Rousseau analyses with unique insight the relationship between an (...) elusive but essential inner self and the variety of social identities he was led to adopt. The book vividly illustrates the mixture of moods and motives that underlie the writing of autobiography: defiance and vulnerability, self-exploration and denial, passion, puzzlement, and detachment. Above all, Confessions is Rousseau's search, through every resource of language, to convey what he despairs of putting into words: the personal quality of one's own existence. (shrink)

The work of Jean-Jacques Rousseau is presented in two volumes, together forming the most comprehensive anthology of Rousseau's political writings in English. This second volume contains the earlier writings such as the First and Second Discourses, the publication of which signalled the power and challenge of Rousseau's thinking. Rousseau's influence was wide reaching and has continued to grow since his death: major landmarks in world history, such as the American and French Revolutions, were profoundly affected by Rousseau's writing, (...) as were cultural and intellectual movements such as Romanticism and Idealism. This volume, like its successor, contains a comprehensive introduction, chronology and guide to further reading and will enable students to obtain a full understanding of the writings of one of the world's greatest thinkers. (shrink)

" Voici un livre singulier dont l'intérêt déborde de beaucoup l'objectif déclaré. Ses maîtres d'œuvre avaient décidé de procéder à un recensement systématique de toutes les traductions des ouvrages de Gaston Bachelard. Ils ont demandé de surcroît que les résultats de cette enquête bibliographique soient accompagnés d'une analyse du contexte philosophique et culturel qui, dans chaque cas, a pu décider du choix de tel ou tel titre, qui a pu déterminer l'accueil réservé à ces textes et orienter les effets qu'ils (...) ont produits. Immense travail à la mesure du retentissement de la pensée bachelardienne qui a touché au fil de quelques décennies une quarantaine de pays, dont seize ont été ici retenus - du Japon aux pays arabes en passant par les Etats-Unis et la Russie. On aurait pu craindre de n'obtenir au bout du compte qu'un document informatif, précieux sans aucun doute pour les spécialistes mais dénué par lui-même de portée philosophique. Il n'en va pas du tout ainsi. Et le bénéfice du rigoureux parti pris méthodique adopté se révèle vraiment surprenant. [... ] Ce livre, non content de nous éclairer sur les deux versants - épistémologique et poétique - de l'œuvre de Bachelard, nous offre un tableau vivant de la philosophie mondiale et de son histoire au XXe siècle. Au prisme de Bachelard, c'est en effet tout le spectre de cette philosophie qui se dessine et s'anime. " Dominique Lecourt. (shrink)