Uma das questões mais interessantes do debate contemporâneo sobre a justiça, no âmbito da teoria política normativa, diz respeito sobre qual foco deveria ocupar a posição central de uma visão igualitarista: igualdade baseada em satisfação de necessidades básicas, bens primários como propõe Rawls, igualdade de recursos como defende Dworkin ou, como quer Amartya Sen, igualdade de capacidades? Com o que, afinal, os igualitaristas deveriam se preocupar? Este trabalho tem o objetivo de analisar criticamente essas três perspectivas.

O presente artigo pretende elucidar questões relacionadas ao pensamento ecológico contemporâneo, antropológico e social relacionado à Ecologia Política e a Justiça Ambiental, assim como, o caso das comunidades de Oriximiná/PA que trazem para o bojo das discussões uma profunda crítica aos paradigmas dominantes do conhecimento ambiental contemporâneo e da própria Educação Ambiental. O estudo confere a importância da investigação sobre o tema já que a ecologia política se estabelece no espaço que é do conflito, da disputa pela reapropriação da natureza (...) e da cultura, onde natureza e cultura resistem frente à imposição de valores e processos - simbólicos, ecológicos, epistemológicos, políticos - ao se transformarem em termos de valores de mercado. Palavras-chave: Justiça Ambiental. Ecologia Política. Educação Ambiental. (shrink)

A pesquisa procura não só conceituar e expor a estética de Hegel, mas também elucidar seu pensamento referente à questão. Em suas palavras, estética seria o belo artístico, criado pelo homem. Nesse sentido, a ascendência da arte está na precisão que o homem tem de objetivar seu espírito, morfosiando o mundo e também se transformando. Assim, nas páginas que se seguem há uma exposição do conceito vulgar de estética em contraponto a visão hegeliana, para tanto, o filósofo cita a ascensão (...) e declínio do conceito de arte e estética buscando contextualizá-la enquanto função na história do homem. (shrink)

The arrival of the Sophists in Athens in the middle of the fifth century B.C. was a major intellectual event, for they brought with them a new method of teaching founded on rhetoric and bold doctrines which broke away from tradition. In this book de Romilly investigates the reasons for the initial success of the Sophists and the reaction against them, in the context of the culture and civilization of classical Athens.

O artigo almeja articular os horizontes do ser (Filosofia Antiga e Medieval), da consciência (Filosofia Moderna) e da linguagem (Filosofia Contemporânea) presentes na história da Filosofia, ressaltando a dimensão cosmológica, no primeiro momento, gnosiológica, no segundo, e linguística, no último, como uma forma de explicitar os paradigmas pressupostos nos discursos filosóficos. Além desses horizontes, iremos avançar, também, em direção ao horizonte decolonial ou pós-colonial e, assim, realizar a atualização dos paradigmas atualmente vigentes, especialmente na filosofia latino-americana.

Na ausência de uma teoria explícita da justiça, em Arendt, iremos abordar o assunto através de um desvio: tomaremos os campos de concentração como ponto de partida; abordaremos os conceitos de mal radical e banalidade do mal; e mostraremos que, nessa autora, o antídoto para a injustiça reside na concepção de justiça significando julgamento e não ao modo pensado pela tradição: virtude e valor. Essa discussão se dá dentro da tentativa arendtiana de recuperar o sentido originário da política, o mundo (...) comum, esteio da condição humana na qual a diversidade e a pluralidade são requisitos para novos começos, novas instituições, novos atos de liberdade. Utilizaremos, prioritariamente, para balizar a nossa reflexão, além da obra de Hannah Arendt, os livros Justiça em tempos sombrios, de Cristina Ribas e Hannah Arendt e a banalidade do mal, de Nádia Souki. (shrink)

Este texto compreende uma proposta educativa baseadano processo didático para o teatro desenvolvido pelo dramaturgo e teóricoalemão Bertolt Brecht, que tenta através do uso da peça A vida de Galileu, uma das mais importantes do autor, desenvolvercom alunos de Ensino Médio um processo semelhante ao desenvolvido por Brechtpara servir aos atores. Acrescenta-se a isso a ação da reflexão filosóficausada para pensar os temas discutidos na peça como o advento do conhecimentocientífico e as consequências deste para a formação do novo homem, (...) um homemregido agora pelas vias do pensamento racional. (shrink)

Este artigo focaliza a construção de novos espaços para a loucura no processo de fortalecimento de pessoas que transitaram do papel de usuárias de um serviço de saúde mental para o lugar de cuidadores. Realizamos um estudo de caso no Movimento de Saúde Mental Comunitário do Bom Jardim (Fortaleza/Cea..

A pesquisa procura não só conceituar e expor a estética de Hegel, mas também elucidar seu pensamento referente à questão. Em suas palavras, estética seria o belo artístico, criado pelo homem. Nesse sentido, a ascendência da arte está na precisão que o homem tem de objetivar seu espírito, morfosiando o mundo e também se transformando. Assim, nas páginas que se seguem há uma exposição do conceito vulgar de estética em contraponto a visão hegeliana, para tanto, o filósofo cita a ascensão (...) e declínio do conceito de arte e estética buscando contextualizá-la enquanto função na história do homem. (shrink)

[1o. v.] Introdução geral e prolegómenos -- 2o. v. Fascinação e distanciação.

Paris is firing all its ammunition into the August night. Against a vast backdrop of water and stone, on both sides of a river awash with history, freedom's barricades are once again being erected. Once again justice must be redeemed with men's blood.Albert Camus wrote these words in August 1944, as Paris was being liberated from German occupation. Although best known for his novels including The Stranger and The Plague, it was his vivid descriptions of the horrors of the occupation (...) and his passionate defense of freedom that in fact launched his public fame. Now, for the first time in English, Camus at 'Combat' presents all of Camus' World War II resistance and early postwar writings published in Combat, the resistance newspaper where he served as editor-in-chief and editorial writer between 1944 and 1947. These 165 articles and editorials show how Camus' thinking evolved from support of a revolutionary transformation of postwar society to a wariness of the radical left alongside his longstanding strident opposition to the reactionary right. These are poignant depictions of issues ranging from the liberation, deportation, justice for collaborators, the return of POWs, and food and housing shortages, to the postwar role of international institutions, colonial injustices, and the situation of a free press in democracies. The ideas that shaped the vision of this Nobel-prize winning novelist and essayist are on abundant display. More than fifty years after the publication of these writings, they have lost none of their force. They still speak to us about freedom, justice, truth, and democracy. (shrink)

RESUMO O pensamento iluminista defendia que a ciência e as artes proporcionaram o desenvolvimento da razão e a melhoria dos costumes. A posição contrária, tomada pelo filósofo Jean-Jacques Rousseau, rendeu-lhe o prêmio da Academia de Dijon e o fez, depois da publicação de outras obras, um defensor da natureza e do homem natural. Diante da depravação dos costumes, o autor promove a própria cultura como remédio, haja vista que não se pode voltar ao estado de natureza. O conjunto de sua (...) obra pode, dessa forma, ser considerado como uma tentativa audaciosa de Rousseau em utilizar-se das belas letras como um remédio contra os males da civilização, principalmente o afastamento do homem para com a natureza. ABSTRACT The Enlightenment philosophers argued that science and the arts provided the development and improvement of the customs. The contrary position taken by Jean-Jacques Rousseau produced a great impact so that he received the Dijon Academy Award and was made - after the publication of other works - a defender of nature and of the natural man. Considering the depravity of manners, the author promotes the culture itself as a remedy, as no one can return to the state of nature. All his writings together can, thus, be seen as a bold attempt to use up the arts as a remedy against the evil of civilization, mainly the withdrawal of man from nature. (shrink)

Nesse artigo, pretendemos tratar da distinção entre um ser possível e um ser existente em Leibniz. Para tanto, vamos nos apoiar nas reflexões dos comentários de Martine de Gaudemar e de Robert Adams em seus livros. Pretendemos mostrar que um possível é algo que não possui uma força própria, apesar de todo possível exigir existir, essa força não passa da própria força da divindade, não existe alteridade antes da criação. Já um existente possui uma força e uma autonomia própria.

Growing demand for direct care workers to assist care-dependent elderly people has created an opening for migrant workers from low- income nations to sell their services to middle and high-income nations. Using Singapore as a case example, we draw on capability theory to make the case that receiving nations that import direct care workers should be held to global justice standards that protect workers’ floor level human capabilities. Specifically, we (1) show that Singapore and other receiving nations fail to protect (...) human capabilities at a threshold level required by dignity; (2) identify specific human capabilities placed at risk; and (3) recommend standards for receiving nations that support central capabilities. As populations in both developed and developing nations are rapidly aging, these concerns could not be timelier. (shrink)

'The Greate Invention of Algebra' casts new light on the work of Thomas Harriot, an innovative thinker and practitioner in several branches of the mathematical sciences, including navigation, astronomy, optics, geometry, and algebra. Although on his death Harriot left behind over four thousand manuscript sheets, much of his work remains unpublished. This book focuses on one hundred and forty of Harriot's manuscript pages, those concerned with the structure and solution of equations. The original material has been carefully ordered, translated, and (...) annotated to provide the first complete edition of his work on this subject, and an extended introduction provides the reader with a lucid background to the work and explains its contents. Illustrations from the manuscripts provide fascinating reference material. The appendix discusses correlations between Harriot's manuscripts and the texts of his contemporaries Viète, Warner, and Torporley. The clear and concise exposition makes this an excellent reference volume for historians of mathematics and those interested in the history of science. This is an important new resource for understanding the development of algebra in seventeenth-century England. (shrink)

Studies on the association of demographic phenomena and religion have shown that religious institutions and religious identity of individuals can influence in various ways the demographic behavior of followers. This study aimed to identify and analyze possible differences in the fertility behavior and accordance religions among women between 15-49 years old in Brazil, including analyzes from the conversion and the frequency in religious worship and ceremonies. For this data from the National Survey of Demography and Health of Women and Children (...) of 2006 were used. The results suggest that there are differences in fertility rates and types of religions. The same are also observed for those women who were always had the same religion and that changed religion throughout their reproductive period and there are also important differences on the fertility levels and pattern by participation in religious worship and ceremonies. (shrink)

The act of educating is linked to a concept of school education. This, in turn, is in tune, or seeks to tune in, or is even driven to tune in with the specific historical, political, social, economic context. In these times, the pro-economic and political liberal discourse echoes with resonance in an important way in the school space. This text seeks to highlight two formative guidelines that are being incorporated into the vocabulary of the intentions of the act of educating (...) in school units. These are the expressions: protagonism and entrepreneurship. The act of educating, therefore, should promote interventions among students that develop skills that enable them to be protagonists of their lives and entrepreneurs in the midst of an increasingly challenging, selective and competitive society. But, a philosophically troubled look promotes some problematizations that need to be considered. Does the act of educating boil down to being a referendum on the discourse that wants to be hegemonic, as well as its practices? Consequently, teachers and students, involved in the act of educating, should they just conform to this hegemonic discourse? These problematizations lead to a revisit in the work of Paulo Freire where the author presents the idea of ​​the Unpublished Viable and, with it, delineates Hope. Such a return visit can be an aid to resize the act of educating. (shrink)

Nesse artigo, empreenderemos uma reflexão sobre a analítica do poder em Michel Foucault. Nossa intenção é percorrer a produção foucaultiana a partir de meados dos anos setenta até início dos anos oitenta, buscando compreender os deslocamentos ou “reviravoltas” pelos quais o conceito de poder sofreu ao longo do tempo. Procuraremos mostrar que é possível identificar três momentos na pesquisa de Foucault. Em primeiro lugar, ao tentar se afastar da tradicional compreensão jurídica-discursiva do poder, ele introduz uma análise inédita a respeito (...) da dinâmica do poder disciplinar e dos micropoderes que compõem o campo social. Pode-se considerar esse um deslocamento, de modo geral, em relação à tradição política ocidental. Com o curso Em defesa da sociedade encontramo-nos diante de uma modificação na compreensão do poder, ao identificá-lo como guerra ou luta. Por fim, com a introdução dos conceitos de biopoder/biopolítica, Foucault é levado a uma grande expansão de suas pesquisas, tematizando conceitos que não faziam parte de seu interesse até então, como, por exemplo, o conceito de Estado. É nesse contexto que o conceito de governo fará sua entrada nas reflexões de Foucault. Entendemos que o conceito de governo se configura como um refinamento e, igualmente, deixa mais ampla e complexa sua análise do poder a fim de dar conta do presente político. (shrink)

Analyse : Concerne en grande partie la vie et l'oeuvre du pédagogue à Yverdon.

Existem muitas teorias sobre democracia. Na verdade, enquanto se fala de “teoria democrática” como se existisse um consenso acerca do que esta poderia significar, a partir do momento em que nos debruçamos sobre diferentes autores, apercebemo-nos de que há tantas teorias quanto há perspectivas sobre o tema. Neste artigo tenho como interlocutores Robert Dahl, Benjamin Barber, Robert Goodin e David Plotke. O artigo tem três momentos. No primeiro, desenho o contexto geral para uma reflexão crítica sobre democracia, partindo da análise (...) dos seus conceitos constitutivos, nomeadamente, os conceitos de representação, participação e deliberação. Este é o momento “estrutural”. De seguida, apoiando-me nos critérios ou virtudes de Dahl e no conceito de “democracia forte” de Barber, defendo que a instanciação dos vários modelos democráticos depende da importância que se confere a cada um dos critérios. Este é o momento de conteúdo. Dialogando com estes autores procuro identificar as implicações dos modelos representativo, participativo e deliberativo. Por último, procuro uma forma de redefinição da democracia mais positiva para o futuro, tendo o orçamento participativo como prática exemplar a seguir. (shrink)

What is the conception of the human body underlying the Transhumanismproject? This question guides the present analysis undertaken from a philosophicalinterdisciplinary perspective. Inspired by Le Breton and Morin’s hypotheses about the complexity of the human body, we criticize mechanisticconception of the living body underlying the Transhumanism project. Implications ofthe Transhumanism project for personal identity are proposed based on hypotheses ofcomplex systems theory as a starting point for critical reflection on a possible gloomyfuture envisioned by the unnatural/artificial development of the transhuman (...) body. (shrink)

Anorexia Nervosa (AN) is widely considered to be a bodily disorder accompanied by unrealistic perceptions about one’s own body. Some researchers thus have wondered whether deficits in interoception, a conscious or non-conscious sense of one’s own body, could be a primary cause of AN. In this paper, we make the case that rather than interoception being a primary cause, deficits in interoception may occur as by-products of emotions that arise upstream in the pathogenesis of AN and interact with feelings of (...) a loss of self-control. We consider interoception, emotion, and self-control as a dynamical triad involved in the explanation of AN, with emotions as the central aspect of their interactions. We begin with a critical analysis of recent empirical literature on AN and differentiate three types of interoceptive processes. We then consider the role of self-control in AN. We go on to evaluate recent empirical and philosophical work on the role of emotions in AN and assess their importance in both interoception and self-control dynamics. We develop a testable integrative model that we believe best captures how self-control, emotional and interoceptive processes causally interact in the pathogenesis of AN. In this model, AN behaviors are not caused by interoceptive abnormalities, but rather interact with changes in emotional regulation and feelings of loss of self-control, subsequently leading to interoceptive deficits downstream. To capture a later stage in the pathogenesis of AN, we show how AN behaviors are maintained as a result of feedback among components in the model. We briefly explain future plans to further complement the model using a semi-structured interview to probe patient perspectives in AN. To develop a more valid understanding of AN, this model will have to be integrated into pluralistic approaches that include patient perspectives. (shrink)

Fundamento: El Plan D de la carrera de Estomatología concibe la existencia de una disciplina principal integradora denominada Estomatología Integral, sobre la base de la concepción de interdisciplinariedad y la mayor flexibilización curricular. Objetivo: Realizar una valoración de la asignatura Atención Integral a la Familia II del plan D de la carrera de Estomatología. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio descriptivo transversal en la Facultad de Estomatología de la Universidad de Ciencias Médicas de Camaguey en Mayo 2015, mediante el análisis documental (...) del plan de estudio D y programa de la disciplina integradora, se exploraron criterios de profesores sobre las potencialidades y limitaciones del diseño curricular. Fueron encuestados directivos del proceso docente y profesores de experiencia. Resultados: En los objetivos instructivos de la carrera no se incluye el referente a la Estomatología Legal, pero está recogido en los problemas de salud, en los modos de actuación del modelo del profesional y en los objetivos del 4to año donde se imparte la asignatura. La formulación del primer objetivo instructivo se considera muy general y amplia. Conclusiones: La ubicación de la asignatura es correcta en la malla curricular. Tiene suficientes horas de Educación en el trabajo y es adecuada la proporción de las actividades teóricas; como aspectos negativos contenido resalta la extensión y amplitud del tercer tema y la escasez y pobre actualización de la literatura docente. Introduction: The Curriculum D of Dentistry career conceives the existence of a main integrated discipline called Comprehensive Dentistry on the basis of the multi-disciplinary conception and the most curricular flexibility. Objective: To make an assessment of the subject Family Comprehensive Attention II Curriculum D of Dentistry career. Methods: A descriptive-transverse study was performed in the Dentistry Faculty of the University of Medical Sciences in May 2015 by means of the documentary analysis of the Curriculum D and the syllabus of the comprehensive discipline, different professors´criteria were explored about the potencialities and limitations of the curricular design. The board of directors of the teaching process as well as experienced professors were interviewed. Results: The instructive objectives of the career are not included in Legal Dentistry but they are taken into account when dealing with heath problems, the ways of behavior of the future professional and the objectives of the 4th-year subject. The formulation of the first instructive objective is considered very general and broad. Conclusions: Its location is correct bearing in mind the curricular design. It contains enough hours for the practice at dental clinics and a correct gradation of the theoretical activities, a very broad and lengthy content in topic III as well as scarce and not updated literature were the negative aspects. (shrink)

Erasme est le plus grand des humanistes chrétiens de la Renaissance. Mais cet humanisme diffère de ce qu'on qualifiera ainsi à partir du siècle des Lumières. Il est construit sur l'amour des belles lettres et des langues anciennes, véhicule privilégié de la culture européenne. Abordant l'œuvre immense d'Erasme en se centrant sur la perspective topique du langage et en l'examinant dans les champs de la formation intellectuelle, de la religion et de la société, cette étude entend montrer en Erasme un (...) " homme de Parole ", soucieux de redonner toute sa place à une parole vraie, entendue dans le texte sacré, constructrice d'humanité, lieu, enfin, où se jouent la sociabilité et la paix de la cité. (shrink)

In this paper, I examine phenomenologically the structure of the normative noema, which I call the “nomothetic noema.” I distinguish the meaning content, its normative characters, which I call “ductive forces”, and its modes of givenness. Next, I introduce the traditional difference between modalities de re and de dicto. I argue that the current tendency, in deontic logic, to treat deontic expressions as operators over sentences induces, at least on the syntactic surface, a de dicto reading. I then discuss some (...) of the theoretical decisions that underlie deontic logic, starting from two basic asymmetries between modal alethic logic and deontic logic. The decisive point is to recover a strong sense of permission that I equate with the factor of free agency, which is difficult to formalize. Finally, I return to the analysis of the nomothetic noema and try to show how a de re reading is better suited to account for normative intentionality. I simultaneously introduce the concept of status-imposing norms, which must be formulated with a normative use of the copulas “is” and “has.” I conclude that the treatment of normative expressions is more appropriate when they are understood as complex copulas, irreducible to assertive sentences, rather than as operators over whole sentences. I emphasize on this occasion that, from a phenomenological point of view and within the framework of genetic analysis, the primitive basic datum is the freedom of agency, on which the normative domain of assigning statuses to agents, obligations, and prohibitions is built. (shrink)

In his pioneering work in the field of inductive inference, Gold (Inf Control 10:447–474, 1967) proved that a set containing all finite languages and at least one infinite language over the same fixed alphabet is not identifiable in the limit (learnable in the exact sense) from complete texts. Gold’s work paved the way for computational learning theories of language and has implications for two linguistically relevant classes in the Chomsky hierarchy (cf. Chomsky in Inf Control 2:137–167, 1959, Chomsky in Knowledge (...) of language: its nature, origin, and use, Praeger, 1986; Shieber in Linguist Philos 8:333–343, 1985; Heinz in Linguist Inq 41:623–661, 2010). Within that same framework, Angluin (Inf Control 45:117–135, 1980) provided a complete characterization for the learnability of language families. Mathematically, the concept of identification in the limit from that classical setting can be seen as the use of a particular type of metric for learning in the limit (Wharton in Inf Control 26:236–255, 1974). In this research note, I use Niyogi’s extended version of a theorem by Blum and Blum (Inf Control 28:125–155, 1975) on the existence of locking data sets to prove a necessary condition for learnability in the limit of any family of languages with the Gold property in any given metric. This recovers the most general version of Gold’s Theorem as a particular case. Moreover, when the language family is further assumed to contain all finite languages, the same condition also becomes sufficient for learnability in the limit. Finally, we discuss questions that are left open and outline a research program regarding language learnability in the limit from other input types and cognitive feasibility. (shrink)

In this paper I discuss Berkeley’s theories about vision, perception of distance, and the foundations of Geometry. I start with Locke’s answer to Molineaux’s problem and the criticisms Berkeley addressed to it. I explain the fundamentais of Berkeley’s theory about our cognitive shaping of the visual field and the type of connections that visual data establishes with data from the haptic field. I show how interesting are Berkeley’s conceptions for a phenomenology of perception, and, eventually, I carried some phenomenological evidence (...) against Berkeley’s too much strict location of the idea of distance in the haptic field alone. (shrink)

While not a phenomenologist, Fernando Gil was highly interested in some aspects of Husserl’s work. One of these aspects was Husserl’s theory of evidence. ln a notable book entitled Traité de l’évidence, he developed a throughout theory of evidence, paying close attention to the most important insights Husserl exposed his works. Gil’s theory of evidence is at the same time rooted in Phenomenology and extended beyond it in as much as he locates the first dimension of evidence ma primitive stratum (...) hallucinating aesthesia from desire. Accounting for evidence as threefold process, going from aesthesia to presence, and then to the intellectual grasping of an individual object, the most interesting feature of his theory is the of evidence as a hallucinating process, encompassing all strata of sensitive, perceptive, and conceptual life. (shrink)

No presente artigo se apresenta uma análise do conceito marxiano de força de trabalho como uma categoria, um referente ideal geral de natureza teórica, cuja elaboração por Marx potencialmente faculta o rastreamento de traços essenciais para a compreensão crítica do caráter particular assumido pela individualidade nos contornos das formas de sociabilidade do capital. Nesse sentido, a discussão dos textos marxianos, bem como de obras de outros autores que abordam o tema ou questões conexas a este, tem como objetivo enumerar analiticamente, (...) de modo indiciário, as determinações que fazem da força de trabalho livre individual existente como mercadoria do capital uma verdadeira protoforma ou “paradigma” da individuação a partir da modernidade. Para tanto serão tratados quatro conjuntos conceituais, vetores da trajetória desse tipo histórico de elaboração social da individualidade, conforme pode se depreender do estudo das obras de Marx aqui abordadas: 1) a força de trabalho como Daseinsform do capital e força de sua produção; 2) o modo particular de alienação da força de trabalho (Veräußerung); 3) o caráter complexo do “objeto” do qual o capital se apropria; e 4) a relação que o indivíduo tem consigo mesmo como proprietário privado de força de trabalho. (shrink)