La critique s'est longuement intéressée à l'hétérogénéité comme une caractéristique de certaines formes d'expression littéraires ou artistiques, plus particulièrement dans une modernité vouée au composite. Privilégiant par le titre proposé le concept d'"hétérogène", les articles réunis dans cet ouvrage interrogent sa pertinence pour l'étude des littératures de langue française, en prenant en compte son articulation avec ce qui est supposé ou donné comme homogène. Le mot "hétérogène" est ainsi moins entendu en ce qu'il qualifie les différents éléments d'un ensemble aptes (...) à produire des formes hybrides qu'en ce qu'il donne à voir une relation dynamique avec ce que la langue et la société instituent comme homogène. Ainsi, les approches proposées dans cet ouvrage permettent de rendre compte de la façon dont le texte littéraire participe d'une pensée critique qui met en question les discours dominants, tant au niveau des représentations sociales que des formes esthétiques, et qui interroge de ce fait nos propres outils d'analyse. (shrink)

Data-driven technologies have come to pervade almost every aspect of business life, extending to employee monitoring and algorithmic management. How can employee privacy be protected in the age of datafication? This article surveys the potential and shortcomings of a number of legal and technical solutions to show the advantages of human rights-based approaches in addressing corporate responsibility to respect privacy and strengthen human agency. Based on this notion, we develop a process-oriented model of Privacy Due Diligence to complement existing frameworks (...) for safeguarding employee privacy in an era of Big Data surveillance. (shrink)

We examined liking for happy- and sad-sounding music as a function of exposure, which varied both in quantity (number of exposures) and in quality (focused or incidental listening). Liking ratings were higher for happy than for sad music after focused listening, but similar after incidental listening. In the incidental condition, liking ratings increased linearly as a function of exposure. In the focused condition, liking ratings were an inverted U-shaped function of exposure, with initial increases in liking (after 2 exposures) followed (...) by decreases (after 8 or 32 exposures). The results documented that: (1) sad music is liked as much as happy music in some instances; (2) frequency of exposure causes both familiarity (positive) and over-familiarity (negative) effects; and (3) effects of exposure on liking differ for focused and incidental listening. (shrink)

"The Invention of Modern Science proposes a fruitful way of going beyond the apparently irreconcilable positions, that science is either "objective" or "socially constructed." Instead, suggests Isabelle Stengers, one of the most important and influential philosophers of science in Europe, we might understand the tension between scientific objectivity and belief as a necessary part of science, central to the practices invented and reinvented by scientists."--pub. desc.

Cet article propose une lecture transdisciplinaire de l’œuvre de l’autrice turco-allemande Emine Sevgi Özdamar (née en 1946). Grâce à une approche à la fois historienne et littéraire de la trilogie Sonne auf halbem Weg : die Istanbul-Berlin Trilogie (Soleil à mi-chemin : la trilogie Istanbul-Berlin), nous cherchons à interroger le récit à la première personne d’un parcours migratoire au féminin qui échappe aux catégories littéraires traditionnelles, entre autobiographie, roman et témoignage. Plutôt que de définir de nouveaux critères de classification, cet (...) article entend montrer l’apport d’un texte littéraire qui prend en compte le prisme du genre à la construction d’un discours historique alternatif, en rupture avec l’historiographie dominante de l’époque sur les Gastarbeiter (travailleurs invités allemands) en République fédérale d’Allemagne (seconde moitié du xxe siècle). (shrink)

Cet ouvrage est issu d’un colloque sur « Le féminisme face aux dilemmes juifs contemporains » qui s’est tenu à Paris le 11 décembre 2011, avec le concours du Centre Communautaire de Paris. Il a accompagné la publication par Nelly Las de Voix juives dans le féminisme – Résonances françaises et anglo-américaines (Honoré Champion, 2011). Le projet de cette manifestation consistait à rassembler des personnalités (religieuses, universitaires et, plus largement, intellectuelles) venues de « sensib...

Shifts of attention within working memory based on retroactive (retro-) cues were shown to facilitate performance in working memory tasks. Although posterior asymmetries in the EEG, such as the contralateral delay activity (CDA), have been used to study the active storage of lateralized working memory representations, results on the relation of such asymmetric effects to retro-cue benefits remain inconclusive. We recorded EEG in a retro-cue working memory task with lateralized items and a continuous performance response. Following either a selective or (...) neutral retro-cue, participants adjusted the orientation of a central memory probe to the cued item. Selective retro-cues elicited an early posterior contralateral negativity (PCN), anterior directing attention negativity (ADAN) and a later modulation of CDA indicating that active storage was concentrated on the cued information. By dividing all trials into three within-condition performance quantiles, we could further show that high working memory accuracy was associated with a sustained increase of the CDA effect following the retro-cue. These results suggest that focusing resources on the active storage of relevant representations is an important factor regarding retro-cue benefits in working memory tasks. (shrink)

This paper suggests that one single thread characterizes the developments of French phenomenology that occurred after 1990 in the wake of Merleau-Ponty's and Levinas's major contributions. Janicaud in 1991 had already identified one global trend in French phenomenology and believed it was possible to unite the thoughts of Levinas, Henry, Marion and Chrétien under the common banner of “theological phenomenology.” However, his analysis seems to fail to account for deeper-seated affinities that exist between French phenomenologists such as Marion, Lacoste, Chrétien, (...) Richir, Depraz, Romano – and Benoist for part of his work. This is the reason why, although the present paper does agree with Janicaud's idea that the French authors who define themselves as phenomenologists share some common ground, it defines this common trend quite differently, i.e., as a form of epistemological realism that ultimately manifests itself as a radical empiricism. Consequently, the present study will state and defend three hypotheses: contemporary French phenomenology professes a form of realism of experience, which is the true rallying point of otherwise differing elaborations; this type of epistemological empiricism, by virtue of its radicality, implies a problem that threatens to drive phenomenology towards its own dissolution, because as it precipitates in fine the dilution of philosophical discourse into a multitude of other discourses; this variant of empiricism shows that, within its strictly defined viewpoint, there is scarcely any difference between French phenomenology and a certain part of French analytical philosophy. All three hypotheses lead to the same conclusion: the determination of the defining aspect of contemporary French phenomenology entails, beyond the apparent, misleading, and futile quarrel of paradigms, to bring to light a common space for contemporary French philosophy, which, from both perspectives, can be conveyed by the single term “to show.” It is, in fact, the elevation of “to show” to the detriment of “to demonstrate” that seems to ensnare thinkers within an impasse. (shrink)

In this paper, we examine whether affect influences higher level cognitive processes. We review research on the effect of emotion on interpretation, judgement, decision making, and reasoning. In all cases, we ask first whether there is evidence that emotion affects each of these processes, and second what mechanisms might underlie these effects. Our review highlights the fact that interpretive biases are primarily linked with anxiety, while more general mood-congruent effects may be seen in judgement. Risk perception is also affected by (...) negative and positive affect. Research shows complex effects of emotion on decision making and reasoning, with emotion sometimes hindering normatively correct thinking and sometimes promoting it. There are also important effects of emotion on reasoning style. We discuss key differences between the effects of incidental affect (feeling states not related to the semantic contents of the cognitive task) and integral affect (where the feeling state is caused by or linked to the contents of the cognitive task). In the conclusion, we suggest that focusing on some of the constituent mechanisms involved in interpretation, judgement, decision making and reasoning provides a way to link some of the diverse findings in the field. We also highlight important areas for future research. (shrink)

In this letter, we argue against a recurring idea that early word learning in infants is related to the low-level capacity for backward associations—a notion that suggests a cognitive gap with other animal species. Because backward associations entail the formation of bidirectional associations between sequentially perceived stimulus pairs, they seemingly mirror the label-referent bidirectional mental relations underlying the lexicon of natural language. This appealing but spurious resemblance has led to various speculations on language acquisition, in particular regarding early word learning, (...) which we deconstruct here. (shrink)

Purpose As data-driven tools increasingly shape our life and tech ethics crises become strikingly frequent, data ethics coursework is urgently needed. The purpose of this study is to map the field of data ethics curricula, tracking relations between courses, instructors, texts and writers, and present a proof-of-concept interactive website for exploring these relations. This method is designed to be used in curricular research and development and provides multiple vantage points on this multidisciplinary field. Design/methodology/approach The authors use data science methods (...) to foster insights about the field of data ethics education and literature. The authors present a semantic, linked open data graph in the Resource Description Framework, along with proof-of-concept analyses and an exploratory website. Its framework is open-source and language-agnostic, providing the seed for future contributions of code, syllabi and resources from the global data ethics community. Findings This method provides a convenient means of exploring an overview of the field of data ethics’ social and textual relations. For educators designing or refining a course, the authors provide a method for curricular introspection and discovery of transdisciplinary curricula. Research limitations/implications The syllabi the authors have collected are self-selected and represent only a subset of the field. Furthermore, this method exclusively represents a course’s assigned literature rather than a holistic view of what courses teach. The authors present a prototype rather than a finished product. Originality/value This curricular survey provides a new way of modeling a field of study, using existing ontologies to organize graph data into a comprehensible overview. This framework may be repurposed to map the institutional knowledge structures of other disciplines, as well. (shrink)

Incest, as the acting of transgression and incestuality, as a psychic reality implying a narcissistic and alienating seduction, result of a causality explored by Spinoza and Freud, each in their own way. Founded on the main principles of their respective approach, the confrontation of their analyses of the individuation process, of filiation and of transgression, leads to each doctrine’s shedding light on the other. Then, the theoric points of convergence and the differences clearly appear. This confrontation also allows the theoric (...) reconstitution of the genesis and of the nature of incest in its three main forms : as an object of social prohibition, as psychic incest and as enacted incest. Far from being the effect of sexual desires paving the way to a transgression of the law, incest is fostered by the very absence of the law and by the survival of too intense links that show at the same time the difficulties and the immaturity of the individuals they bind. (shrink)

Paradoxalement, rares sont les philosophes sceptiques de l ’ époque moderne – depuis Descartes – à avoir revendiqué le terme de scepticisme « de manière constante », c ’ est-à-dire sans le dénier, l ’ amoindrir ni le rejeter à un autre moment de leurs œ uvres. Aussi étonnant que cela puisse paraître de prime abord, seuls deux philosophes – avant le « renouveau sceptique » qui marque la philosophie analytique contemporaine de ces trente dernières années – ont vraiment assumé (...) le terme sans l ’ atténuer par ailleurs. Ces deux philosophes, contemporains l ’ un de l ’ autre, sont les post-kantiens : Schulze (dit Énésidème) et Maimon. Cet article se propose, d ’ une part, de définir ce scepticisme que tous deux assument de « manière constante ». Une fois élucidé le sens de leurs positions, il se propose, d ’ autre part, de les mettre en regard avec une forme plus contemporaine de scepticisme. Cette mise en perspective permet, ultimement, de dévoiler la cohérence et la consistance du scepticisme transcendantal de Maimon face à la position de ceux qu ’ on appelle aujourd ’ hui les « nouveaux humiens ». (shrink)

The effect of contextual information on the resolution of ambiguity was investigated in a group of individuals awaiting dental treatment and a group of control individuals. Participants heard threat/neutral, neutral/neutral and positive/neutral homophones while being simultaneously presented with a context word that was consistent with one of the two meanings of the homophone. Participants then made a lexical decision task on a target word that was one of the two alternate spellings of the homophone. We found that the dental group (...) was more sensitive to context for all types of homophones, and there was no evidence for mood congruency. It also appeared that there might have been an element of mood regulation in the dental group, as they were slower to respond to the emotional targets overall. Our results show that sensitivity to context in state anxiety is a robust phenomenon and one that generalises to naturally occurring anxious moods. (shrink)

Les langages humains et animaux diffèrent-ils réellement? Quel est le statut des gestes face aux autres signes linguistiques? L'importance de la voix? Si l'individu éprouve un tel besoin de communiquer, on peut se demander si les définitions les plus répandues du langage permettent de comprendre ce phénomène dans sa complexité et son fonctionnement au sein des interactions.

La question de la mise en œuvre de la loi a pu être pensée comme demandant l’ajustement de la loi au cas particulier. J’essaierai d’évaluer la mesure dans laquelle les nouveaux outils conceptuels proposés par la philosophie analytique, permettent de ressaisir cette question bien connue et tout à fait fondamentale de la philosophie, depuis sa discussion par Platon et Aristote. Depuis une dizaine d’années, les philosophes du droit américains – Endicott et Soames en particulier – se sont saisis de la (...) question du « vague », épistémique et ontologique. Je propose de souligner certains résultats ainsi obtenus, tout en présentant les aspects métaphysiques sollicités par ces concepts. J’interrogerai donc le point de contact de la métaphysique contemporaine et de la philosophie du droit, pour montrer comment une question classique peut être reprise à nouveaux frais autour d’un exemple tout à fait spécifique, qui est celui de la négligence (dans la relation entre parents et enfants). (shrink)

We develop a model of ideals-based accountability which we have witnessed at work in several long-thriving family businesses. The owners and managers of these firms eschew individualism and materiality in the pursuit of ethical ideals such as supporting democracy and bettering the human condition. Although accountability is to these ideals, not for outcomes such as profitability or even reputation, IBA has resulted in outstanding reputations for some firms. We characterize IBA according to its missions, leadership, culture, and stakeholder relationships. We (...) also contrast it with traditional forms of accountability and differentiate IBA from related stakeholder, stewardship, and CSR perspectives. Finally, we examine its manifestations within five long-lived family enterprises, in the process generating propositions to advance the concept. (shrink)

Our purpose in this article is to explore the reasons for the continued attractiveness of Simmel's thought today and to probe the contemporary affinities to his philosophical stance towards the world. Simmel anchored the ‘philosophical attitude' in the philosopher’s particularly developed disposition for Erlebnis, i.e. the unified pre-conceptual experience of each moment of reality and life, as well as in a particular mode of objectivating this experience. We provide an illustration of such an approach and its implications through Simmel's analysis (...) of ‘remoteness from oneself’ and the restlessness it entails in The Philosophy of Money. We argue that Simmel's attempt at phenomenologically unveiling the contours and depths of life moments and fragments, as well as his emphasis on constant movement, provide much reassurance to contemporary subjectivities. But his philosophical stance is also driven by a quasi-mystical yearning for the One that lies beneath and beyond the fragments. We propose an initial assessment of the main implications of such a stance by relating it to the philosophical path it opened up (a path directly linking to Heidegger and his followers, but also in part to Deleuze) and by placing it in what we understand to be the new philosophical situation today. (shrink)

Résumé Le microcrédit, en Inde comme ailleurs, a été présenté ces dernières années comme un outil d’éradication de la pauvreté, permettant d’abolir des formes d’endettement informelles asservissantes, de soutenir la diffusion du capitalisme populaire et de promouvoir l’émancipation féminine. Plusieurs années de recherche en Inde rurale du Sud (Tamil Nadu) montrent que le microcrédit a surtout pour effet de renforcer une « démocratie de patronage ». La dette, sous toutes ses formes, reste un puissant moteur de paupérisation des travailleurs pauvres (...) mais aussi de construction des identités individuelles et collectives et de différentiation sociale. (shrink)

Une comparaison franco-allemande fait ressortir la suspicion spécifique de la philosophie française institutionnelle de la première moitié du siècle à l’égard de la littérature, dont témoigne notamment la composition des revues philosophiques. Plus conflictuel que ceux de Bachelard ou de Sartre, le cas de Jean Wahl illustre la difficulté de concilier une position universitaire et des intérêts poétiques avant que la réception de Heidegger ne vienne résoudre cette contradiction.

Sabemos que a noção de criação não tem lugar nas antigas cosmologias. a não ser nos discursos míticos, como o Timeu de Platão. A despeito dessa ausência, os Padres da Igreja não hesitaram em procurar, nas cosmogêneses das filosofias gregas. conceitos adequados a ajudá-los a comentar o Gênesis e a lidar com a criação do mundo e dos seres que o habitam. A partir daí, ocorreu a retomada, às vezes surpreendente, de certos conceitos, cujo sentido foi então profundamente modificado, sob (...) a aparente continuidade de vocábulos gregos para vocábulos latinos. Eu gostaria de ilustrar esta tradução capciosa num caso preciso: o uso, por Agostinho, de um tema tradicional grego, que ele encontrou nas Enéadas de Plotino, isto é, a “ausência de ciúme" peculiar aos deuses. Este artigo trata portanto de analisar a passagem - e as transformações que nela têm lugar - da aphthonia que Plotino atribui ao princípio supremo dos seres à non invidentia peculiar ao Deus de Agostinho. (shrink)