Cet ouvrage est une réédition numérique d’un livre paru au XXe siècle, désormais indisponible dans son format d’origine.

The Qur’an and Its Biblical Reflexes: Investigations into the Genesis of a Religion. By Mark Durie. Lanham, MD: Lexington Books, 2018. Pp. lvi + 337. $120.

Busca-se neste artigo fazer alguns breves apontamentos acerca do conceito de modernidade na obra do pensador dinamarquês Søren Kierkegaard. Com efeito, argumentarei que ainda que tal conceito não esteja presente em sua produção enquanto tal, sua presença, não obstante, se faz sentir de diversas maneiras, o que, por sua vez, faz de sua produção um dos constructos teóricos mais importantes em termos de uma reflexão crítica acerca desse mesmo tema.

This biography of Emil du Bois-Reymond, the most important forgotten intellectual of the nineteenth century, received an Honorable Mention for History of Science, Medicine, and Technology at the 2013 PROSE Awards, was shortlisted for the 2014 John Pickstone Prize (Britain's most prestigious award for the best scholarly book in the history of science), and was named by the American Association for the Advancement of Science as one of the Best Books of 2014. -/- In his own time (1818–1896) du Bois-Reymond (...) grew famous for his groundbreaking research in neuroscience and his provocative addresses on politics and culture. His discovery of the electrical transmission of nerve signals, his innovations in laboratory instrumentation, and his reductionist methodology all helped lay the foundations of modern neuroscience. -/- In addition to describing the pioneering experiments that earned du Bois-Reymond a seat in the Prussian Academy of Sciences and a professorship at the University of Berlin, this book also recounts du Bois-Reymond’s family origins, private life, public service, and lasting influence. In talks that touched on science, philosophy, history, and literature, du Bois-Reymond introduced Darwin to German students (triggering two days of debate in the Prussian parliament), asked on the eve of the Franco-Prussian War whether France had forfeited its right to exist, and proclaimed the mystery of consciousness, heralding the age of doubt. The first modern biography in any language, "Emil du Bois-Reymond" recovers an important chapter in the history of science, the history of ideas, and the history of Germany. (shrink)

Groups are ubiquitous in our lives. But while some of them are highly structured and appear to support a shared intentionality and even a shared agency, others are much less cohesive and do not seem to demand much of their individual members. Queues, for example, seem to be, at a given time, nothing over and above some individuals as they exemplify a certain spatial arrangement. Indeed, the main aim of this paper is to develop the more general thought that at (...) a given time, a group is nothing over and above some individual members as they exemplify a certain complex condition. The general conception of groups that emerges is able to accommodate a variety of constraints on a reasonable answer to the question of what are groups. (shrink)

In response to the continued expansion of “red flag” laws allowing broader classes of people to petition a court for the removal of firearms from individuals who exhibit dangerous conduct, this paper argues that state laws should adopt a double-filter provision that balances individual rights and government public safety interests. The main component of such a provision is a special statutory category — “reporting party” — that enables a broader social network, such as co-workers or school administrators, to request that (...) a law enforcement officer file a petition for an Extreme Risk Protection Order. A double-filter provision would not give reporting parties a right to file a court petition directly. Instead, parties would file a request for petition with law enforcement officers, who must seek an ERPO from the court if they find the reporting party's information credible. That information is then transmitted to the court as a sworn affidavit of the reporting party. The goal is to facilitate a balanced policy model that widens the reporting circle in order to feed more potentially life-saving information into the system, mitigates the risk of erroneous deprivation of constitutionally protected due process and Second Amendment rights. (shrink)

En este artículo, analizamos algunas de las causas que pudieron motivar que la traducción realizada por el «portugués» Diego de Cisneros de los _Ensayos_ de Montaigne entre 1634 y 1637 obtuviese la licencia eclesiástica, pero no la civil. Asimismo, se aclara el sentido de la nota_ caute lege_, que sirvió a Cisneros para orientar su labor como traductor. Para comprender la mentalidad desde la que efectuó su tarea, se ha llevado a cabo un estudio de su trayectoria biográfica e intelectual, (...) así como de su desempeño en la corte madrileña en defensa de los «hebreos cristianos». Nuestra investigación concluye que no fue el prólogo de Cisneros a su traducción lo que motivó la prohibición de los _Ensayos_, pues esta se había producido ya en 1632, sino el hecho de que la obra de Montaigne, según el _Index_ de libros prohibidos, había de ser expurgada previamente por los censores del Santo Oficio, lo que nunca sucedió. (shrink)

Purpose: The article explores Paul’s model of mediation with a focus on the principles and applications that can inform effective conflict resolution in the contemporary church. Apostle Paul’s letter to Philemon offers valuable insights into conflict resolution and mediation, particularly in respect to conflict management amidst church members. Materials and Methods: Using the method of critical examination and hermeneutical assessment of Paul’s epistle to Philemon, this article identifies and analyses the essential elements of Paul’s mediation model. Findings: It is discovered (...) that Paul’s mediation model as a reconciliatory model of conflict management has the following attributes: establishing authority and rapport, appealing to shared values, reframing the relationship, advocating for the vulnerable party, offering reparation and appealing to conscience rather than coercion. Implications to Theory, Practice and Policy: This article recommends the adaptation of Paul’s mediation model to conflicts arising in the contemporary church. (shrink)

Bullfighting debates in Spain are increasingly intense. Defenders of bullfighting as sport and as art, typically argue that many of the country’s most esteemed intellectual and artistic figures were bullfight enthusiasts. This is admittedly true, but by the same token Spain has a long tradition of anti-bullfighting thought. One prominent critic of bullfighting in the eighteenth century was Gaspar Melchor Jovellanos. Often considered the best representative of the Spanish Enlightenment, Jovellanos did not address bullfighting as a central concern. But, in (...) some writings, he did level important criticisms against this sort of spectacle. Defenders of bullfighting frequently argue that Jovellanos’ critique of bullfighting relies mostly on economic arguments. While it is true that Jovellanos offered economic reasons to oppose bullfighting, a closer reading of his works reveals that he had a larger concern with the violent nature of bullfighting, which cohered with his Enlightenment philosophy. (shrink)

It is argued that alcoholism, and substance addiction generally, is a disease. It is not of its nature chronic or progressive, although it is in serious cases. It is better viewed as a psychological disease than a neurological one. It is argued that each time an alcoholic takes a drink, this is the result of choice; however, in cases of serious affliction, such choices are compulsive and may be called 'involuntary' in that they are made against the subject's will, motivated (...) by an overwhelmingly powerful desire that he wishes he did not have and not to act on. Alternative accounts in terms social learning theory and behavioral economics are critiqued. The conception of alcoholism as a tripartite disease composed of a 'physical allergy,' a mental obsession, and a 'spiritual malady' is defended from a contemporary scientific point of view. (shrink)

Although norms of premarital sex vary cross-culturally, the sexuality of adolescent girls has been consistently more restricted than that of adolescent boys. Three major theories that attempt to explain restrictions on female premarital sex (FPS) concern male, female, and parental control. These competing theories have not been tested against each other cross-culturally. In this study, we do this using a sample of 128 nonindustrial societies and socioecological predictors capturing extramarital sex, paternal care, female status, sex ratio, parental control over a (...) daughter’s mate choice, residence, and marriage transactions, while also controlling for phylogenetic non-independence across societies. We found that multiple parties benefit from restrictions on FPS. Specifically, FPS is more restricted in societies intolerant of extramarital sex and where men transfer property to their children (male control), as well as where marriages are arranged by parents (parental control). Both paternity uncertainty (partitioned among marital fidelity and paternal investment) and parent–offspring conflict (prompting parents to control their daughter’s sexuality) were identified as possible mechanisms of FPS restrictions. The evidence for female control is ambiguous, mainly because it can be equally well interpreted as both male control and parental control, and because fathers, rather than mothers, are often the primary decision makers about a daughter’s mate choice. Our results also emphasize the importance of social roles, rather than stereotyped sex roles, as a more useful approach to understanding the evolution of FPS restrictions. (shrink)

This article tries to draw the polemical genealogy of the term and concept of “libertinism”. Its sense, as it is forged in early Modernity, in the works of Calvin, and in the backgroud of the first Protestant Reformation, is merely contemptuous and, above all, it is due to a clearly critical strategy: the construction of a fictional enemy in confrontation with which it is possible to reinforce the basis of modern Christianism.

Apologizing for Socrates places some of the Platonic and Xenophontic writings in the context of contemporary controversies over Socrates, providing a perspective in which many of the philosophic and literary features of the text can be explained. In addition, it sheds light on the apologetic techniques used by Plato and Xenophon.

Este artículo quisiera introducir al corazón de «la cosa misma». Esta «cosa» no es aquí el sistema hegeliano propiamente en su totalidad. Ello sería pretencioso. Se trata más bien de la estructura de este sistema, es decir de la forma especulativa que determina el desarrollo y el ordenamiento de su contenido y permite captar, en su coherencia específica, las distintas obras donde se expone la sistemática hegeliana. Estas obras son principalmente la Fenomenología del espíritu, la Enciclopedia de las ciencias filosóficas (...) y los diversos Cursos de Berlín. En las obras restantes encontramos todavía la Ciencia de la lógica –que es el despliegue detallado de lo que en forma abreviada encontramos en la lógica de la Enciclopedia– y los Principios de la filosofía del derecho, que constituyen una elaboración más profunda de la parte consagrada al espíritu objetivo en la Enciclopedia. (shrink)

El ocho de febrero de 2013, a los ochenta y ocho años, falleció en Madrid el filósofo José Gómez Caffarena, pensador que no merece que caiga en el olvido. Su obra supuso un gran impulso modernizador en el debate filosófico español. Impulso que aún tiene gran recorrido, sobre todo en lo que afecta a la filosofía práctica, tan central en la actualidad por los retos que nos plantean nuestras complejas sociedades y el espectacular desarrollo de la tecnociencia. De la admiración (...) y el horror a la acción y la esperanza. Antropología y ética de José Gómez Caffarena es el título de la obra en la que realizo una lectura del pensamiento del autor madrileño desde las problemáticas contemporáneas al ponerlo en diálogo con las filosofías más representativas del siglo XX-XXI, como: el posmodernismo, el estructuralismo o el neo-positivismo. El presente artículo da una visión genérica, aunque esperamos lo suficientemente profunda y comprensible, del proyecto ético que encierra la compleja filosofía caffareniana. (shrink)

Hubert Dreyfus has defended a novel view of agency, most notably in his debate with John McDowell. Dreyfus argues that expert actions are primarily unreflective and do not involve conceptual activity. In unreflective action, embodied know-how plays the role reflection and conceptuality play in the actions of novices. Dreyfus employs two arguments to support his conclusion: the argument from speed and the phenomenological argument. I argue that Dreyfus's argumentative strategies are not successful, since he relies on a dubious assumption about (...) concepts and reflection. I suggest that Dreyfus is committed to a minimal view of conceptuality in action. (shrink)

We give three counterexamples to the folklore claim that in an arbitrary theory, if a complete type p over a set B does not divide over $C\subseteq B$, then no extension of p to a complete type over $\operatorname {acl}(B)$ divides over C. Two of our examples are also the first known theories where all sets are extension bases for nonforking, but forking and dividing differ for complete types (answering a question of Adler). One example is an $\mathrm {NSOP}_1$ theory (...) with a complete type that forks, but does not divide, over a model (answering a question of d’Elbée). Moreover, dividing independence fails to imply M-independence in this example (which refutes another folklore claim). In addition to these counterexamples, we summarize various related properties of dividing that are still true. We also address consequences for previous literature, including an earlier unpublished result about forking and dividing in free amalgamation theories, and some claims about dividing in the theory of generic $K_{m,n}$ -free incidence structures. (shrink)

In continuation with the New Thought movement that arose in the United States in the 19th Century, there is now a massive self-help industry that markets books and seminars. This industry has also extended to healthcare in the form of positive thinking, i.e., the idea that happy thoughts are essential for health. While some of these claims may seem reasonable and commonsensical, they are not free of problems. This article posits that positive thinking has some ethical underpinnings. Extreme positive thinking (...) may promote alternative forms of medicine that ultimately substitute effective treatment, and this is unethical. The emphasis on positive thinking for cancer patients may be too burdensome for them. Likewise, unrestricted positive thinking is not necessarily good for mental health. After considering the ethics of positive thinking, this article proposes a more realistic approach. (shrink)